1 Asst. Prof. Florence C. Navidad, RMT, RN, M.Ed.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, students must be able to:

1.  acquire the fundamental knowledge of the
principles in Biostatistics
2. provide explanations to problems in everyday
life on the basis of scientific methods using
critical thinking.
3.  appreciate the importance of Biostatistics as
tool for meaningful nursing research.

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OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the unit, the student will be able to:

¢  organize and summarize data

¢  reach
decisions about a large body of data by
examining only a small part of the data

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OUTLINE

¢  The branches of statistics

¢  Populations and Samples

¢  Types of Data

¢  Research methods

¢  Presentation of Data

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WHAT DOES STATISTICS MEAN?

1.  Refers to a recorded number.

2.  Denotes characteristics calculated for a set of data.
3.  A body of techniques and procedures dealing with the
collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of information that can be stated
numerically.

BIOSTATISTICS MEANS…

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APPLICATION OF BIOSTATISTICS

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 Branches of Statistics

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL

Collecting, processing, Analysis and

organizing and presenting data interpretation of data

Percentages & Measures of Parametric and Non-

central tendency parametric tests
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 Descriptive Inferential
¢  How many students are ¢  Is there a significant difference
interested to take online in the academic performance of
test? male and female students in
¢  What are the highest Statistics?
and lowest scores ¢  Is there a significant difference
obtained by students in between the proportions of
the online test? students who are interested to
¢  Who performed better in take online test and those who
the online test? are not?
¢  Is there a significance
difference between the mean
GPAs of Nursing, Medtech and
Physical Therapy students? 8
9
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

1. Parametric tests
– are tests applied to data that are
normally distributed.
- they are expressed in interval and ratio.
- skewness is equal to zero and kurtosis
equals 0.265

2.  Nonparametric tests

– are tests that do not require a normal
distribution.
- they utilize both nomimal and ordinal
data.
- skewness is either positive or negative. 10
POPULATIONS AND SAMPLES

POPULATION

SAMPLE

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WHY IS THERE A NEED FOR SAMPLING?

¢  Populations are usually large.

¢  It is often impossible to get data for every
object we're studying.
¢  Sampling does not usually occur without
cost, and the more items surveyed, the
larger the cost.
¢  Time of research or collection of data.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA

Population Sample

parameter statistic

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 PARAMETER STATISTIC
There are 2,405 students Of the 2,405 students
enrolled in UST Nursing. enrolled in UST Nursing,
675 are Male.
A company allotted 10 The mean salary of 120
Million pesos a month for employees (15% of the no. of
the salary. employees in the company)
is P10,500.
There are 1200 registered CHED closed 375 from 1200
nursing schools in the nursing schools in the
Philippines. Philippines.

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DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE
(using Slovin’s Equation 1960)

N
n = -----------------
1 + N (e)2

Where: n = sample size

N = population
e = allowable error

Allowable error:
from 5% to 20% provided computed sample size
should not be lower than 30
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DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

¢  Find
the sample size if the population size is 2500
at 95% accuracy.

2500
n = -----------------------
1 + 2500 (0.05)2

= 344.83 or 345

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DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE
(Using Gay 1976)

¢  Descriptive research: 10% of the population. For a

smaller population, a minimum of 20% may be
required.
¢  Correlational research: 30 subjects

¢  Experimental research: 15 subjects per group.

Some authorities: 30 subjects per group should be
considered minimum.
¢  Ex-post-facto or causal research: 15 subjects per
group

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 Probability
sampling
SAMPLING
METHOD
Non-probability
sampling

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Probability Sampling Techniques

1. Lottery or Fishbowl Sampling

• Most basic type of probability

sampling.
• Actual selection is done by
randomly picking the desired
number of units from the
population.

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Probability Sampling Techniques

2. Stratified
Random Sampling
• The chosen sample
is forced to contain
units from each of the
segments, or strata,
of the population

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Probability Sampling Techniques

3. Cluster or Area
Sampling
- groups, not
individuals, are randomly
selected.

In cluster sampling, we follow these steps:

- divide population into clusters (usually along
geographic boundaries)
- randomly sample clusters (areas in red)
- measure all units within sampled clusters 21
Probability Sampling Techniques

4.Systematic Sampling
•  Researcher selects the first unit
randomly
•  The remaining units systematically
•  number the units in
the population from 1 to
N
•  Decide on the n
(sample size) that you
want or need
•  k = N/n = the interval
size
•  Randomly select an
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integer between 1 to k
•  Take every kth unit
Probability Sampling Techniques

5. Multi-stage Sampling

¢  Usually used for national, regional, provincial or

country level studies.
¢  The selection of the sample is accomplished in two
or more steps.

1st level 3 provinces/region 3

2nd level 2 municipalities 6
per province
3rd level 2 barangays per 12
municipalities
4th level 5 respondents per 60
barangay
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 Non-Probability Sampling Technique

1. Accidental or Incidental
Sampling
- it is a process of getting a subject of study
that is only available during the period.

2. Quota Sampling
- it is a process of getting a sample of
subject of study through quota system.

3. Purposive or Judgement
Sampling
- the researcher simply picks out the
subjects that are representatives of the 24
population depending on the purpose of
the study.
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques

4. Snowball Sampling
¢  Startswith the known sources of information, who
or which will in turn give other sources of
information.
¢  Used when there is inadequate information for
making the sampling frame.

5. Networking Sampling
¢  Usedto find socially devalued urban populations
such as addicts, alcoholics, child abusers and
criminals, because they are usually “hidden from
outsiders”.
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 VARIABLES

- DEPENDENT
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
- INDEPENDENT

- DICHOTOMOUS
- DISCRETE
- TRICHOTOMOUS
- CONTINUOUS
- MULTINOMOUS

DATA

SOURCES SCALES OF RESEARCH PRESENTATION

MEASUREMENT DESIGNS
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Variables According to Continuity of Values

1. Continuous Variables
- variables whose levels
can take continuous values or
assume a continuous set of
numerical values. (measured
data)

2. Discrete or
Discontinuous
Variables
- variables whose
values or levels cannot
take the form of decimals. 27

(count data)
 SOURCES OF DATA

Primary source Secondary source

- Gov’t & Private

- Interview agencies
- observation - magazines,
articles

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Variables according to scales of measurement

1. Nominal Scale
- “name”
- the observation of the
variable results in one of a set
of characteristics or attributes,
rather than a numerical value.

2. Ordinal Scale
- distinguishes among
categories arranged in rank
order.

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Five leading causes of death

Scales of Measurement

3. Interval Scale
- the differences between
successive numbers in interval
measurements are consistently
the same.
- do not have a true zero.

4. Ratio Scale
- the differences between
two any successive numbers are
consistent.
- the presence of natural
zero value.
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 RESEARCH DESIGNS

Research Methods

Descriptive Non-
(Correlational Experimental
Experimental
Method)

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CORRELATIONAL METHOD

- Two different variables are observed to determine

whether there is a relationship between them

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 Characteristics of
Experimental method

Control Manipulation

Independent Dependent
variable variable

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Experimental method

- To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the

two variables;
- - One variable is manipulated while another variable is
observed and measured.

One variable (violence/no Violence No

Violence
violence) is used to define
4 0
groups 2 2
0 1
A second variable (aggressive 1 3
3 0
behavior) is measured to 2 0
obtain scores within each 4 1
group 1 1
3 1
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Compare groups
of scores
¢  Volunteersare randomly assigned to one of two treatment
conditions: a 700 room or a 900 room. A list of words is
presented and the participants are tested by writing down as
many words as they can remember from the list. A
difference between groups is attributed to the treatment (the
temperature of the room).
Independent: Room temperature
Dependent: Memory scores

Violence No
Violence
4 0
2 2 Independent: Aggressive Behavior
0 1 Dependent: Aggressive Behavior
1 3
3 0 scores
2 0
4 1 35
1 1
3 1
NON-EXPERIMENTAL OR QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

o  do not use a manipulated variable to differentiate the

groups.
¢  they cannot demonstrate cause and effect relationships.

¢  they are similar to correlational research because they

simply demonstrate and describe relationships.

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37
DATA PRESENTATION
Bar graph

Pie chart

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LINE GRAPH
 T
A
DATA PRESENTATION B
U
L
A
T
E
D
F
O
R
M

HISTOGRAM

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SCATTER PLOT
STEM-AND-LEAF PLOTS
A natural way to organize quantitative data is with the order
property of the real numbers, i.e., arrange the data from
least to greatest.
10   5  
11   023  
For example, the 30 weights: 185, 160,
235, 165, 125, 175, 185, 132, 168, 112, 12   055  
170, 155, 105, 158, 120, 190, 140, 185, 13   025  
125, 180, 145, 110, 155 135, 170, 113, 14   055  
155, 175, 145, 130 15   5558  
16   058  
17   0055  
in order: 105, 110, 112, 113, 120, 18   0555  
125, 125, 130, 132, 135, 140, 145, 19   0  
145, 155, 155, 155, 158, 160, 165, 20  
168, 170, 170, 175, 175, 180, 185, 21   40
185, 185, 190, 235. 22  
23   5  
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THE END…

A Short Prayer

Lord, You have searched me out and know me; You know
my sitting down and my rising up; You discern my
thoughts from afar. You trace my journeys and my
resting places and are acquainted with all my ways…

I will thank You because I am marvelously made; Your

works are wonderful, and I know it well.

Psalm 139

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