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Primary aeration tank
Oxygenated systems
Denitrification
NO3- + organics CO2 + N2
Process adaptations
Air
Anoxic Aerobic
Phosphate removal
BNR plants
Air
Wastewater
Anaerobi
Anoxic Aerobic
c
Excess biomass disposal
Production
Separation
Further biological treatment – (an)aerobic
Dewatering
Drying – solar or gas heated
Disposal/ beneficial use – soil amender/fertilizer
or fuel
The cost of biomass disposal amount to about half the cost
of wastewater treatment. Aeration, if used, almost up to
half of the rest of the cost. If no aeration, the capital cost ,
including the cost of land, could be very high.
Typical steps in modern wastewater treatment
Type of Activated Sludge
• Activated sludge without cell recycle
• Activated sludge with cell recycle
Design of Activated Sludge
• Influent organic compounds provide the food for
the microorganisms and is called substrate (S)
dX SX
X m
dt Ks S
dX dS
Y
dt dt
dS dX 1 m SX
so : .
dt dt Y Y (Ks S )
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
WITHOUT CELL RECYCLE
Mean Cell Residence Time, θc
Mean cell residence time (MCRT, θc) is the mass of cells in
the system divided by the mass of cells wasted per day.
Consider the system:
VX V
c
QX Q
At steady state, the amount of
solids wasted per day must equal
the amount produced per day:
VX X
c
dS dS
Y V Y For no recycle systems, θc = θh
dt dt
Mass Balance on Microorganisms:
dX dS
V QX o QX Y V
dt dt
dS X m S
dt Y Ks S
1 S
m
c Ks S
Ks
S
m c 1
Example
A CSTR without cell recycle receives an influent with 600
mg/L BOD at a rate of 3 m3/day. The BOD in the effluent
must be 10 mg/L. The kinetic constants are: Ks = 500 mg/L
and μm = 4 days-1. How large should the reactor be?
Ks
S
m c 1
K s S 500 10
Solve for θc: c 12.75 days
S m 10 * 4
V
c
Q
V = θc Q = 12.75 (3) = 38.25 m3
Given the conditions in the previous example, What
would the percent reduction in substrate be if the
reactor volume was 24 m3?
V 24
c 8 days
Q 3
Ks 500
S 16.1 mg/L
m c 1 4 * 8 1
VX
c
Qw X r
Removal of substrate often expressed in terms of substrate
removal velocity, q:
mass of substrate removed per time
q
mass of microorgan isms under aeration
So S
V
h S S
q o
VX h X
Mass balance on microorganisms:
dX
V QX o Qw X r (Q Qw ) X e XV
dt
dX
X0 = Xe = 0 V 0
dt
X r Qw 1
XV c
The substrate removal velocity, q, can also be expressed as: q = μ/Y
S
since m
Ks S
By substitution: q 1 m S
Y Ks S
m SX h
So S
Y (Ks S )
Since q = μ / Y
1
c
qY
So S
and x
hq
Solids Separation
The success of the activated sludge process depends on the
efficiency of the secondary clarifier, which depends on the settling
characteristics of the sludge (biosolids).
The hydraulic retention time may be found from the following equation:
m SX h Y ( S o S )( K s S )
So S h
Y (Ks S ) m SX
X = (S0 – S) / ( θh q )
= (300 – 15) / [0.129(0.28)] = 7890 mg/L
V 1 m S
F QSo c h ke
M V .X Q c Ks S
• Mencari ke dan Y dari percobaan lab.:
( S o S ) ke 1 1
1
X h Y Y h ( So S ) slope
Y
X h
ke
TANPA intercept
RECYCLE Y
1
h
• Mencari Ks dan μm dari percobaan lab.:
h Ks 1
S S Slope
1
1 ke h m m h
S
m
1 ke h
Ks
intercept
m
S
2. DENGAN RECYCLE:
Qw X (Q Qw ) X e
ke
VX
Y
( So S ) c Y ( So S ) ( S o S ) ke 1 1
X h h
X 1 ke c X h Y Y c
1
ke
c
1 m S K s (1 ke c )
ke
S c Ks S S
m c ( m ke ) 1
Ks S
c K 1
S s S
1 ke c m m
QSo V
F h
M V .X Q
• Mencari ke danY dari percobaan lab.:
( S o S ) ke 1 1
1
X h Y Y c ( So S ) slope
Y
X h
RECYCLE ke
intercept
Y
1
c
• Mencari Ks dan μm dari percobaan lab.:
c Ks 1
S S Slope
1
1 ke c m m c
S
m
1 ke c
Ks
intercept
m
S
• Sludge Production
• Oxygen Requirement
Y’ = oxygen coeff, mass
Or Y ' Sr k 'e VX On oxygen/mass substrate
utilized = 1 – 1,42 Y
ke‘ = endogenous respiration
coeff, mass oxygen/ mass
cell-day = 1,42 ke
On = oxygen for nitrification =
mass N x 3.84
Soal-soal
• Suatu percobaan proses lumpur aktif dalam skala
laboratorium yang dioperasikan secara Batch, dengan
waktu aerasi 24 Jam dan diketahui nilai MLVSS = 70 %
dari nilai MLSS. Hitunglah nilai Y dan kd dengan acuan
masa MLVSS. Data hasil percobaan :