I made this document to explain the concept behind development length of reinforced concrete rebars.
Some of the photos in this file are not mine and are taken from the book for educational purposes only and are not meant to have any commercial purpose:
Reinforced Concrete Design by Jack C. McCormac
I made this document to explain the concept behind development length of reinforced concrete rebars.
Some of the photos in this file are not mine and are taken from the book for educational purposes only and are not meant to have any commercial purpose:
Reinforced Concrete Design by Jack C. McCormac
I made this document to explain the concept behind development length of reinforced concrete rebars.
Some of the photos in this file are not mine and are taken from the book for educational purposes only and are not meant to have any commercial purpose:
Reinforced Concrete Design by Jack C. McCormac
Chapter 7 Development length of reinforced concrete elements By: Eng. Humam Ghazal Factors used
• Weight of aggregates (λ =1 for normal weight concrete, λ =0.75 for
lightweight concrete) • Spacing of bars or side cover dimensions (cb) • ψt = reinforcement location factor (top or bottom) • ψe = coating factor • ψs = reinforcement size factor • (ψ factors are equal to 1 in most cases) Ψt, Ψe and ψs • Ψt - Reinforcement Location: Determines whether the concrete has at least 12 in of fresh cast under it (increase development length - Top or Bottom bars) • Ψe Coating of bars: using epoxy reduces bond between and concrete and steel rebars, therefore we need to increase the development length • ψs Sizes of reinforcing: using smaller bars is better than using larger bars • Ψs* Ψe should not be more than 1.7, or else it will be taken as 1.7 Using 16 Φ4 bars is better than using 1Φ16 bar Because the perimeter (surface area) of the smaller bars are larger and give better bonding results Ψs - Continued Rebar Area: Area for 1Φ16: 𝜋 ∗ 162 = 201𝑚𝑚2 4 Area for 4Φ8: 𝜋 4∗ ∗ 82 = 201𝑚𝑚2 4 The area for both rebars is the same, but we prefer to use the smaller bars because they have a higher surface area
Surface Area Calculations:
Take a 1m (1,000mm) strip for both 16mm bars or Surface Area = Circumference * Length of rebar 4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 8𝑚𝑚 ∗ 1000𝑚𝑚 ≈ 100,530𝑚𝑚2 𝜋 ∗ 16𝑚𝑚 ∗ 1000𝑚𝑚 ≈ 50,265𝑚𝑚2 So, we prefer to choose the 4Φ8 rebars to have a stronger bond 1 Φ 16 4 Φ8 between the rebars and the concrete because of the higher surface area. cb • Cb is half the spacing between two horizontal bars or the concrete side cover (Whichever is smaller) • ψs Sizes of reinforcing: using smaller bars is better than using larger bars Example: cb • Cb is half the spacing between two horizontal bars or the concrete side cover (Whichever is smaller) 𝐶𝑏 +𝐾𝑡𝑟 • shouldn’t be more than 2.5, or else take 2.5 𝑑𝑏 Transverse reinforcement index • Development lengths can be decreased due to the existence of transverse steel (stirrups)
This equation accounts for this reduction.
✓Substituting Ktr=0 means we assume there are no stirrups at the section (Assuming that stirrups don’t contribute to the development length, which gives more conservative values by increasing Ld) Development length equations • Lightweight aggregates - Using lightweight aggregates give concrete with less strength, thus less splitting strengths (splitting between concrete and rebars happens easier) • Spacing of bars or cover dimensions: if spacing of bars or concrete cover are too small, splitting might occur. We use (ACI Equation 12- 1) to account for this issue. • Development length equation • US Customary units SI units Cracks: Side covers and Bottom covers
A side cover that is small or a small bottom cover or small spacings
between bars could causes cracks in concrete and therefore bond failures Thank you • Some photos in this documents were taken from the book: Reinforced Concrete Design by Jack C. McCormac, this Slideshow is just for the sake of simplifying the ideas in the book and is meant for personal and educational uses only and are not meant to have any commercial purpose.
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