Appearance Temp Max Temp Min

PTFE (Top-chem) White hard plastic, sheets available 200 -200

Spiral Wound Hard, stiff, inner ring with outer locating ring 454 -212
Compressed Fibre (Klingersil) Green/pink/black soft, sheets available 150 0
Tanged Graphite Silver, firm, sheets available 400 -200
Pressure Max Application
50 Bar Chemical
Variable High Temp, Steam
50 Bar General Purpose
85 Bar High temp, Steam, not chemical
 Comparison of Valve Characte
Ball Valve Butterfly Valve
Description

Picture
Control Type Tight Shut off On/off & Throttling
Leakage Low Low
Pressure Drop Medium High
Water Hammer
Potential High High
Cavitation Potential High High
Construction Complex Simplest
Weight Medium Low
Space Less Bulky Compact
Installation Cost Medium Low
Purchase Cost Medium Low
Rangeability Highest- V notch Medium
Actuation force Low High
Typical Application
Low-point drains and high-point vents Cooling water, air, gases, fire
in liquid, gaseous, and other fluid protection, etc.
services. Instrument root valves
Slurry causes jamming Slurry and similar services
High-pressure and high-
temperature water and steam Low Pressure (including vacuum)
services. Cooling water and feed and temperature
water systems
Multi-port versatility
Comparison of Valve Characteristics
Globe Valve Gate Valve

Throttling Shut off

Highest 0
Highest 0 when open

Lower High
Lower High
Most Complex Simple
High Low
Bulky Low
High Low
High Low
Low Low
High High

Most flow control applications Simple shut off applications

Slurry causes jamming Slurry and similar services

High-pressure and high- Low to High-pressure and high-

temperature water and steam temperature water and steam
services. services.
Diaphragm Valve
 NDT Testing Methods Comparison
Ultrasound Radiography Dye Pen Magnetic Particle
Abbreviation UT/UFD/ULT/UTT RX or RT DPI,LPI,FDPI,PT MT or MPI or FMPI
Description

A magnetic field is put

Very short ultrasonic into the part. A defect in
waves of frequencies the part will cause the
0.1-15 MHz transmitted magnetic field to leak.
through material and Ferromagnetic (usually
either the amplitude of colored or flourescent
the reflected wave(single FeO) particles are
trasnducer) or the X-rays or gamma rays A liquid dye is applied to applied to part and are
received wave(2 are passed through the the surface and wiped attracted to the area of
transducers) indicates part and an image is off. Visual inspection is flux leakage. Thus defect
the material property in created showing a cross then done to see where is located by color
question section of the part. defects are. contrast or flourescent.
Surface Defects Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sub-Surface Defects Slight Yes No Slight
Depth of defect No No No No
Leak Detection Yes No No No
Material Composition
Yes Yes No No
Hazardous No Yes Yes No
Skill Level High High Low Moderate
Time Quick High High Moderate
Cost Low High Low Low
Part Prep Yes Minimal Yes Yes
Irregular/small parts
No No Yes No
Directional Yes Yes No Yes
Contact Yes No Yes Yes
Test Material Wide Variety Wide Variety Non-porous Ferro-magnetic
Sensitivity High High Low High
Notes
Scattering may occur, not Permanent image for No power required, Part must be
good for thin materials record keeping. visible results demagnetised after test
Application

welded parts, castings,

forgings, wall thickness Limited use on site (use
flaw detection/evaluation, measurement, corrosion Applied to welds, tubing, magnetic yoke for
dimensional mapping, sealed brazing, castings, billets, surface defects on
measurements, material equipment blockages, forgings, aluminium welds), used for testing
characterization, density rebar detection, bulk parts, turbine blades and of critical welds, engine
measure, hardness density materials, disks, gears to find parts and critical
measure concrete porosity surface defects components
Infrared
IRT

Uses thermography by
means of an infrared
imaging and
measurement camera to
measure heat radiation
of surfaces. The camera
shows temperature. An
infrared gun may also be
used to just get the
temperature.
Yes
No
No
Yes

No
No
Low
Quick
Low
No

Yes
No
No
Wide Variety
Low

Not always accurate due

to factors influencing
radiation.

Sub stations, leak

testing, bearing issues
(seizure, greasing), Hot
spots in a mechanical
system, valves passing
 Oil/Shaft/Dynamic Mechanical

Picture
A soft material skin with internal stiffening metal insert and a
Description garter spring which is held in place by a housing

1. Material: The outer skin layer can be PTFE,

Viton(flouroelastomer for temp above 120), nitrile rubber(most
Types common), silicon(low loads) and poly acrylate

2. Structure
Standard type with spring and single lip can be used in
speeds upto 12m/s and pressures up to 0.3 bar to seal
against internal media spring less
type is used in 0bar pressure range to seal against grease
and dirt
double spring type is used in 0.3 bar, 5m/s, to
seal internal and external, separate 2 liquids

Installation Tips * Shaft must be ground to surface roughness of 0.2 to 0.8 mic
* Shaft surface hardening helps prevent groove formation due
to spring force
* Plunge grinding of surface prevents groove formation which
tends to wear out the lip of the seal
* Lubrication required to prevent overheating of lip
Tolerances Housing: h11
Shaft: H8
Gland Packing
 Stainless Steel Types and Properties
3Cr12 430 410 304
ASTM STANDARD 41003 A4300 A240 A240, A312(pipe)
DIN 1,4003 1,4016 1.4006 1.4301
SWEDEN (SIS) 2320 2302 2332
Type Ferritic Ferritic Martensitic Austenitic
Chromium 11-12% 17% 11.5-13.5% 18-20%
Nickel <1.5% <0.75% <1.0% 8-12%
Carbon <0.03% <0.12% <0.75% <0.08%
Molybdenum 0 0 0 0
Heat Treatment Hardening No No Yes No
Corrosion Resistance Good Good Fair Good
Magnetic Yes Yes Yes No
Ductility Fair Poor Good Good
Weldability Good Fair Poor Good
Yield Strength 280MPa 205MPa 310 Mpa 290 Mpa
Tensile Strength 517 Mpa 580 Mpa
Hygiene No No No Good
Chemical Resistance Poor Good Fair Good
Cost $ $ $$ $$$
Cryogenic Poor Poor Poor Good

304 L is 1,4306

To make it "L" type carbon <0.03%

more moly adds pitting corrosion resistance and high temp strength
more carbon adds strength
more cr is main corrosion aid
es and Properties
316 317 SAF 2205
A240, A312(pipe) A790
1.4401 1.4462
2343 2377
Austenitic Austenitic Duplex Ferritic Austenitic
17.5-19.5% 19% 22%
11.5-13.5% 13% 5%
<0.08% 0.08% 0.03%
2-3% 3.50% 3.20%
No Yes No
Excellent Good Excellent
No No Yes
Good Good Excellent
Good Normal Excellent
290 Mpa 275MPa 500 Mpa
580 Mpa 620MPa 620MPa
Good Good Excellent
Excellent Good Excellent
$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$
Good Good Poor

316 L is 1.4435/2 OR 2353

Hastealloy C-22
B 619 (welded pipe) B575(plate/sheet)
17751

Nickel Alloy
22%
56%
0.01% max
13%
Yes
Excellent
No
Excellent
Good
407 Mpa
700MPa
Excellent
Excellent
$$$$$
Good
 Comparison of types of conveyors
Screw Chain Belt Chute
An endless belt
A tube or u- driven by
shaped pulleys support
stationary by rollers/slider
trough through bed. Troughed
which a shaft for higher
mounted helix capacity and
rotates to move One or more speed,
material in a endless chains declined, bulk
horixonatl or are used, material. May
inclined driven on be troughed or
Description direction. sprockets. flat.
Product Bulk Unit Unit/Bulk Unit/Bulk
Bulk Material Dry to semi fluid Widest Variety
Accumulation No No No Excellent
Location On Floor On Floor On Floor On Floor
Cost $$ $$$ $
Position ControYes Yes Difficult
Sortation No Yes
Duty Heavy Heavy
Incline Yes Yes
Decline No Yes
Capacity Medium Highest
Drive On discharge end None
Vertical Chain
used for Link 2 handling
variety. Can be continuous high devices
made shaftless frequency
for high vertical Convey items
Application moisture apps. transfers. between floors
 Series
rison of types of rollers
of conveyors
that may be
Roller Wheel Bucket Pneumatic Slat
gravity or live
powered used
with materials Air pressure is
that have a rigid Series of skate used to convey
riding surface. wheels on materials
Minimum of 3 shafts which A series of through a
rollers must are spaced buckets are system of
support loads at dependent on attached to an vertical and
all times and load, sloped for endless horizontal
must use gravity chain/cable/belt tubes. Easy to Discretely
tapered rollers movement driven by 2 implement turns spaced slats
to maintain load according to pulleys/sprocke and contain connected to a
orientation. load. ts. material. chain.
Unit Unit Bulk Bulk/Unit Unit

Yes Yes No No
On Floor On Floor On Floor Overhead On Floor
$$$ $$
Yes
Yes(live) Yes
Heavy Light Heavy Heavy
Yes
Yes

Gravity/Belt/Chain

Materials
required to be Bottling/Cannin
enclosed. g Plant
 Comparison of common coupl
Rigid

Rigid/Clampin
g/Sleeve/Muff Schmidt Gear Jaw/spider Tyre

Two metal
hubs with
interlocking
Two metal Two metal teeth are Two flanged
hubs that are hubs with connected to hubs with
rigidly clamped external teeth shafts with an clamping plates
together. that engage elastomeric which grip the
Multiple with internal "spider" inner hollow
configurations Two metal teeth on a 1/2 between the elastomeric
Description exist. hubs piece sleeve teeth "tyre"
Fail Safe Yes Yes Yes No

Damping None Some None Yes(Elastomer) Yes

Backlash None Low Slight None

Torsional
Misalign None None None Moderate
Angular
Misalign None Slight Slight Slight
Parallel
Misalign None Large Slight Slight

Axial Misalign Large Moderate Large Slight

Speeds Low Medium High Low
Torque High High Large Medium
Power High High High Light
Lubrication None Some Yes No
Cost Lowest High High Low
Slow/intermitte Roll
Application nt shafting Applications Motion Control
Alignment is Light power
not a concern transmission
Pump, mixer,
drive shafts
Comparison of common couplings

Diaphragm/Fle
Bellows Chain xible Disc Oldham Grid Spline

one or more Two metal hubs

flexible connected to each
metal/convolut shaft with a
ed discs which grooved disc in
transmit power between which
to an inner connects the two Two grooved
spacer shaft hubs with a tongue hubs with a
then back out and groove spring like
through arrangement. Can connecting
Two hubs another act as a torque element that
connected by diaphragm limiter during weaves
corrugated/mult stack to the overload and between slots
iply convoluted driven provides electrical machine in the
metal bellows machinery isolation. hub.
Yes

Yes Yes (Nylon) Yes

None No(Acetal press fit) Slight

None Slight None

Large Slight Slight Slight Slight None

Moderate Slight Slight High Slight None

Slight Slight Large

High High
Low High High High
High High High
Yes None No
Medium High High
Power Turbomachiner Light Duty
Motion Control Transmission y industrial

Motion Control
Beam/Hel
ical

Single or
multiple
cuts in the
coupling
body to
allow
flexibility.

None

None

Large

Moderate

Slight

Low

One-piece
compact
Motion
Control
 Used in situations of extremely high torque requirements, under w
and very harsh operating e
Types
Gear Vane Motor
A disc with retractable vanes is
2 gears mesh into each other and are eccentrically located in a round bore and
rotated by means of hydraulic fluid is rotated within the bore by means of
n
t io

which hits the gear teeth and causes fluid from the inlet port. The fluid is
ip
cr

both to rotate and mesh. The fluid is moved along the circumference of the
es

transferred by means of the gear to the bore by means of the vanes which
D

outlet port. extend and retract as required.

Picture
Compact Yes No
Reversible Yes Yes
Cost Low Medium
Efficiency Low Medium
High Speed Yes Yes
High Torque No Yes
Examples
que requirements, under water systems, where stalling at high load is common
nd very harsh operating environments.
Types
Georotor Axial Piston

Consists of a gear meshing into a

toothed housing but the gear has one This consists of a simple cylinder and
less tooth that the housing. Fluid from piston mechanism with fluid at the inlet
the inlet port forces the gear to rotate pushing the piston forward.

Yes No
Yes Yes
Low High
Low High
Yes No
No Yes
alling at high load is common

Radial Piston

This consists of a series of radially

located pistons which may be internal or
extrenal to the central hub which move
due to fluid from the inlet port

No
Yes
High
High
No
Yes
 Dbl Row Angular
Type Contact Ball Self aligning ball Spherical Roller Taper Roller
Number 0 1 2 3

Picture
Radial Load Good Good Very Good Very Good

Very Good
Axial Load Good Good (unidirectional)
Low Friction Good Best Good Good

Misalignment
Compensation Unsuitable Good Very Good Sufficient
Accuracy Normal Unsuitable Sufficient
High Speed Very Good Normal Normal
Low Noise Good Sufficient Good
Applications Fans, Wheel Fans, Wheel Gearboxes, Power Generation,
Bearings Bearings Conveyors, Pulp and Truck Wheels
paper, Screw
Conveyors

Where not enough

space for 2 off back Helical gears,
to back single row general gear support, Helical gears,
angular contact paper machine rolls general gear support

* First Digit denotes bearing type

* Second digit denotes width/height
* 3rd digit denotes OD
* 4& 5th or last 2 digits denote ID, digit x 5 = bore
02=15mm bore, 03=17mm bore

Bearing Lubrication intervals (hours) = k * (14x10^6 -4*bore diameter)/rpm*bore diameter

k factor: 1- spherical/taper roller & 5 - cylindrical/needle roller & 10
- radial ball

Bearing grams of greas = 0.005 * Diameter * width

 Dbl Row deep Single Row Deep Sngl Row angular
groove Thrust Ball Groove contact Cylindrical Roller
4 5 6 7 8

Good Good Good Good Very Good

Unsuitable(N & NU),
Good (NUP &
Normal Good (unidirectional) NJ(directional))
Very Good Good Good

Normal Unsuitable Sufficient

Normal Normal Good
Very Good Very Good Good
Very Good Good Sufficient
Gearbox,
transmissions,
machine tools,
construction
equipment

Helical gears,
general gear support

m*bore diameter
Plain Bearing

Very Good

Sufficient
Sufficient

Normal
Sufficient
Good
Normal
Dry Screw
Liquid Ring Rotary Piston
 General Corrosion/Uniform
Attack Localised Corrosion
A type of chemical corrosion
(oxidation) Pitting Corrosion Filiform Corrosion

Very localised form of

Over the entire surface of the
material, see a layer over the
Description entire surface
corrosion which creates small
holes in the metal. It causes
an oxygen depleted and an
anodic region to be created in
the pit which is self sustaining
causing it to rapidly develop
further beneath the surface.
This represents a very serious
concern. Corrosion covers the
pits

Picture

Occurs where the passive

oxide layer of metal is
localised removed creating a
potential gradient in a small
area compared to the cathodic
vast area. Seen in aluminium,
stainless steels and nickel
alloys in a chloride,
thiosulfate, iodide and flouride
Seen Where environment.
Cathodic protection, coatings,
alloying materials, pickle and
Prevention passivate
 Environmental/
Atmospheric
ion Galvanic Corrosion Corrosion

Crevice Corrosion

Potential difference
between 2 materials in
contact with each other
causes the more negative
one to corrode as electrons
are transferred.

When a galvanic pair is

created, e.g stainless steel
and mild steel
Ensure area of anode far
greater than that of
cathode.
 Gears Chain Toothed Belt V belts
How is drive
created? Positive Drive Positive Drive Positive Drive Friction
1000 (Higher than
Max Power 10000 500 500 flat)
Max Torque 10^8 10^6 10^4 10^4
Max Speed 70 15 80 50
Efficiency 97 97 97 95
Accuracy of
speed
transmission high high high moderate
Lubrication Yes Yes No No
Cost $$$$ $$$ $$ $$
Noise Med High Noise Low Low noise
Lifespan High High Lifespan Medium Low Lifespan

* 16mm deflection
per metre of
span(rough rule -
Installation consult manufacturer
tips for certainty)
Flat Belts Round Belt

Friction Friction

1000 1000
10^4 10^4
70 50
95 95

moderate moderate
No No
$ $$
Low noise Low
Med Lifespan Low
 Spur Herringbone Helical/Spiral Bevel

Basically a double helical

Application Transmissions Transmissions Industrial Equipment

Shaft Arrangement Parallel Shaft Parallel Shaft Intersecting
Meshing (common
between gear and Pitch, helix angle, face
pinion) Pitch, pressure angle Pitch, pressure angle width
Gear Ratio Low Low Low
Noise High Low Low
Features Cost Effective High load bearing Durable
More Durable than spur High Load
Helix angle introduces
No axial thrust axial thrust
Very Expensive
Straight Bevel Hypoid Worm & Wheel Planetary

Industrial Equipment Differentials Gear Reduction Boxes Transmissions

Intersecting Non-intersect, non-parallel Non-intersect, non-parallel Parallel

Pitch, pressure angle, face Pitch, pressure angle, face Thread, pitch, pressure Pitch, pressure angle, face
width width angle width
Low High High High
Lower Lowest Lowest High
Durable Durable Special Applications Special Applications
Higher Load High Load High torque transmission Compact

High Torque Anti-reversing