E&CE 222

Lab Tutorial 1
Hand Assembling

Prepared by: Peter Tysowski, T.A.

E-mail: pktysows@uwaterloo.ca
May 18, 2010
Spring 2010 term

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 Lab 1 Tutorial Outline

  Objectives of Lab 1
  Program Operation and Loading

  Explanation of I/O Subroutines

  Modifying the Code

  Hand Assembling Operation

  Post Lab Subroutines

  Deliverables and Marking Scheme

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 Objectives of Lab 1
  Familiarize yourself with hand assembly of
Motorola 68000 instructions (ISA_A)
  Familiarize with simple instructions
  e.g. and, bsr, cmp, jmp, jsr, lea, move, rts, suba, trap

  Use different Effective Addressing modes

  Absolute, Immediate, Register Direct, Register Indirect

  Perform offset calculations

  e.g. beq, bne, bra

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 Objectives of Lab 1
  Use common assembler directives
  e.g. equ, org, dc

  Handle monitor operations

  Trap #15 vectors

  Familiarize with input/output operations

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 Program Operation

  Print message asking for input

  Call “Read String” subroutine
  Read input characters into buffer
  Allocate a second buffer
  Reverse the string into the second buffer
  Call “Output String” subroutine
  Exit to the Monitor

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 I/O Subroutines
  Out-Character
  Store parameter D0 on the stack
  Output the register D1 (in ASCII)
  Restore D0 from the stack

  In-Character
  Store parameter D0 on the stack
  Capture the input into D1 (in ASCII)
  Select the first byte
  Display the character
  Restore D0 from the stack 6
 Modify the Program
lea BUFFER,A1 ;point to start of buffer
bsr.w in_string ;read string and
bsr.w out_crlf ;go to next line

* Scan for end of string.

move.l #BUFFER,A0 ;point to start of buffer

bloop1 tst.b (A0)+ ;see if we found the NULL yet.

bne bloop1 ;nope, keep looping

suba.l #1,A0 ;ignore the NULL

Hand assemble
movea.l #BUFFER+1024,A2 ;set up another buffer for result

Insert the necessary instructions

here - approximately 5 lines.

bsr.w out_string ;print the string

bsr.w out_crlf ;and go to new line
* Exit
move.l #$0000,d0
TRAP #15 7
end ;optional, marking end of assembly
 Program Operation
  Reverse string order Buffer L A1
  Determines end of the string A
B
  Defines new buffer
1
  Stores the reversed string in new buffer
A0 NULL
  Displays the reversed string

Buffer + 1024
1 A2
B

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 Program Loading

  Using Motorola S-record Format

  Produced by assemblers and compilers
  Encapsulates opcodes with addresses and checksums

  Using Text File (for Lab 1)

  Load the program through the terminal using text files
(OPCODES.txt)‫‏‬

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OPCODES.TXT
mm 10210000
5468
6973
2070
726f
6772
616d
2077
696c
6c20
7072
696e
7420
6f75
7420
6120
7374
7269
6e67
2069
6e20
7468
6520 10
…etc
 Hand Assembling of “Move”‫‏‬
  Move.L #100,D2
  0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

  Size Field
–  00 Byte Operation
–  01 Word Operation
–  10 Long Word Operation
–  11 Reserved

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 Hand Assembling (Move)
Translate: Move.L #100,D2
  0010 0100 0011 1100 0000 0064

  2 4 3 C 0000 0064

Enter code:
 mm.w
10200000
 243c
 0
 64 12
 During Your Lab

  Download the codes to the board

  Manually add on the rest of the program
  Enter your hand-assembled program
(including the new instructions required to complete it)
  Run the program
  Debugging techniques: breakpoint, trace, disassemble
  Test the program
  Print out the reverse of the input string

  Finish assembly and test before demo day

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 Post Lab Subroutines

  DEC2BIN
  Converts a decimal ASCII string to a binary number
  Reads null-terminated string from A1 (doesn’t modify A1)
  Converts ASCII bytes to decimal using Horner’s equation
  Decimal: 3210 = (((3) * 10 + 2) * 10 + 1) * 10 + 0

  Store result in D1
  Write as subroutine (save registers to stack, use rts)
  Hint: use a loop, multiply instruction, and accumulator
  Hint: use data registers to hold temporary values
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  No error checking on input required
 Post Lab Subroutines

  BIN2DEC
  Converts binary number to decimal ASCII string
  Reads word-sized binary number from D1 (doesn’t modify it)
  Writes null-terminated string at location in A2
  Horner’s equation requires a divide subroutine
  Hex: 3210 = (((3) * A + 2) * A + 1) * A + 0

  Size is 16-bit positive number (one word)

  No error checking on input required
  Hint: use division and remainder instructions in loop 1
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  Hint: output the decimal string then reverse it in loop 2
 Post Lab Subroutines

Decimal ASCII String Binary Number

(stored in Big Endian)
6980 0x36
0x39 0x1B44
0x38
0x30

16 bit positive number ranges from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF

or
0 to 65535

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 Deliverables

  The Grade Form

  Access from ACE and print it for the lab

  Code for string-reverse program

  Full machine code listing (original program + additions)
  Lines added in assembly code, with comments

  Post-lab: DEC2BIN and BIN2DEC subroutines

  In assembly language, with comments
  No hand assembly required
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 Marking Scheme

  LAB demo
  3 marks – Lab completion (program must work 100%)
  2 marks – Questions answered during lab demo
  Individual mark
  May be asked about the program and/or asked to hand assemble

  Post lab
  2 marks per subroutine (DEC2BIN & BIN2DEC)

  Final Reports due 48 hours after demo, on ACE

  20% late penalty per day

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Marking Scheme

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