Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Outline
2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, students must be able to:
1. summarize data by constructing a frequency distribution
or relative frequency distribution;
2. be able to find lower class limits, upper class limits, class
boundaries, class widths, and class marks for a given
frequency table;
3. calculate measures of center by finding the mean,
median, mode, and midrange;
4. calculate measures of variation by finding the standard
deviation, variance, and range;
3
Class Width Relative frequency
4
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
(Frequency
Table)
-‐
is
a
tabular
arrangement
of
data
whereby
the
data
is
grouped
into
different
intervals,
and
then
the
number
of
observa=ons
that
belong
to
each
interval
is
determined.
Frequency
Distribution
Regular Grouped
Frequency Frequency
Distribution Distribution
5
Regular
Frequency
DistribuBon
10, 10, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 4
X f fX p = f/N % = p(100)
10 2 20 2/20 = 0.10 10%
9 5 45 5/20 = 0.25 25%
8 7 56 7/20 = 0.35 35%
7 3 21 3/20 = 0.15 15%
6 2 12 2/20 = 0.10 10%
5 0 0 0/20 = 0 0%
4 1 4 1/20 = 0.05 5%
Σ
f
=
20
Σ
f
X
=
158
f
p
=
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
N
6
Cumulative Frequency (cf) and
Cumulative Percentage (c%)
X f cf c%
10 2 20 100%
9 5 18 90%
8 7 13 65%
7 3 6 30%
6 2 3 15%
5 0 1 5%
4 1 1 5%
cf
c%
=
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
(100%)
N
7
Grouped
Frequency
DistribuBon
Post test scores in Chemistry lab.
2 2 5 1 2 6 3 3 4 2
4 0 5 7 7 5 6 6 8 10
7 2 2 10 5 8 2 5 4 2
6 2 6 1 7 2 7 2 3 8
1 5 2 5 2 14 2 2 6 3
1 7
8
Frequency Table of Post Test
Rating f
0–2 20
3-5 14
6-8 15
9 - 11 2
12 - 14 1
9
Lower
&
Upper
Class
Limits
Rating f
0-2 20
Lower Upper
3-5 14
Class Class
Limits 6-8 15 Limits
9 - 11 2
12 - 14 1
10
Class Width (Class Interval)
Rating f
3 0-2 20
11
Class Boundaries
number
separa=ng
classes
Rating f
- 0.5
2.5
0-2 20
Class 5.5
3-5 14
Boundaries 6-8 15
8.5
11.5
9 - 11 2
14.5
12 - 14 1
12
Class Midpoints/Marks
midpoints of the classes
Rating f
0- 1 2 20
Class
Midpoints 3- 4 5 14
6- 7 8 15
9 - 10 11 2
12 - 13 14 1
13
Relative (Proportion) Frequency &
Percent Frequency (Percentage)
Rating p %
Rating f
Total frequency = 52
Percentage:
f
0.385 x 100%
p
=
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
20/52 = 0.385 = 38.5%
N
14
Cumulative Frequency (cf) and
Cumulative Percentage (c%)
Rating cf c%
Rating f
15
Frequency
Table
ApplicaBon
RaBng
f
p
%
cf
c%
0
–
2
20
0.385
38.5%
20
38.46%
3
–
5
14
0.269
26.9%
34
65.38%
6
–
8
15
0.288
28.8%
49
94.23%
9
–
11
2
0.038
3.8%
51
98.08%
12
–
14
1
0.019
1.9%
52
100%
Thirty
drugs
were
tested
to
determine
how
long
they
would
last
its
effecBvity.
The
results,
to
the
nearest
minute
record.
17
FREQUENCY
TABLE
Drug life f P % Cf c%
(minutes)
360-369 2 0.07 7 2 7%
370-379 3 0.1 10 5 17%
380-389 5 0.17 17 10 34%
390-399 7 0.23 23 17 57%
400-409 5 0.17 17 22 74%
410-419 4 0.13 13 26 87%
420-429 3 0.1 10 29 97%
430-439 1 0.03 3 30 100%
Total 30 1.0 100
18
Example: Heights of students
66 68 64 70 67 67 68 64 65 68
64 70 72 71 69 64 63 70 71 63
68 67 67 65 69 65 67 66 69 61
21
Midrange
=
(low
value
+
high
value)/2.
22
ArithmeBc
Mean
Sample
mean
PopulaBon
Weighted
mean
Mean
ungrouped
grouped
N
fi
µ
N
The syringes used per day for a week was as follows
23 35 27 18 29 33 19
Example
#2
On
his
first
5
biology
tests,
Bob
received
the
following
scores:
72,
86,
92,
63,
and
77.
What
test
score
must
Bob
earn
on
his
sixth
test
so
that
his
average
(mean
score)
for
all
six
tests
will
be
80?
26
Example #3
27
Median
of
Ungrouped
Data
Sample
Median
PopulaBon
Median
Where:
Xm
-‐
middle
most
value
in
an
ordered
array
of
data
when
n
is
odd
Xm1
&
Xm2
-‐
the
two
middle
most
value
in
an
ordered
array
of
data
when
n
is
even.
28
Example:
Ungrouped
data
Seven
students
taking
a
course
in
Literature
read,
16,
10,
24,
13,
20,
11,
and
17
secBons
of
the
assigned
books.
Find
the
median
of
the
number
of
books
that
they
are
reading.
10 11 13 16 17 20 24
Ten
students
spent
90,
104,
83,
75,
115,
92,
83,
79,
88,
&
111
minutes
studying
for
an
examinaBon.
Find
the
median
Bme.
88
+
90
~X
=
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
=
89
minutes
2
29
Mode
of
Ungrouped
Data
1 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14
4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 12
5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10
3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9
30
Find
the
mean,
median,
mode
and
midrange
for
the
following
data:
5,
15,
10,
15,
5,
10,
10,
20,
25,
15.
Median 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 15, 15, 15, 20, 25
Midrange (5 + 25) / 2 = 15
31
PracBce
Examples
1.
The
weekly
salaries
of
six
nurses
at
UST
Hospital
are
P5140,
P6220,
P4090,
P5800,
P5140,
P6200.
For
these
six
salaries,
find:
(a)
the
mean
(b)
the
median
(c)
the
mode
2.
Andy
has
grades
of
84,
65,
and
76
on
three
math
tests.
What
grade
must
he
obtain
on
the
next
test
to
have
an
average
of
exactly
80
for
the
four
tests?
3.
A
storeowner
kept
a
tally
of
the
sizes
of
suits
purchased
in
her
store.
Which
measure
of
central
tendency
should
the
storeowner
use
to
describe
the
average
suit
sold?
JusBfy
your
answer.
32
Measures
of
Data
with
the
Use
of
Computer
35
RANGE
Where:
HV
-‐
highest
value
in
the
data
set
LV
-‐
lowest
value
in
the
data
set
UL
h
-‐
upper
limit
of
the
highest
class
LL
l
-‐
lower
limit
of
the
lowest
class
36
Example
R = 136.5 – 86.5
= 50
37
STANDARD
DEVIATION
AND
VARIANCE
Measures of
Variation
Standard
Variance
Deviation
38
Standard
DeviaBon
V a r i a n c e
P o p u l a B o n
2
2 Σ (x - µ)
Σ (x - µ) 2
σ = σ =
N N
S a m p l e
39
Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data
Sample
Standard
PopulaBon
Standard
DeviaBon
DeviaBon
Where:
X
–
observa=on
value
N
-‐
popula=on
size
X
-‐
sample
mean
s
-‐
sample
standard
devia=on
µ
-‐
popula=on
mean
σ
-‐
popula=on
standard
devia=on
n
-‐
sample
size
Determine
the
standard
deviaBon
of
each
of
the
following
data
From a sample 8 9 2 12 16 10 13
41
From a 3.4 5.7 8.4 2.5 5.8 6.7
population
42
InterpretaBon
of
Standard
DeviaBon
The Empirical Rule (68-95-99 rule)
(applies to bell-shaped distributions)
VARIANCE
standard deviation squared
PopulaBon
Sample
Variance
Formula
Variance
Formula
Where:
X
–
observa=on
value
N
-‐
popula=on
size
X
-‐
sample
mean
s
-‐
sample
standard
devia=on
µ
-‐
popula=on
mean
σ
-‐
popula=on
standard
devia=on
n
-‐
sample
size
44
Example
S2 = (4.435)2 = 19.68
45
SAMPLE
PRACTICE
17
20
21
18
20
20
20
18
19
19
20
19
22
20
18
20
18
19
20
19
46
Coefficient
of
VariaBon
=
measures
the
variability
of
the
set
of
data
in
percentage
s
σ
cv
=
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
cV
=
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
X
µ
CV
of
Sample
Data
CV
of
Popula=on
Remark:
The
higher
the
C.
V.
,
the
higher
the
variability
and
lower
the
C.
V.,
the
higher
is
the
consistency
of
the
data.
47
Example
1:
A
sample
of
ages
of
five
women
enrolled
in
Slimmers’
World
showed
the
following
ages
in
years
to
the
nearest
birthday:
22,
18,
26,
20,
and
24.
Their
weights
in
pounds
were
115,
159,
141,
137,
and
130
respecBvely.
Which
of
the
two
sets
of
data
is
relaBvely
more
variable?
48
Examples:
The following data are the ages of the early morning
customers of ChowPrince fast food along Roxas
Boulevard. A are the ages of nine female customers
while B are the ages of 11 customers.
Wt. 115 120 135 140 160 90 85 150 125 130 100 108
Remarks:
If
Sk
>
0
=
posi=vely
skewed
or
skewed
to
the
right
Sk
<
0
=
nega=vely
skewed
or
skewed
to
the
lei
Sk
=
0
=
symmetrical
or
normal
51
Skewed
to
the
Right
Skewed
to
the
Ler
52
SKEWED
DISTRIBUTIONS
F F
r r
e e
q q
u u
e e
n n
c c
y
y
Mode
Mean
Median
Median
Mean
Mode
3
(20.22
–
20)
Sk
=
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
=
0.191
3.456
54
KURTOSIS
Refers to the peakedness or flatness of a distribution
Thus,
If
Ku
=
0,
the
distribu=on
is
mesokur=c
or
normal
in
rela=on
to
height
If
Ku
<
0,
the
distribu=on
is
platykur=c
or
shorter
than
normal
If
Ku
>
0,
the
distribu=on
is
leptokur=c
or
taller
than
normal
55
Distribution of Kurtosis
56
Measures
of
Data
with
the
Use
of
Computer
57
The
end…
Reinhold Niebuhr
58