Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TEXT Nº 11
Robins, W., (2007): ‘Editing and Evolution’ in Literature Compass, 4/1, pp.89 –
120. Blackwell Publishing 2006.
2. Read the abstract and classify the following phrases from taken from it. If there are
words you do not know, use the context to help you and wait until you read the whole
text. It is not recommended to use the dictionary at this point. Follow the example:
Editing Evolution
3. What is the connection between the two fields? Can you explain the title now? Are
you familiar with these topics? Answer these questions and you will be stating a general
reading hypothesis for the whole text because abstracts are summaries.
Editar textos o estudiar la evolución de algo tienen en común el tener que realizar
metódicamente un trabajo sistemático y arqueológico, entendiendo esto como la
búsqueda del origen y sistematización de temas, ya sea transcribiendo/readaptando
textos o buscando los eslabones que conlleven a la descripción de una cadena
evolutiva.
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -2
4. Now, let’s work with the text proper. Quickly scan the introduction (lines 19 – 59)
and detect the definitions of “cladistics” and “stemmatics”, which were probably the
unknown words to you. Also find the author’s purpose.
5. What is the text about? Write your specific reading hypothesis combining the
specific concepts detected so far. Try to do it in one well-written sentence. Your answer
will show you the value of applying the anticipatory strategies when you later compare
it to your main idea in the INTERNALIZATION section.
Rastrear los orígenes de un manuscrito para lograr la mejor interpretación del mismo
es una tarea similar a la que los científicos realizan al buscar los orígenes/causas en
las distintas cadenas evolutivas, ambos necesitan métodos que asegure esa búsqueda,
por lo tanto aunque esos métodos se hallan originado en las ramas científicas se
pueden aplicar y hasta solaparse con los usados en las ramas humanísticas.
6. Read the first sentence of the rest of the paragraphs (notice the dotted line between
lines 64 – 68: it means that part of the paper has not been included.). Advance a
conclusion.
Creo que desde el titulo hasta la lectura (primeras líneas) y buscando en el texto esas
palabras claves fui armando la idea que el autor quiere expresar.
8. Now, read the text thoroughly to verify, enlarge, modify or reject your hypotheses.
VERIFY: Focalize on some of the most important concepts the text deals with.
10. Concentrate on Nevertheless (line 42). What type of connection does it establish?
Cuando se hace la genealogía de un texto hay que pensar que los escribas pudieron
haber corregido errores o cometido errores o pudieron combinar dos manuscritos
armando una copia diferente de la original, estos procesos de modificación que no
existe en la biología, son una limitación para aplicar el método en la lingüística.
12. That is (line 118) is a phrase used to reformulate what has been said. Generally, it is
used when the concept is difficult to understand, or to emphasize an important one.
What concept does that is reformulate in this case? Consult the Grammar Dictionary for
other connectors or articulators that have a similar function.
13. What function does furthermore (line 120) have? How is it connected to the
conclusion?
Es un conector de adición, esta aclarando que además, cada texto es algo único y por
lo tanto no puede ubicarse bajo una forma estándar.
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -4
Si los métodos cladísticos se usan para replicar en la lingüística tradicional solo para
distinguir entre la originalidad del autor y el error del escriba, es muy probable que
sean cuestionados por muchos eruditos literarios, la mayoría de ellos no aceptara que
el significado de un texto está controlado por intenciones autorales, en definitiva un
texto es algo único que si bien se relacionan con la cultura y las instituciones sociales
no puede ser encasillado bajo un determinado paradigma mediante un analisis
general porque siempre sera algo particular.
INTERNALIZATION:
15. Make a list of the specific concepts that you will include in your main idea.
Biología y humanismo
Convergencia de metodología
Textos, manuscritos
16. Express the main idea of this text in one well-written sentence. This sentence has
to be your own creation, and it should be complete, specific and concise. Select and
combine the concepts you consider the most important. In this way you will be
hierarchizing.
EXTRA CREDITS
General academic vocabulary
Approach
a- What does in this approach (lines 27-28) refer back to?
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -5
Los científicos a partir del año 1970 comenzaron a usar un método llamado
“cladístico” buscando analogías (o modificaciones) en la descendencia respecto a los
antecesores, para encontrar los orígenes en las cadenas evolutivas, con ese enfoque y
con la ayuda de computadoras se construyeron modelos.
Enfoques, propuestas.
Plural of nouns
TEXT Nº 12
Barbach, J. & Byron, C., Cultural Biases Reflected in the Hominid Fossil
Record. http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/perspectives003.htm
ANTICIPATE:
1. Choose a first strategy to approach this text. Then, apply it and state your general
reading hypothesis.
Strategy chosen: Observé la cita bibliográfica: Barbach, J. & Byron, C., Cultural
Biases Reflected in the Hominid Fossil
2. There is probably a word in the title that may be unknown to you but it is very
important: biases. Use a dictionary to find out what it means and explain cultural biases
using your own words. (Remember that you are hypothesizing and that you are expected to
conceptualize and not to translate)
Interpreto que aquí estamos hablando del sesgo cultural y este no se puede ver
claramente en la acción, ya que no puede dar lugar a un despliegue de rechazo u
hostilidad hacia otra cultura, sin embargo, puede distorsionar la percepción de otra
cultura, y puede poner en peligro la capacidad de comunicarse con otras personas de
diferentes culturas.
3. Now, choose another strategy to approach the text to find more specific concepts.
Mention the strategy selected. Apply it.
4. Make a list of five specific concepts (topics, ideas) detected through the application
of the reading strategy in point 3.
5. Combine all the concepts detected so far and write your specific reading hypothesis
about what you think this text is about. Do it in a well-written sentence.
Los restos fósiles de homínidos fueron y siguen siendo un material de estudio en los
cuales los antropólogos buscan no solo los rasgos que permitan encontrar la
evolución de los humanos sino también gestar una teoría etnocéntrica apoyada en
sesgos de datos culturales y políticos, pero el aporte del neodarwinismo con nuevas
evidencias ha posibilitado abrir el campo de estudio y resignificar los orígenes del
hombre europeo.
6. We expect you to have worked with the subtitles and text organization in the
strategies selected. Now you can certainly read the text in detail better, with a lot of
concepts in mind. Go ahead, read the text thoroughly.
VERIFICATION:
8. What does This new paradigm (line 38) refer back to? (Remember anaphoric phrases
dealt with in Module 2.)
9. What does the phrase misunderstood notions (line 129) refer to? Where do you find
the referent?
10. Two main paradigms are mentioned in the text. Complete the following chart
explaining them. You may change the format of the chart as necessary:
Paradigm Characteristics
Filosofía monogenista de -Considera que los caucásicos son la réplica exacta del
Blumenbach tipo ideal platónico, mientras que las demás razas al
descender de un mismo origen no son más que
divergencias de ese tipo ideal.
- Retoma la teoría de las Ideas/ Formas de Platón.
-Recupera la teoría antropológica monogenista.
EXTRA CREDITS
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -9
11. Read the following sentence taken from the abstract and paraphrase the underlined
this typical construction of the English noun phrase. When you finish with the Spanish
version, notice the difference.
Dentro del ámbito científico las teorías neodarwiniana han producido una mejor
interpretación de los orígenes de la humanidad, dado que se los restos fósiles
pudieron ser analizados con patrones distintos a los eurocéntricos.
General Academic Vocabulary: In this text there are lexical items frequently used in
research articles because they are related to the work the researcher does. They belong
to the general academic vocabulary (go back to Modules 1 and 2 in case you forgot).
12. Provide the best Spanish equivalent for those which are not cognates (Check the
Grammar Dictionary in case you forgot about cognates)
INTERNALIZATION:
13. Write the main idea of the text. Remember you have to do it in only ONE sentence.
(For more information about how to elaborate a main idea, go back to Texts 1 and 2 in
Module 1). You can list main concepts before you start.
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -10
Los restos fósiles de homínidos fueron y siguen siendo un material de estudio en los
cuales los antropólogos buscan no solo los rasgos que permitan encontrar la
evolución de los humanos sino también gestar una teoría etnocéntrica apoyada en
sesgos de datos culturales y políticos, pero el aporte del neodarwinismo con nuevas
evidencias ha posibilitado abrir el campo de estudio y resignificar los orígenes del
hombre europeo.
TEXT Nº 13
ANTICIPATE:
1. Study the bibliographical data and analyze the title and the keywords. What is the
text about? Put forward a general reading hypothesis.
2. The title makes reference to a paradox. Could you scan the text and find the
information why the author refers to a paradox in Chomsky’s legacy?
3. Now, explain the paradox in your own words and develop a specific reading
hypothesis.
4. Now, it is time to read the text in detail. Let’s get down to work!
VERIFY:
1. Explain the five arguments Herman & Chomsky propose on their “propaganda model”.
2. According to Hassan (p. 97), texts are purveyors of meaning. What does he mean?
3. Why does Chomsky think that propaganda is the abuse of language and not just its
ordinary use? Explain
4. Now, let’s concentrate on connectors. Go over the text and find two important
examples. Explain the ideas they link and the logical relationship they establish. Do
not translate sentences. Paraphrase the ideas and explain the function of the
connectors you have selected.
He acknowledged that it was typical when people were discussing language and politics to raise these
kinds of questions, but dismissed the “banality‟ of such terms, calling them “vulgar propaganda
exercises‟
In HC‟s account, the media „manufacture consent‟ because they „serve, and propagandize on behalf of,
the powerful societal interests that control and finance them
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -12
Concept 2: Porque los medios son útiles para controlar a las sociedades en beneficio
de quienes lo manejan.
INTERNALIZATION
1. Finally, write the main idea of the text in one sentence. This sentence must be complete,
specific and cohesive. It must include the most important concepts.
TEXT Nº 14
ANTICIPATION:
3. Scan the Introduction and the last paragraph. Write your specific hypothesis trying to
advance the author’s proposal.
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -13
El texto explicita «como» los europeos han llevado a cabo una política de
planificación urbana con la tácita finalidad de plasmar un imperialismo
cultural decantando en un racismo capaz de acultural lo diferente.
VERIFICATION:
5. Define the concept of MODERN URBAN PLANNING. Does the author oppose to
the transfer to non-western cultures? Justify.
6. The text is full of connectors. Choose two directly related to the author’s conclusion.
Which concepts do they connect? What relation do they establish between concepts?
Why are they important?
Towards the end of the paper the author introduces the concept of POSTMODERN
FRAMEWORK. Why? Explain the framework.
INTERNALIZATION: You already know the characteristics that the main idea must
have. Give this exercise the necessary time for elaboration.
TEXT Nº 15
ANTICIPATE: Here is a challenge for you. This is a long text. But, generally, longer
texts tend to be redundant, that is, information is repeated throughout the text, so that a
reader who might miss a concept the first time it appears, can pick it up later when it is
mentioned for a second or third time.
2. Read the first sentence of each paragraph. Indicate the paragraphs you must read
thoroughly, and the ones you think you will be able to skip or just scan. Trust yourself.
You are surely going to choose correctly. Proper names and quotations will help you
(Use the line numbers to identify the paragraphs.)
… Párrafo 1 …
Párrafo 2
Párrafo 3
Párrafo 4
Párrafo 5
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -17
Párrafo 6
Párrafo 7
Párrafo 8
Párrafo 9
Párrafo 10
Párrafo 11
Párrafo 12
Párrafo 13
Párrafo 14
Párrafo 15
Párrafo 16
Párrafo 17
Párrafo 18
3. Can you advance at this point a definition for inclusive pedagogies, agency and
voice? State your hypothesis. There is no problem if you make a mistake because later
you will have a chance to change or confirm when you write your main idea.
inclusive pedagogies: la enseñanza debe ser global, es decir se tiene que incorporar
los conocimientos abstracto, los datos de la experiencia, los leguajes simbólicos e
incorporar las nuevas tecnologías.
agency es la institución, puede ser un colegio, la universidad o el ministerio de
educación
voice no solo es “la voz” entendida como algo fonético sino también es el manifestar, el
decir
4. This has certainly been a different way to approach a text in which we expect you to
be more independent. The anticipatory section is finished. Now, read in detail the
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -18
paragraphs that you detected as the ones you should definitely read. Then, decide if you
need to read any of the other paragraphs or if you can just scan them or skip them at all.
VERIFY:
5. Select five concepts you consider most important and write a full explanation using
your own words. Remember to conceptualize. Complete the chart:
important concepts
1.… …
2.… …
3.… …
4.… …
5.… …
INTERNALIZE / REFORMULATE:
6. Write the main idea of the text in one sentence. Remember that it must be specific
and that it must contain the most important concepts of the text.
…
Inglés a Distancia – Nivel Elemental – Módulo 3 – Texto 11 - -19
FINAL WORDS
It has been a pleasure to have you as a student in this Distance Learning Mode. We
hope you have enjoyed acquiring new concepts through reading to learn, reflecting on a
new thinking and reading process, and at the same time learning new vocabulary and
more of the English language.
We are planning to introduce changes depending on your final exam and final
comments at the time of the final.