GN Guideline 45

Ist Edition
GATE
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Structural Analysis
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GATE Civil Engineering, 1e
Structural Analysis
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SYLLABUS
GATE Civil Engineering:
Structural Analysis :
Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displacements in statically determinate structures and
analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods, analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment
distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural
analysis.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INDETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES/REDUNDANCY
1.0 STATIC INDETERMINACY

1.0.1 Total Indeterminacy and External Indeterminacy
1.0.2 Total Degree of Redundancy
1.1 KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY/DEGREE OF FREEDOM (DOF)
1.1.1 Beams
1.1.2 Trusses
1.1.3 Rigid Jointed Plane Frames
1.2 UNSTABILITY IN STRUCTURES
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS AND TRUSSES
2.0 STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

2.0.1 Bending Moment and Shear Force
2.0.2 Shear Force Diagram (SFD)
2.0.3 Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)
2.1 TRUSSES
2.1.1 Analysis of Trusses
2.1.2 Method of Joints
2.1.3 Method of Section
2.2 RELATION BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 3 DEFLECTION IN STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS
3.0 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

3.1 MOMENT AREA METHOD
3.2 MACAULAY METHOD
3.3 CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
3.4 METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
3.5 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
3.6 UNIT LOAD METHOD
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 4 ENERGY METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
4.0 STRAIN ENERGY THEOREMS

4.0.1 Axial Load
4.0.2 Shear
4.0.3 Bending
4.0.4 Twisting Moments
4.1 THEOREM OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY
4.2 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORKS
4.3 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
4.4 BETTI’S LAW
4.5 MAXWELL’S RECIPROCAL THEOREM
4.6 APPLICATION OF ENERGY THEOREMS FOR DETERMINATION OF DEFLECTION
4.6.1 Simple and Continuous Beams
4.6.2 Pin Jointed Truss
4.6.3 Portal Frames
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
5.0 FORCE METHOD/FLEXIBILITY OR COMPATIBILITY METHOD

5.0.1 Consistent Deformation
5.0.2 Three Moment Method
5.0.3 Column Analogy Method
5.1 ENERGY METHODS
5.2 DISPLACEMENT METHOD/STIFFNESS OR EQUILIBRIUM METHOD
5.2.1 Slope Deflection Method
5.2.2 Moment Distribution Method
5.2.3 Kani’s Method
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 6 ROLLING LOADS AND INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAMS
6.0 ROLLING LOADS

6.0.1 Single Concentrated Load
6.0.2 Series of Concentrated Load
6.0.3 Uniformly Distributed Load
6.1 INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAMS
6.1.1 Basic Concept
6.1.2 Muller Breslau Principle
6.1.3 ILD For Determinate Beams
6.1.4 ILD for Trusses
6.1.5 ILD for Arches
6.2 APPLICATION OF ILD FOR DETERMINATION OF
6.2.1 Support Reaction
6.2.2 B.M at a Section
6.2.3 S.F at a Section
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 7 ARCHES AND CABLES
7.0 CABLES
7.0.1 Cables Under Uniform Load
7.0.2 Cables Under Concentrated Load
7.1 ARCHES
7.1.1 Pressure Lines
7.1.2 Eddy’s Theorem
7.1.3 Three Hinged Arches
7.1.4 Two Hinged Arches
7.2 THERMAL EFFECTS
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 8 MATRIX METHOD OF ANALYSIS
8.0 FORCE / FLEXIBILITY / COMPATIBILITY METHOD

8.1 STIFFNESS / DISPLACEMENT / EQUILIBRIUM METHOD
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 9 SHEAR CENTRE
EXERCISE
SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 1
INDETERMINACY OF STRUCTURE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Static analysis of a structure depends on three main principles, namely

assumption of linear elasticity, equilibrium of forces and compatibility.
Structures that can be analysed using static equilibrium condition alone
are statically determinate structures and those which cannot be solved with
equilibrium condition are known as statically indeterminate structures or
hyper static.
A structure can undergo movements (rotations & displacements)
at its joints and supports. The total number of such independent joint
displacements are known as kinematic indeterminacy or degree of freedom.
When a structure as a whole or a part of it undergoes large displacement
it is under unstable condition.
Indeterminacies in a structure can be categorised into two parts :
(1) Static Indeterminacy
(2) Kinematic Indeterminacy
1.2 STATIC INDETERMINACY ^Ds h
Static indeterminacy also known as degree of redundancy is the number

of additional equations required to analyse the structure or find out its
unknown forces. Addition equations known as compatibility equations are
required to determine unknown forces.
The static indeterminacy can be divided into the parts
(1) External Indeterminacy
(2) Internal Indeterminacy
1.2.1 External Static Indeterminacy

It is the number of additional equations required to determine the external
forces/support reactions.
In general Degree of external static indeterminacy, Dse = r - e
where r = Number of unknown reaction components
e = Total number of equilibrium equations
For different types of structure it is given as,
(i) Pin jointed plane frame :
Dse = r - 3 ...(1)
(ii) Pin jointed space frame :
Dse = r - 6 ...(2)
(iii) Rigid jointed plane frame :
GATE STUDY PACKAGE Gate Civil Engineering
Dse = r - 3 ...(3)
(iv) Rigid jointed space frame :
Dse = r - 6 ...(4)
CONCEPTS
For a two dimensional or plane frame, the total number of equilibrium

equations are 3. ( SFx = 0 , SFy = 0 , SMz = 0 ; if x -y plane is considered)
For a three dimensional or space frame, the total number of equilibrium
equations are 6. ( SFx = 0 , SFy = 0 , SFz = 0 , SMx = 0 , SMy = 0 , SMz = 0 )
M E T H O D O L O G Y
For finding out external (static indeterminacy)
Step 1 : Identify the type of structure (Pin jointed plane/space, Rigid
jointed plane/space)
Step 2 : Find out the total number of external reactions. Sr )
In 2-D ; For Hinged support –2
For Roller support –1
For Fixed support –3

i. n
In 3-D ; Hinge (Allowing rotation in all 3 Directions) – 3
.c o
Roller (Allowing Displacement in all 2 Directions) – 1
Fixed (Restrained against all rotation & displacements) – 6
i a
Find Sr after adding all the support reactions.
o d
Step 3 : Apply the formula for external static indeterminacy Dse as given
in equation (1), (2), (3) & (4) according to the type of structure.
. n
1.2.2
w
Internal Static Indeterminacy
w
It is the total number of additional equations required to determine the
w
internal forces.
It is denoted by Dsi for different type of structure it is given as
Dsi = m - ^2j - 3h ...(5)
Dsi = m - ^3j - 6h ...(6)
Dsi = 3c or Dsi = 3c - rl ...(7)
Dsi = 6c or Dsi = 6c - rl ...(8)
Where, m = total number of members
j = total number of joints
c = total number of cuts required for open configuration
rl = Number of additional equation due to hybrid joints.
CONCEPTS
In a pin jointed frame each member will have an axial force. In a rigid
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Sample Chapter of Structural Analysis

jointed plane frame each member will have three forces. In a rigid jointed
space frame each member will have six forces.
For finding internal indeterminacy ^Dsi h
Step 1 : Identify the type of structure.
Step 2 : Count the total number of members ^m h total number of joints
and number of cuts required for open configuration, as the case
may be. Also find rl (additional equations) if it has hybrid
joints.
Step 3 : Apply equations (5), (6), (7), (8) for finding Dsi according to the
structure type.
1.3 TOTAL DEGREE OF STATIC INDETERMINACY ( Ds )
Total degree of static indeterminacy is the sum of internal and external

static indeterminacy.
Ds = Dse + Dsi i. n
CONCEPTS
.c o
Hybrid Joints : Sometimes a structure may not be a purely pin jointed or
i a
purely rigid jointed structure. In may contain some hybrid joints like an
d
internal pin or link etc. They provide additional equilibrium equation.
The hybrid joints with number of additional equations provided by them
are as shown;
o
. n
w w
w
The total degree of static indeterminacy can be determined for different

types of structures as described below;
Ds = m + r - 2j or Ds = Dse + Dsi ...(9)
Ds = m + r - 3j or Ds = Dse + Dsi ...(10)
Ds = 3m + r - rl = 3j
or Ds = Dse + Dsi = ^r - 3h + 3c - rl ...(11)
rl = number of additional equations due to hybrid joints.


Ds = 6m + r - rl - 3j
or Ds = Dse + Dsi = ^r - 6h + 6c - rl ...(12)
m = number of members
j = number of joints
rl = number of additional equations due to hybrid joints
r = number of external reactions
CONCEPTS
• In case of a space structure if there is an internal pin, then additional
equations due to a single pin is equation to 3 ^m - 1h. m = number of
members jointed that pin.
• In case of plane structure if there is an internal pin, then additional
equations due to single pin is equal to ^m - 1h. m = number of members
joining that pin.
• A 2-D beam is always treated as a rigid jointed plane frame.
• In a purely pin jointed plane frame/space frame a hinge is not considered
as a hybrid joint and only equation (9) & (10) will be used ^rl = 0h.
• In rigid jointed plane frame with or without hybrid joints equations (11)
& (12) will be used.
i. n
.c o
i a
o d
. n
w w
w

For finding total degree of static Indeterminacy.
Step 1 : Identify the type of structure :
Purely pin jointed plane/space frame
Rigid jointed plane/space frame
Beam
Step 2 : Count the number of members ^m h, total number of joints ^ j h
external reactions ^r h. If the structure is a rigid jointed frame
or beam with hybrid joints then count number of additional
equation ^rlh.
Step 3 : Apply equations (9), (10), (11) & (12) as the case may be to find
Ds .
Points to Remember :
If Ds is negative, then structure in unstable or a mechanism.
1.4 KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY ^Dk h

i. n
.c o
Kinematic indeterminacy also known as degree of freedom (DOF) is the
total number of independent joint displacement. A joint can have two types
i a
of displacements in general; rotation and linear displacement.
as shown below;
o d
Concept : Number of joint displacements for different support conditions are
. n
w w
•
w
Number of joint displacements for different joint condition are as shown
below;

• Each Joint of Pin jointed 2-D frame has two degree of freedom or joint
displacements.
• Each Joint of Pin jointed space frame has three independent joint
displacements.
• Each joint of a 2-D rigid jointed frame has 3 independent joint
displacement.
• Each joint of a 3-D rigid jointed frame has 6 independent joint
displacements.
• If members are inextensible, then joint displacement in its axial direction
will not be there.
Following equations may also be used for finding out degree of kinematic
indeterminacy; but they may give erroneous results sometimes.
(1) Pin jointed plane frame
Dk = 2j - r ...(13)
(2) Pin jointed space frame
i. n
Dk = 3j - r
(3) Rigid jointed plane frame
.c o
Dk = 3j - r + rl (Extensible members)
...(14)
i a
Dk = 3j - r + rl - m
...(15)
...(16)
(4) Rigid jointed space frame
o d
Dk = 6j - r + rl (Extensible members) ...(17)
. n
Dk = 6j - r + rl - m (Inextensible members) ...(18)
w wj =
m =
Number of joints
Number of members
w r =
rl =
number of reactions
additional equation
For finding out Degree of Kinematic indeterminacy
Step 1 : Identify the type of structure.
Step 2 : For purely pin jointed frames use equation (13) & (14) or count
the number of displacement components of joints.
For rigid jointed frames, decide whether members are
given extensible or inextensible. Count the number of joint
displacements. formula (15), (16), (17), (18) can be erroneous in
this case.
Step 3 : Find out Dk
1.5 STABILITY AND EQUILIBRIUM


1.5.1 Equilibrium
A structure is said to be in state of static equilibrium if resultant of all
external forces acting over it is zero.
For a plane structure :
Condition of equilibrium SFx = 0 ; SFy = 0 ; SMz = 0
For a space structure :
Condition of equilibrium SFx = 0 ; SFy = 0 ; SFz = 0 & SMx = 0 ; SMy = 0
; SMz = 0
A statically determinate structure can be analysed only by using there
equations.
1.5.2 Stability
A structure is said to be stable when the whole structure or any part of it
does not undergo any large deformation or displacement.
The displacements in a stable structure due to external loads are very small
as compared to the geometrical dimensions of structure.
External Stability
i. n
If a structure is supported in a manner such that it doe not undergo any
rigid body motion, it is known as external stability.
and non-concurrent reaction components.

.c o
For 2-D , plane structure " It should have at least 3 non-zero, non parallel
& non-concurrent reaction component.

i a
For 3-D /space structure " It should have at least 6 non-zero, non-parallel
d
The structure not following above criteria is unstable.
o
. n
w w
w
Internal Stability
If no part of structure can move relative to other par of structure, to bring
about any change in the geometrical configuration of structure, it is said to
be internally stable.
For Pin jointed structure : If number of members m < ^2j - 3h, then pin
jointed plane frame is unstable.
If number of members m < ^3j - 6h, then pin jointed space frame is unstable.

Rigid Jointed Structures

If any part of the structure undergo rigid body motion relative to other, the
structure is unstable.
********
i. n
.c o
i a
o d
. n
w w
w


Chapter 1 Exercise Page 15
EXERCISE 1.1
MCQ 1.1 The total number of basic equilibrium equations for a 3-dimensional space
T.S. THANDAV- structure is equal to
MURTHY
EQ. 1.2A-1.2B/18
(A) 3 (B) 6
(C) 18 (D) 9
SOL 1.1 Correct option is (B).

In the case of a 3-dimensional space structure forces can be resolved into
three orthogonal directions namely x , y and z co-ordinate axis. Moreover
moments about three mutually perpendicular directions can be determined.
So the three equilibrium equations due to forces are
SFx = 0 ; SFy = 0 ; SFz = 0
i. n
Summation of forces in x , y , z direction should be zero and three equilibrium
equations due to moments are
SMx = 0 ; SMy = 0 ;
o
SMz = 0
.c
i.e. summation of moments about x , y , z direction should also be zero. The
a
forces and moments with their directions are shown in the following figure.
i
o d
. n
w w
w
So, the total number of basic equilibrium equations is 6.
MCQ 1.2 The degree of static indeterminacy for the beam shown in figure is ____.
T.S. THANDAV-
MURTHY
FIG 1.20/22
SOL 1.2 Correct answer is 1.

Degree of static indeterminacy or redundancy is the total number of reaction
components in excess to the available equation of equilibrium. So, static
indeterminacy is given by the expression
Ds = R - r
where, R " Available external reaction components
r " Available equilibrium equations
The idealised structure of the given beam is shown as below

ATE STUDY PACKAGE Gate Civil Engineering
Page 16 Exercise Chapter 1
From the figure, we have

R = 4 (3 reactions at fixed support A and one reaction at B )
r = 3 (3 equilibrium equation i.e. SFx = 0 , SFy = 0 , SMz = 0
for a plane structure)
So, Ds = 4 - 3 = 1
Alternate Method:
In alternate method, we use the the formula of the degree of static
indeterminacy for the rigid jointed plane structure given by
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
where, m " Total number of members
r " Total number of external reactions
rl " Additional equation of equilibrium
j " Total number of joints
For the given beam we have
So,
m = 1, r = 4 , rl = 0 , j = 2
Ds = ^3 # 1h + 4 - 0 - ^3 # 2h = 1 i. n
MCQ 1.3
.c o
The fixed beam shown in the figure has a degree of static indeterminacy
equal to ____.
a
R.C. HIBBELER
i
FIG(D) 2-3/48
o d
. n
SOL 1.3
w w
Correct answer is 1.
There are 2 approaches for finding out static indeterminacy or degree of
st
1 Approach:
w
redundancy for any structure.
Degree of overall static indeterminacy is the sum of internal and external

static indeterminacy, i.e.,
Ds = Dsi + Dse
where, Ds " Overall static indeterminacy
Dsi " Degree of internal static indeterminacy
Dse " Degree of external static indeterminacy
The given structure can be treated as rigid jointed plane framed. So,
Dsi = 3C (C " Total number of closed loops)
As there are no closed loop, C = 0 . So degree of internal static indeterminacy
Dsi = 3 # 0 = 0
Degree of external static indeterminacy is given by
Dse = re - 3 - rl
where, re " Total number of external reactions


rl " Additional equilibrium equation

The idealised structure of the given beam can be shown as
There are 3 external reactions due to fixed support at A and 3 external

reactions due to fixed support at D .
So, re = 3 + 3 = 6
Two additional equilibrium equations are MB = 0 and MC = 0 due to internal
hinge at B and C respectively.
So, rl = 2
Substituting the values of re and rl in the expression of static indeterminacy,
we have
Dse = re - 3 - rl = 6 - 3 - 2 = 1
Overall static indeterminacy,
i. n
Ds = Dsi + Dse = 0 + 1 = 1
2 nd Approach:
Overall static indeterminacy is given by
Ds = R - r
.c o
where,
i a
R " Available external reaction components
o d
r " Available equilibrium equations
For a rigid jointed plane structure each member offers 3 reaction components
. n
i.e. moment, shear, axial force. So here total number of reaction component
is R = 3m + r , where
w w m " Total number of members

r " External reactions components
w
Each joint offers 3 equilibrium equations i.e. SFx = 0 ; SFy = 0 ; SMz = 0 . So
number of equilibrium equations is r = 3j + rl, where
j " Total no. of joints
rl " Additional equation of equilibrium due to pin, link etc.
So, overall static indeterminacy
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j ...(i)
The idealized structure of the given beam is shown in Figure below
From the figure, we have

Total number of members, m =3 (Member AB , BC , CD )
External reactions components, r = 3+3 = 6
Additional equation of equilibrium, rl = 2
Total no. of joints, j =4 (Joint A, B, C, D )
Substituting above values in Eq. (i), we have

Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
Ds = ^3 # 3h + 6 - 2 - ^3 # 4h = 1
MCQ 1.4 Which of the structures shown in the figure is statically indeterminate ?
R.C. HIBBELER
2.3/48
(A) (1) (B) (2)

(C) (3)
i. n
(D) None, all are determinate
.c o
By formula approach, overall static indeterminacy is given by
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
Structure (1)
i a ...(i)
d
The idealized structure of the beam given in figure (1) can be shown as,
o
. n
w w
For the above structure, we have
w
Number of members,
External reactions,
m =2 ^AB, BC h
r = 2 + 1 = 3 (Two due to hinge
support and one due to roller)
Since there is no hybird joint, so additional equilibrium equations,
rl = 0
Number of joints, j =3 (Joint A, B, C )
Substituting above values into Eq. (i), we have static indeterminacy
Ds = ^3 # 2h + 3 - 0 - ^3 # 3h = 0
So structure in figure (1) is statically determinate.
Structure (2)
The idealized structure of the beam given in figure (2) can be shown as


For the above structure, we have

Number of members, m =2
External reactions, r = 3+1+1 = 5
Since there is no hybrid joint, so additional equilibrium equations,
rl = 0
Number of joints, j =3
Ds = ^3 # 2h + 5 - 0 - ^3 # 3h = 2
So, the structure given in figure (2) is statically indeterminate to 2 nd degree.
Structure (3)
The idealized structure of the beam given in figure (3) can be shown as
For the above structure, we have i. n

Number of members,
External reactions,
m =2
.c o
r = 2+2 = 4
Additional equilibrium equations,
i a rl = 1 (due to pin at B i.e. MB = 0 )
Number of joints,
o d
Substituting above values into Eq. (i),
j =3
we have static indeterminacy
. nDs = ^3 # 2h + 4 - 1 - ^3 # 3h = 0
So structure is statically determinate.
MCQ 1.5
G.S. PANDIT
w w
The degree of static indeterminacy of the beam shown in figure is equal to
w
& GUPTA TOS
VOL 1
1.58/37
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
SOL 1.5 Correct option is (A).

By formula approach, overall static indeterminacy is given by
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j ...(i)
For the given beam, we have
Number of members, m =6 ( AG, GB, BC, CD, DE, EF )
External reactions, r = 2+1+1+2 = 6
Additional equilibrium equations, rl = 1 + 2 = 3 (1 due to hinge at G
and other 2 due to link at CD )
Ds = ^3 # 6h + 6 - 3 - ^3 # 7h

Ds = 0
Structure is determinate statically and degree of static indeterminacy is zero.
MCQ 1.6 The following figure shows a continuous beam. It is statically indeterminate
G.S. PANDIT & to ____degree.
S.P. GUPTA TOS
VOL 1
1.76/49

The idealized structure of the given beam can be shown as,
Static indeterminacy is given by

Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j ...(i)
From the idealized structure shown above, we have
Number of members,
External reactions,
m =6
i. n
( AE, EB, BF, FC, CG, GD )
r = 2+1+1+2 = 6
Additional equilibrium equations,
MF = 0 , Fy at G = 0 )
.c o
rl = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 (Fx at E = 0 ,
Number of joints,
i a
j =7
d
Ds = ^3 # 6h + 6 - 3 - ^3 # 7h
o
. Ds = 0
n
So degree of redundancy or static indeterminacy is zero.
MCQ 1.7
w w
Let Dsi be degree of internal static indeterminacy, Dse be degree of external
static indeterminacy and Ds be the overall static indeterminacy of the
B.C. PUNMIA
TOS
EX FIG
6.3(A)/129
w
structure. Which of the following option is correct for the pin jointed plane
frame shown in figure below ?
(A) Dsi = 1; Dse = 2 ; Ds = 3

(B) Dsi = 0 ; Dse = 1; Ds = 1
(C) Dsi = 2 ; Dse = 0 ; Ds = 2
(D) Dsi = 0 ; Dse = 0 ; Ds = 0


SOL 1.7 Correct option is (D).

It is a purely pin jointed plane frame, so degree of internal static indeterminacy
is given by
Dsi = m - ^2j - 3h ...(i)
Each member offers one axial force and each joint give two equilibrium
equation SFx = 0 , SFy = 0 , so
So, internal static indeterminacy
Dsi = 9 - ^2 # 6 - 3h = 0
External static indeterminacy is given by
Dse = r - 3
where r " External reaction component
So, Dse = ^1 + 2h - 3
Dse = 0
Overall static indeterminacy is
Ds = Dse + Dsi = 0 + 0 = 0 i. n
Alternate Method
.c
Using formula for pin jointed plane frame given by,
o
Ds = m + r - 2j
i a
o d
Ds = 9 + 3 - 2 # 6 = 0
Use this formula when 2D pin jointed truss or pin jointed plane frame is
given.
So, . n
Dsi = 0 ; Dse = 0 and Ds = 0
MCQ 1.8
B.C. PUNMIA
If,
w w Dsi " Degree of internal static indeterminacy

TOS
EX FIG
6.3(D)/129 w Dse " Degree of external static indeterminacy
Which of the following options is correct regarding the pin jointed plane
frame shown in figure ?
(A) Dsi = 0 ; Dse = 1 (B) Dsi = 1; Dse = 2

(C) Dsi = 1; Dse = 1 (D) Dsi = 1; Dse = 0

We know that for pin jointed 2D truss, degree of internal static indeterminacy
Dsi = m - ^2j - 3h
Dsi = 9 - ^2 # 6 - 3h
Dsi = 0

There are two external reactions at each hinge at A and B . So, external
static indeterminacy
Dse = r - 3
= ^2 + 2h - 3 = 1
So, Dsi = 0 , Dse = 1
MCQ 1.9 Figure shows a pin jointed 2-dimensional truss with loading.
B.C. PUNMIA
TOS
Q.2 FIG
6.8(B)/132
Which of the following statement is correct regarding the structure ?

(A) It is both internally as well as externally statically indeterminate.
(B) It is internally statically indeterminate but externally statically
determinate.
i. n
(C) It is both internally as well as externally statically determinate.
(D) It is internally statically determinate but externally statically
indeterminate
Correct option is (D).

.c o
a
SOL 1.9
Internal indeterminacy,
d i
Dsi = m - ^2j - 3h
Dsi = 17 - ^2 # 10 - 3h = 0
o
So it is internally determinate.
n
.
External indeterminacy,
w
Dse = r - 3
Dse = ^2 + 1 + 1h - 3 = 1
MCQ 1.10
R.C. HIBBELER
w
So, it is externally indeterminate.
w
Which of the following statement is correct regarding the 2D frames shown
in Fig. (i) and Fig. (ii) ?
2.4/49
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii)
(A) Both are statically determinate.

(B) Both are statically indeterminate.
(C) Structure in Fig. (i) is statically determinate and Fig. (ii) is statically
indeterminate.


(D) Structure in Fig. (i) is statically indeterminate and Fig. (ii) is statically
determinate.
SOL 1.10 Correct option is (C).

The idealized strcture for Fig. (i) is as shown below
It is pin jointed plane frame, therefore for the given struture

Total number of members, m =3
Total number of joints, j =4
There are three external reaction component due to fix support and two due
to pinned support, so
i. n
Total number of external components
r = 3+2 = 5
Static indeterminacy is given by
Ds = m + r - 2j
.c o
i a
Substituting values of all the variables, we get
Ds = 3 + ^3 + 2h - 2 # 4
Ds = 0
o d
So Fig. (i) is statically determinate.
. n
Degree of static indeterminacy for structure in Fig (ii).
w w
w
This is not a purely pin jointed structure. So it is treated as rigid jointed
plane frame. Static indeterminacy is given by
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
Number of member, m =7
There are three fix supports in the structure. Number of external reaction
component due to each fix support is 3. There are also 2 roller supports.
Number of external reaction components due to each roller support is 1. So
total number of external reactions,
r = ^3 # 3h + ^1 # 2h = 11
There are three pins in the structure. Number of additional equilibrium
equation due to each pin 1. So total number of additional equilibrium
equations is
rl = 3

So, static indeterminacy, Ds = ^3 # 7h + 11 - 3 - ^3 # 8h = 5

Hence, the structure in figure (ii) is statically indeterminate.
MCQ 1.11 The degree of static indeterminacy of 2D truss shown in figure is_____.
G.S. PANDIT &
S.P. GUPTA TOS
VOL 1
1.74/48

The given structure is purely pin jointed plane frame. So, degree of static
indeterminacy
Ds = m + r - 2j
Here
Number of members, m = 17
There are two hinged (pinned) support in the structure. Number of external
i. n
reaction due to each hinged support is 2. So total number of external reactions
r = 2+2 = 4
Number of joints,
Static indeterminacy,
j =9
.c o
Ds = 17 + 4 - ^2 # 9h = 3
MCQ 1.12
i a
For the plane frame shown in figure below, given that
G.S. PANDIT &
S.P. GUPTA TOS
VOL 1
d
Ds is the overall static indeterminacy of structure
Dsi is internal static indeterminacy of structure
o
Dse is external static indeterminacy of structure
n
1.78/51
w.
w w
List-I shows static indeterminacy and List-II shows the degree in numbers.
Match the static indeterminacy with corresponding values.
List-I List-II
P. Dsi X. 2
Q. Dse Y. 3
R. Ds Z. 5
(A) P-X; Q-Y; R-Z (B) P-Y; Q-Z; R-X
(C) P-Y; Q-X; R-Z (D) P-Z; Q-X; R-Y


Given figure shows 2D rigid jointed plane frame. For a rigid jointed plane
frame we know that internal static indeterminacy
Dsi = 3C (C " no. of closed loops)
Dsi = 3 # 1 = 3 ^C = 1h
External static indeterminacy
Dse = R - 3 (R " no. of external reaction)
Dse = ^2 + 3h - 3 = 2
So, Ds = Dsi + Dse = 5
Alternatively by direct formula,
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
We can easily find out the values of variables from the given structure. So,
Ds = ^3 # 10h + 5 - 0 - ^3 # 10h = 5
Note that free ends of the structure will also be counted as joints in the above
equation.
MCQ 1.13 The degree of redundancy for the given plane frame is _____.
B.C. PUNMIA
TOS
i. n
o
EX FIG
6.5(B)/130
i a .c
o d
. n
w w
(A) 6
w (B) 9
(C) 12 (D) 18

Degree of static indeterminacy or redundancy is same thing. It is given by
Ds = Dsi + Dse
or, Ds = 3C + ^R - 3h
where,
Number of closed loops, C =3
Number of external reactions, R = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
So, Ds = ^3 # 3h + 6 - 3 = 12
Alternatively, for plane frame,
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
= 3 # ^11h + ^6 h - ^0 h - 3 ^9 h = 12
R.C. HIBBELER
MCQ 1.14
2.5(B)/50
Which of the following statement is true about the following plane frame ?

(A) It is statically determinate

(B) It is statically Indeterminate to 6 th degree
(C) It is statically Indeterminate to 2 nd degree
(D) Its static indeterminacy cannot be determined.

The idealized structure of the given frame is drawn in Figure below.
i. n
.c o
i
Ds = 3m + r - 3ja
The static indeterminacy for the plane frame is given by
=6 o d
= 3 # 7 + ^3 + 3 + 2 + 1h - 3 # 8
MCQ 1.15
. n
For the plane frame shown in figure, the total number of unknown reaction
G.S. PANDIT &
S.P. GUPTA TOS
VOL 1
w w
components that cannot be determined by the use of basic equilibrium
equation is equal to
1.7.10/52
w
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 0

The total number of unknown reaction that cannot be determined by use
of basic equilibrium equation is equal to degree of static indeterminacy. For
plane frame with rigid joints, degree of static indeterminacy ^Ds h is given by


the expression,
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
= ^3 # 5h + ^2 + 1 + 2h - 2 - ^3 # 6h
= 15 + 5 - 2 - 18
So, Ds = 0
Note that, rl = 2 as roller at D is incapable of transmitting horizontal force
( SFx = 0 ) and couple (MD = 0 ). There is no effect of loading on Ds .
MCQ 1.16 A plane frame is shown in the figure below. The degree of static indeterminacy
G.S. PANDIT & for the beam is equal to _____.
S.P. GUPTA TOS
VOL 1
1.7.12/54
i. n
.c o
i a
SOL 1.16 Correct answer is 3.0.
o d
We know, for plane frame, static indeterminacy ^Ds h is given by the expression,
. n
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
Here,
w
Number of members,
w
m = 11
Number of external reactions, r = ^3 + 1 + 2h = 6
w
Number of joints, j = 10
Note that additional equilibrium equation is due to pin at A, B , C . If n
members are meeting at a pin in rigid jointed plane frame, the number of
equilibrium equation due to that pin is equal to ^n - 1h. Number of member
meeting at A is 2. So additional equilibrium equations:
Due to pin at A is n - 1 = 2 - 1 = 1
Due to pin at B is 3 - 1 = 2
Due to pin at C is 4 - 1 = 3
Total number of additional equilibrium equations is therefore
rl = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
Substituting all values into Eq. (i), static indeterminacy will be
Ds = ^3 # 11h + 6 - 6 - ^3 # 10h = 3
MCQ 1.17 The degree of static indeterminacy for the 2D structure shown in figure, is
R.C. HIBBLER _____
TOS
Q.2.15 FIG (C)/69

(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5

The idealized structure of the given problem can be shown as below
i. n
.c o
So,
i a
Total number of members,
Total number of joints,o d m =5
j =6
. n
Total number of external reactions
w w
Additional reaction components,
r = 3+1+3+2 = 9
w rl = 1 (Due to hinge at C ) + 1 (Due to hinge at D ) = 2

Note that pin at D is of different kind and it does not allow any moment to
be transferred from cable or beam to either side, but the left part of beam
transfers the moment to right part of beam at D . So additional equilibrium
will be only 1 unlike ^n - 1h.
For rigid jointed plane frame, static indeterminacy is given by
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
Ds = 3 # 5 + 9 - 2 - 3 # 6
So, Ds = 4
MCQ 1.18 Which of the following structure is statically indeterminate ?
R.C. HIBBLER
68-69-67/
2.14, 2.15, 2.13


i. n
.c o
i a
o d
. n
w w
w

A fixed joint and a rigid joint are different. A joint that has been made fixed
by bolting, riveting or welding can be idealized into a pin transferring no
moments.
For option (A), the idealized structure is as shown

Here,
Number of external reactions, r = 2 + 2 = 4
Number of additional equilibrium equations
rl = 1
Static indeterminacy, Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
Ds = ^3 # 2h + 4 - 1 - ^3 # 3h = 0
For option (B), the idealized structure is as shown
i. n
Here,
.c o
Total number of joints,
i a
rl = 1
j =4
Static indeterminacy,
o d Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
= 3#3+4-1-3#4
So,
. n Ds = 0
w
For option (C), the idealized structure is as shown
w
w

Number of external reactions, r = 2+2 = 4
rl = 1
= 3#2+4-1-3#3
So, Ds = 0
For option (D), the idealized structure is as shown



rl = 0
= 3#9+3-0-3#8
So, Ds = 6
So structure in option (D) is indeterminate.
Let Ds " Overall static indeterminacy
i. n
MCQ 1.19
D.S. PRAKASH Dsi " Internal static Indeterminacy
RAO
EX FIG 1.8(H)/18
.c o
Dse " External static Indeterminacy
Items in List-I shows static indeterminacies and in List-II shows numerical
values. Match the static indeterminacy in List-I with their corresponding
i a
values in List-II for the plane frame shown in figure below.
o d
. n
w w
w
List-I List-II
P. Ds X. 1
Q. Dsi Y. 0
R. Dse Z. 1
(A) P-Y; Q-X; R-Z (B) P-X; Q-Z; R-Y
(C) P-Y; Q-X; R-Z (D) None

External indeterminacy,
Dse = External reactions – Equilibrium equations
So, Dse = ^1 + 2 + 1h - 3 = 1
Internal indeterminacy,
Dsi = 3C (C " no. of closed loops in the structure)
Dsi = 3 # 0 = 0 ^C = 0h

Overall indeterminacy,
Ds = Dse + Dsi
So, Ds = 1+0 = 1
Alternatively, Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
Ds = 3 # 11 + ^4h - ^3h - 3 # 11 = 1
MCQ 1.20
D.S. PRAKASH
RAO
FIG 1.13(A)/24
Which of the options is correct for the fixed beam AB shown in the above
figure ?
(A) Beam is statically determinate but kinematically indeterminate.
(B) Beam is statically indeterminate but kinematically determinate.
(C) Beam is statically as well as kinematically indeterminate.
(D) Beam is statically as well as kinematically determinate.

Static Indeterminacy:
i. n
Ds = 3m + r - 3j
.c o
Degree of static indeterminacy of the beam is given by
Ds = ^3 # 1h + ^3 + 3h - ^3 # 2h = 3
i a
So beam is statically indeterminate.
Kinematic Indeterminacy:
o d
. n
It is the total number of independent joint displacements in a structure.
The independent joint displacements are zero, since beam is fixed at both
w
determinate.w
supports which are the only joints in a fixed beam. So it is kinematically
MCQ 1.21
D.S. PRAKASH
RAO
w
The degree of kinematic indeterminacy of the beam AB shown in figure, is
equal to _____.
FIG 1.13(B)/24

The beam AB has hinged support at A and roller support at B . A hinge
support offers only rotation as joint displacement and roller support
offers rotation and horizontal translation as joint displacement. The joint
displacements are shown in the following figure.
So, kinematic indeterminacy, Dk = 1 + 2 = 3

Note:


If members would have been inextensible i.e. allowing no axial deformation,

the horizontal translation of roller would have not taken place. So Dk = 2 for
that case.
MCQ 1.22 The degree of freedom for pin jointed plane frame shown in figure is
GUPTA & PAN-
DIT
1.8.1/64
(A) 5
(C) 18
(B) 8
(D) 13 i. n
.c o
In a pin jointed structure, axial deformations are the only displacements.
i a
The rotation at any joint is assumed to be zero. Members are assumed to
o d
be extensible in pin jointed frames. So each joint will allow translation in
vertical and horizontal direction as shown in the figure below. The joint
n
displacements in the structure are also shown in the figure.
.
w w
w
From the above figure, we can count the total number of independent joint
displacements as 13. So, kinematic indeterminacy
Dk = 13
Alternate method:
By formula of kinematic indeterminacy, Dk for pin jointed 2D frame is given
as
Dk = 2j - e
where,

Reactions, e =3
So, Dk = ^2 # 8h - 3 = 13
But formula may not give correct result all the time. So it is convenient
to count the number of independent joint displacements directly from the
figure as given in the first approach.
MCQ 1.23 For the given structure as shown below, assume the members to be extensible.
D.S. PRAKASH
RAO
FIG 1.13(C)/24
Let, Ds " Degree of static indeterminacy

Dk " Degree of kinematic indeterminacy
Which is correct for the above structure ?
(A) Ds = 0 ; Dk = 18 (B) Ds = 1; Dk = 20
(C) Ds = 1; Dk = 15 (D) Ds = 0 ; Dk = 12

Static Indeterminacy
i. n
Degree of static indeterminacy is given by the expression,

.c o
Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
i a
Number of external reactions, r = 3 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 7
Number of joints, o d
rl = 1 (Due to B ) + 1 (Due to D ) + 1 ( Due to F ) = 3
j =8
.
So, static indeterminacy,n Ds = ^3 # 7h + 7 - 3 - ^3 # 8h = 1
w w
Kinematic Indeterminacy
The joint displacements are shown in following figure.
w
So total degree of freedom (DOF) or kinematic indeterminacy (DK )
Dk = 20
Alternate method:
We can also find Dk by formula, but it may give wrong results. For a rigid
jointed plane frame,
Dk = 3j - e + rl
= ^3 # 8h - ^3 + 2 + 1 + 1h + ^1 + 1 + 1h
= 20
MCQ 1.24 Assume members to be extensible, the degree of freedom for the plane frame
D.S. PRAKASH shown in the figure is
RAO
FIG 1.13(E)/24


(A) 3 (B) 6
(C) 9 (D) 12

If members are extensible then joint displacements will be as shown below
i. n
.c o
i a
Dk = 9
o d
So, degree of freedom or kinematic indeterminacy
. n
If members are inextensible, axial deformation of column will not be there
but the beam joints will sway as shown below
w w
w
So, Dk = 6
Hence if members are inextensible, kinematic indeterminacy is given by the
expression
Dk = Dk (when members are extensible) – Number of members
MCQ 1.25 Assuming that the members of the plane frame do not allow any axial
D.S. PRAKASH deformation, what is the degree of kinematic indeterminacy for the plane
RAO
FIG 1.13(C)/24
frame shown in figure below ?

(A) 0 (B) 3
(C) 6 (D)9

If members are inextensible, the joint displacements in the given structure
will be as shown in the following figure.
i. n
Note that no axial deformation of columns and beams take place. So,
kinematic indeterminacy
Dk = 3
.c o
Alternate method:
i a
o
indeterminacy is given by d
If members are inextensible for a rigid jointed plane frame, then kinematic
. n Dk = 3j - e - m
= ^3 # 4h - 6 - 3 = 3
w w
But formula is always not reliable.
Note: In case if the members of the structure are extensible then the
w
independent joint displacements will be as shown in figure below.
MCQ 1.26 Assume that the members of the plane framed structure shown in figure are
G.S. PANDIT & inextensible. The degree of kinematic indeterminacy is______.
GUPTA VOL 1
1.8.13/64



The joint displacements in the frame are shown in the following figure.
i. n
So, kinematic indeterminacy, Dk = 4
.c o
i a
Unless it is not given that members are inextensible, we will assume them to
be extensible.
Alternate method:
o d
. n
Alternatively by formula for rigid jointed plane frames, we write,
Dk = 3j - e - m
w
Number of joints,
w
j =6
There are three fixed supports in the structure. The external reaction
w
component due to each fix support is 3. There is one hinged support in the
structure. The external reaction component due to each pin support is 2. So
total number of external reaction component is
e = ^3 # 3h + ^1 # 2h = 11
Substituting values, we have
Dk = ^3 # 6h - 11 - 5
Dk = 7 - 5 = 2
So, the result obtained using formula is not correct.
MCQ 1.27
G.S. PANDIT &
GUPTA
1.8.13 FIG (E)/64

Members of the above frame are inextensible. If Ds is the degree of static

indeterminacy, Dk is degree of kinematic indeterminacy, choose the correct
combination.
(A) Ds = 9 , Dk = 2 (B) Ds = 9 , Dk = 4
(c) Ds = 4 , Dk = 2 (D) Ds = 4 , Dk = 9

For the given frame, we have
Number of external reactions, r = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12
rl = 0
So, static indeterminacy Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
= 3 # 5 + 12 - 0 - 3 # 6
Ds = 9
i. n
The joint displacements in the given frame are shown below.
.c o
i a
o d
. n
w w
Given that the members are inextensible, so joint displacements at A and B
is not possible without producing change in length of AC , AE and BD , BF
w
for this configuration. So only rotation at A and B is allowed.
Kinematic indeterminacy, Dk = 2
MCQ 1.28 For the shown rigid jointed plane frame, assume that the members are
G.S. PANDIT & inextensible. The degree of static indeterminacy Ds and degree of freedom
GUPTA
1.8.11/63
Dk are
(A) Ds = 6 , Dk = 10 (B) Ds = 8 , Dk = 6
(C) Ds = 4 , Dk = 9 (D) Ds = 12 , Dk = 10



Here,
Total number of members, m = 11
Number of external reactions, r = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9
rl = 0
Number of joints, j = 10
So, static indeterminacy Ds = 3m + r - rl - 3j
= 3 # 11 + 9 - 0 - 3 # 10
= 12
If the members are assumed to be inextensible, the joint displacements in the
given frame can be shown as,
i. n
.c o
i a
o d
. n
MCQ 1.29
w w
Kinematic indeterminacy, Dk = 10
A beam ABC with hinged supports A, C and a roller at B is given as shown
R.C. HIBBELER
FIG 2.22/51 w
below. Which of the following statement is correct for the given beam ?
(A) The beam is stable.

(B) The beam is unstable.
(C) Degree of static indeterminacy of the beam is 6.
(D) None of the above is correct

Degree of static indeterminacy,
Ds = 3m + r - 3j - rl

= 3 # 2 + ^2 + 1 + 2h - 3 # 3
=2
So option (C) is incorrect.
Now we check the stability of the beam. The free body diagram of beam
ABC is,
Since all the 3 reactions are concurrent, the beam is unstable.

MCQ 1.30 The beam ABC , as shown below is continuous at B . The given beam is
R.C. HIBBELER
FIG 2.23/51
(A)
(B)
Statically indeterminate and unstable
Determinate and stable i. n
(C)
(D)
Statically determinate but unstable
.c
Indeterminate statically and unstable
o
Correct option is (C).
i a
d
SOL 1.30
Degree of static indeterminacy is given by the expression,

o
Ds = 3m + r - 3j - rl
n
w. = ^3 # 2h + ^1 + 1 + 1h - 3 # 3 - 0
=0
w w
So beam is statically determinate. Now we discuss the stability of the given
beam. Free body diagram of the beam is shown in the following figure.
All the reactions are parallel to each other therefore the beam is unstable.
Clearly, if we give horizontal push to the beam, it will undergo rigid body
motion, rendering at unstable. This is static unstability.
MCQ 1.31 Which of the structures is/are unstable ?
R.C. HIBBELER
FIG A, B,C
2.6/52 & 53


(A) (i) and (iii) (B) Only (iii)

(C) Only (ii) (D) (ii) and (iii)

Free body diagrams for given three structures are shown below.
i. n
.c o
i a
o d
. n
In structure (iii), the reactions are concurrent. Therefore the structure in
figure (iii) is unstable, while all other structures are stable.
w w
Note: There are two types of unstability
(i) Static unstability: That arises due to insufficient reaction component or
due to structure undergoing rigid body motion
w
(ii) Geometric Unstability: That arises due to peculiar geometry of the
structure.
So, structure (iii) has geometric unstability.
MCQ 1.32 The pin jointed plane frame shown in the given figure is
G.S. PANDIT &
GUPTA VOL 1
1.5.4/33
(A) statically determinate and stable

(B) indeterminate and unstable
(C) determinate but unstable
(D) None of the above

Internal stability:

Here,
Total number of members required in a pin jointed plane frame for stable
configuration is
mm = m - ^2j - 3h
mm = 9 - ^2 # 6 - 3h = 0
Since, mm = 0 , the structure is stable internally.
Note: Internal stability is checked in pin jointed plane frames. If mm > 0 ,
then also frame is stable.
External stability:
We will investigate for any static or geometric unstability in the given
structure.
i. n
We have three non-parallel and non-concurrent reactions, so the structure is
Static indeterminacy, Ds = m + r - 2j
o
stable externally. Therefore, the structure is stable.
.c (for pin jointed plane frame)
i a
Ds = 9 + 3 - 2 # 6 = 0
MCQ 1.33
o d
Hence, the structure is determinate as well as stable.
If j is the total number of joints, then the minimum number of members
G.S. PANDIT &
GUPTA
given by n
^mm h required for internal stability of a pin jointed plane frame is correctly
.
1.5.9/22
w w
(A) mm = 3j - 6
(C) mm = j - 3
(B) mm = 3j - 4
(D) mm = 2j - 3
SOL 1.33 w
For a pin jointed structure, triangular configuration is the most basic and
stable configuration. So if another joint is generated, then total number of
members mm = 2j - 3 , for triangular configuration. Each joint is generating
2 new members as shown in the following figure.
MCQ 1.34 For a rigid jointed 2-dimensional plane frame, if C is the number of closed
G.S. PANDIT & loops then degree of internal static indeterminacy is
S.P.GUPTA
EQ 1.7.15/43
(A) 2C (B) 3C
(C) 4C (D) C



A rigid jointed structure is internally statically determinate, as long as it has
open tree like configuration, without any closed loops. A structure having
closed cells or loops may be converted into one having open configuration by
applying a certain minimum number of cuts C .
In applying cuts care should be taken that the entire structure still
remain connected and does not get divided into 2 or more parts. As each
member in rigid jointed plane structure carry 3 internal reactions. So total
number of reactions released on account of C cuts is equal to 3C .
Internal indeterminacy of rigid jointed plane frame = 3C .
MCQ 1.35 If Ds is defined as degree of overall static indeterminacy, Dsi is degree of
G.S. PANDIT & internal redundancy and Dse is degree of external redundancy. Which of the
GUPTA
EQ 1.7.8/42
following relation is true regarding a structure.
(A) Dse = Ds - Dsi (B) Ds = Dsi + Dse
(c) Ds =-^Dsi + Dse h (D) Dsi = Dse - Ds
i. n
Overall static indeterminacy is sum of internal and external static
MCQ 1.36
indeterminacy.
.c o
C is the number of cuts required in a rigid jointed frame for open configuration,
G.S. PANDIT &
GUPTA VOL 1
i a
re is number of external reaction components. So degree of static indeterminacy
Ds for rigid jointed space frame is given by the expression
(A) Ds = ^re - 3h + 3C
d (B) Ds = ^re - 9h + 6C
EQ 1.7.10/43
(C) Ds = re + 3C
n o (D) Ds = ^re - 6h + 6C
SOL 1.36
w.
For rigid jointed space frame we know, 6 equation of equilibrium are available.
So,
w w Dse = re - 6
If 1 cut is made, 6 reactions are released i.e. Fx , Fy , Fz and Mx , My , Mz .
Dsi = 6C
Therefore, Ds = Dse + Dsi = ^re - 6h + 6C
MCQ 1.37 If m is total number of members in a structure; j is total number of joints
G.S. PANDIT & in a structure; r is total number of external reaction components and rl is
GUPTA
EQ. 1.7.4-5,
number of additional equation of equilibrium on account of hinges, links
1.7.20-21/41 etc. Match the type of structure in List-I with appropriate degree of static
indeterminacy (Ds ) in List-II.
List I: Structure List II: Static indeterminacy
W Pin jointed plane frame P m + r - 3j
X Pin jointed space frame Q 3m + r - rl - 3j
Y Rigid jointed plane frame R m + r - 2j
Z Rigid jointed space frame S 6m + r - rl - 6j
(A) W-R; X-P; Y-Q; Z-S (B) W-P; X-R; Y-Q; Z-S
(C) W-R; X-P; Y-S; Z-Q (D) W-S; X-P; Y-R; Z-Q

Ds = No. of total reaction component - Available equilibrium eqn.

MCQ 1.38 For a statically indeterminate structure, number of compatibility equations

R.C. HIBBELER is equal to
EQ 2-4/47
(A) static Indeterminacy (B) kinematic indeterminacy
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None

A statically indeterminate structure is solved by applying compatibility
equation which is equal to degree of static indeterminacy. These equations
are obtained by relating applied loads and reactions to the displacement or
slopes at different points on the structure.
MCQ 1.39 If r is the total number of reaction components (internal and external) and n
R.C. HIBBELER is the total number of members or components in a coplanar structure then
EQ 2.4/52
for the condition r $ 3n structure is
(A) always stable
(B) unstable if members reactions are concurrent or parallel or some
component form collapsible mechanism.
(C) always unstable
(D) none of the above
i. n
If, r < 3n
The structure is unstable internally.
If, r $ 3n
.c o
It is stable internally but if reactions are concurrent or parallel or some
i a
components form collapsible mechanism then the structure may be unstable
MCQ 1.40
o d
statically or geometrically. So (B) is correct.
The total number of independent joint displacement components of a
G.S. PANDIT &
GUPTA
.
structure is known as
n
(A) DOR (Degree of Redundancy)
SEC 1.8/55
w
(B) DOF (Degree of Freedom)
w
(C) Degree of static indeterminacy
w
(D) Degree of Unstability

Degree of freedom or degree of kinematic indeterminacy is same and is equal
to number of independent joint displacement components.
MCQ 1.41 List-I shows different support condition and List-II shows degree of freedom.
D.S. PRAKASH Match the structure in List-I with appropriate degree of freedom in List-II.
RAO
SEC 1.3.1/23 List I: Structure List II Ds
P. W. 3
Q. X. 1


List I: Structure List II Ds

R. Y. 2
S. Z. 0
(A) P-Z; Q-X; R-W; S-Y (B) P-Y; Q-W; R-Z; S-X
(C) P-Z; Q-X; R-Y; S-W (D) P-W; Q-X; R-Y; S-Z

The degree of freedoms for different support conditions are shown in the
following figure.
i. n
.c o
i a
o d
It is to be noted that fixed support can neither translate nor make rotation.
. n
w w *******


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Ist Edition

NODIA & COMPANY

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NODIA & COMPANY

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CHAPTER 1 INDETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES/REDUNDANCY

1.0 STATIC INDETERMINACY

CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS AND TRUSSES

2.0 STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

CHAPTER 3 DEFLECTION IN STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

3.0 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

CHAPTER 4 ENERGY METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE

4.0 STRAIN ENERGY THEOREMS

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

5.0 FORCE METHOD/FLEXIBILITY OR COMPATIBILITY METHOD

CHAPTER 6 ROLLING LOADS AND INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAMS

6.0 ROLLING LOADS

CHAPTER 8 MATRIX METHOD OF ANALYSIS

8.0 FORCE / FLEXIBILITY / COMPATIBILITY METHOD

CHAPTER 9 SHEAR CENTRE

Static analysis of a structure depends on three main principles, namely

1.2 STATIC INDETERMINACY ^Ds h

Static indeterminacy also known as degree of redundancy is the number

1.2.1 External Static Indeterminacy

For a two dimensional or plane frame, the total number of equilibrium

In 2-D ; For Hinged support –2

For Roller support –1

For Fixed support –3

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Sample Chapter of Structural Analysis

1.3 TOTAL DEGREE OF STATIC INDETERMINACY ( Ds )

Total degree of static indeterminacy is the sum of internal and external

The total degree of static indeterminacy can be determined for different

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(iv) Rigid jointed space frame :

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Sample Chapter of Structural Analysis

1.4 KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY ^Dk h

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1.5 STABILITY AND EQUILIBRIUM

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Sample Chapter of Structural Analysis

and non-concurrent reaction components.

& non-concurrent reaction component.

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Rigid Jointed Structures

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Sample Chapter of Structural Analysis

SOL 1.1 Correct option is (B).

SOL 1.2 Correct answer is 1.

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Page 16 Exercise Chapter 1

From the figure, we have

Degree of overall static indeterminacy is the sum of internal and external

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Sample Chapter of Structural Analysis

rl " Additional equilibrium equation

There are 3 external reactions due to fixed support at A and 3 external

w w m " Total number of members

From the figure, we have

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Page 18 Exercise Chapter 1

(A) (1) (B) (2)

SOL 1.4 Correct option is (B).