Air gap (plumbing)

An air gap, as it relates to the plumbing trade, is the unobstructed vertical space
between the water outlet and the flood level of a fixture.[1] Air gaps of appropriate
design are required for water safety by legislation in many countries.

A simple example is the space between a wall mounted faucet and the sink rim (this
space is the air gap). Water can easily flow from the faucet into the sink, but there is
no way that water can flow from the sink into the faucet without modifying the
system. This arrangement will prevent any contaminants in the sink from flowing
into the potable water system by siphonage and is the least expensive form of
backflow prevention.

A common use of the term "air gap" in home plumbing refers to a fixture that
provides back-flow prevention for an installed dishwasher. This "air gap" is seen
above the sink as a small cylindrical fixture mounted parallel with the faucet. In the
base cabinet under the sink, the drain hose from the dishwasher feeds the "top" of Water cannot flow from the sink to
the tap in normal circumstances,
the air gap, and the "bottom" of the air gap is plumbed into the sink drain below the
even if the water supply loses
basket, or into a garbage disposal unit. When installed and maintained properly, the pressure.
air gap works as described above, and prevents drain water from the sink from
backing up into the dishwasher, possibly contaminating dishes.[2] Water flowing
.[3]
from the fixture into the sink indicates a need for maintenance or repair

To further illustrate the air gap, consider what could happen if the air gap were eliminated by attaching a hose to the faucet and
lowering the hose into a sink full of contaminated water. Under the right conditions (if the water supply loses pressure and the sink is
higher than the point at which the water supply enters the house, for instance), the dirty water in the sink will be siphoned into the
water pipes through the hose and faucet. The dirty water then will be dispersed throughout the
drinking water system.

Standards and codes

All plumbing codes require backflow prevention in several ways. The fixtures are manufactured to meet these codes. Plumbers must
not build cross-connections in their daily work practices, and plumbing inspectors look for improper designs or connections of piping
and plumbing fixtures. A common misconception is that a "high loop" (routing a drain line above a sink's flood level, for instance)
will provide the same function as an air gap; this is not true, because the continuous connection in such a case still will allow
backflow through siphoning.

According to the International Residential Code 2003, an air gap must meet the requirements of being two times the effective inner
diameter of the pipe (2*D) in order to be sufficient.[4]

A standard widely use in the United States is:

A112.1.2 Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems (For Plumbing Fixtures and W

ater-Connected Receptors)
In the United Kingdom, legislation is by statutory instrument and vary by country, but include Water Supply (Water Quality)
Regulations 2016 andWater Supply (Water Quality) Regulations (Wales). The categorisation of air gaps is standardised by European
standards, which cover the basic design and dimenions for appropriate to dif
ferent uses.

EN 13076 -- Devices to prevent pollution by backflow of potable water - Unrestricted air gap - Family A -ype
T A
EN 13077 -- Devices to prevent pollution by backflow of potable water - Air gap with non-circular overflow
(unrestricted) - Family A - Type B
 EN 13078 -- Devices to prevent pollution by backflow of potable water - Air gap with submerged feed incorporating
air inlet plus overflow - Family A, type C
and others for each family and type of air gap

See also
Hydrostatic loop
Pressure vacuum breaker
Double check valve
Chemigation valve
Reduced pressure zone device
Atmospheric vacuum breaker

References
1. International Residential Code 2003(https://www.amazon.com/International-Residential-Code-2003-Council/dp/1892
395584) (1st ed.). Definition: AIR GAP, WATER–DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: International Code Council. 2003. p. 9.
ISBN 978-1-892395-58-0.
2. http://www.plumbingsupply.com/airgap.html
3. http://www.justanswer.com/plumbing/1zdw3-kitchenaide-dishwasher-vent-next-faucet.htm
l
4. International Residential Code 2003(https://www.amazon.com/International-Residential-Code-2003-Council/dp/1892
395584) (1st ed.). Paragraph P2902.2.1 Air gaps: International Code Council. 2003. p. 402.
ISBN 978-1-892395-58-
0.

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