Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Identification:
Paternity Problem:
Medical field
Semen grouping.
saliva grouping
Medicolegal importance of genetic markers
1. Identification:
** Source of blood (murder).
Blood or not
kidnapping cases**
alleged mix-up of infants
2-Paternity Problem:
Disputes may arise under the following circumstances:
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2- Rh –ve female
A pregnant Rh - ve female
should be given IG at labor to
prevent erythroblastosis
fetalis in the next child.
3 -The association
between certain blood groups and
diseases duodenal ulcer is more
common in persons of blood group
O.
grouping
laser light-1
to locate suspected semen
In cases of sexual assaults
Confirm by
the presence of a protein, P30.
Phosphoglucomutase (PGM)
3 phenotypes : PGM 1, PGM 2, PGM 1-2
Adenylate kinase.
Acid phosphatase.
These could be used for blood stains, in
body
fluids, in hair root and in teeth pulp.
Electrophoresis
IV. Hemoglobin variants
Are abnormal forms of hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin Made up:
Heme .
Globin
An iron-containing portion,
Amino acid chains.
4-Donate at random.
Hh Hh Hh Hh
Inheritance of blood groups
ABO groups:
There are 3 alleles
A : AA -Aa
B : BB- Bb
O : OO
Father AB Mother O
A B O O
Ao Ao Bo Bo
Exclusion of paternity
1- By finding a gene product in a child :
absent from both mother and putative
father e.g. mother O and father O and
child A.
O
O
A
2- By finding a gene which the putative father
must give to his offspring do not appear in
the child:
When the father is homozygous for a gene
which does not appear in child.
e.g. father M and child N.
MM
NN
3- When the father is heterozygous for
2 genes neither appear in child
e.g. father AB and child O.
AB
OO
Inheritance of HLA. 2
Inheritance of
HLA.
Each child
inherits 2 HLA-A
and 2 HLA-B,
one from each
parent. HLA has
a great
individualizing
potential in
disputed
paternity.
Four types of bases:
consisting of :
two purines,
adenine (A).
guanine(G).
two pyrimidines.
cytosine (C).
thymine (T).
NB
In RNA uracil (U) replaces
thymine
Every cell within an individual contains
the same DNA
DNA Finger printing
the unique sequence of a person base
pairs.
DNA typing :
A child inherits a strand of
DNA from its mother and the
other from its father.
Bands in a child's DNA
not match its mother's must
have come from the child's
father.
Paternity tests:
1- Good negative.
using different blood markers require a great
number of blood test and could only prove
that an individual was not the father of a
child.
2- Good positive
DNA finger printing alone good positive show
whether or not a man is the biological father
of a child.
Hazards of blood transfusion
A. Immediate reactions:
1- Febrile reactions:
Due to pyrogens, leukocyte
isoagglutinin
or platelet agglutinins.
Pyrexia
1- multiple transfusions.
2- haemolytic reactions. :Reactions due to infected blood. 4
3- infected blood.
2. Allergic reactions:
:Thrombophlebitis .5
Skin rash
antigen and antibody. .More common after cannulation
3. Circulatory overload:
Leading to heart failure. :Citrate toxicity. 6
hypocalcaemia
. hyperkalaemia
Hypotension
.arrhythmia
B. Delayed reactions:
1. Haemolytic reactions:
S&S
jaundice and haemoglobinuria.
due to
Blood group incompatibility,
Improper storage of blood
Transfusion of haemolysed blood (over heated – freezed).
2. Immunological sensitization
a red cell antigen - production of immune antibodies to
that antigen e.g. Rh negative.
This is harmful in patients needing multiple transfusions.
3.Transfusion siderosis.
4. Transmission of diseases:
Hepatitis B ,C. AIDS, Malaria, Cytomegalovirus