Introduction and Main Data of Solar Assisted Combined Heating and Cooling System

Design and Development of Solar Assisted Combined Heating and Cooling System SPPU
CHAPTER: 01
INTRODUCTION
Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

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1. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy,
solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an
important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as
either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar
energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of
photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the
energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favourable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing
spaces that naturally circulate air. The large magnitude of solar energy available makes
it a highly appealing source of electricity.
A solar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing sunlight. The term "solar
collector" commonly refers to solar hot water panels, but may refer to installations
such as solar parabolic troughs and solar towers; or basic installations such as solar air
heaters. Concentrated solar power plants usually use the more complex collectors to
generate electricity by heating a fluid to drive a turbine connected to an electrical
generator. Simple collectors are typically used in residential and commercial buildings
for space heating. The first solar thermal collector designed for building roofs was
patented by William H. Goettl and called the "Solar heat collector and radiator for
building roof". Augustin Mouchot demonstrated a solar collector with a cooling engine
making ice cream at the 1878 Universal Exhibition in Paris. The first installation of
solar thermal energy equipment occurred in the Sahara approximately in 1910 by
Frank Shuman when a steam engine was run on steam produced by sunlight. Because
liquid fuel engines were developed and found more convenient, the Sahara project was
abandoned, only to be revisited several decades later.
Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low-temperature reservoir and

transferring it to a high-temperature reservoir. The work of heat transfer is traditionally
driven by mechanical means, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity,
laser, or other means. Refrigeration has many applications, including, but not limited
to: household refrigerators, industrial freezers, cryogenics, and air conditioning. In

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prehistoric times, man found that his game would last during times when food was not
available if stored in the coolness of a cave or packed in now. In China before the first
millennium, ice was harvested and stored. Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans placed large
amounts of snow in to storage pits dug in to the ground and insulated with wood and
straw. The ancient Egyptians filled earthen jars with boiled water and put them on
their roofs, thus exposing the jars to night's cool air. In India, evaporative cooling was
employed. When a liquid vaporizes rapidly, it expands quickly. The rising molecules
of vapor abruptly increase their kinetic energy and this increase is drowning from the
immediate surroundings of the vapor. These surroundings are therefore cooled. The
intermediate stage in the history of cooling foods was to add chemicals like sodium
nitrate or potassium nitrate to water causing the temperature to fall. Cooling wine via
this method was recorded in 1550, as were the words'' to refrigerate". The first known
artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of
Glasgow in 1748. Cullen let ethyl ether boil in to a partial vacuum; he did not,
however, use the result to any practical purpose. Ice was first shipped commercially
out of Canal Street in New York City to Charleston, South Carolina in 1799.
Unfortunately, there was not much ice left when the shipment arrived. New
Englanders Frederick Tudor and Nathaniel Wyeth saw the potential for the ice
business and revolutionized the industry through their efforts in the first half of the
1800s. Tudor who became known as the "Ice King", focused on shipping ice to
tropical climates. He experimented with insulating materials and built icehouses that
decreased melting losses from 66 percent to less than 8 percent.
With devised a method of quickly and cheaply cutting uniform blocks of ice that
transformed the ice industry, making it possible to speed handling techniques in
storage, transportation and distribution with less waste. In 1805, an American inventor,
Oliver Evans, designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapour instead of
liquid. Evans never constructed his machine, but one similar to it was built by an
American physician, John Gorrie. In 1842, the American physician John Gorrie, to
cool sickrooms in a Florida hospital, designed and built an air- cooling apparatus for
treating yellow- fever patients. His basic principle- that of compressing a gas, cooling
it by sending it through radiating coils, and then expanding it to lower the temperature
further is the one most often used in refrigerators today. Giving up his medical practice

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to engage in time- consuming experimentation with ice making, he was granted the
first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration in 1851. Commercial refrigeration is
believed to have been initiated by an American businessperson, Alexander C.
Twinning, in 1856. Shortly afterward an Australian James Harrison examined the
refrigerators used by Gorrie and twinning and introduced vapor- compression
refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries. Ferdinand carre of Frane
developed a somewhat more complex system in 1859. Unlike earlier compression-
compression machine, which used air as a coolant, carre’s equipment contained
rapidly expanding ammonia. Ammonia liquefies at a much lower temperature than
water and is thus able to absorb more heat.) Carre’s refrigerators were widely used,
and vapor compression refrigeration became, and still is, the most widely used method
of cooling. However, the cost, size and complexity of refrigeration systems of the
time, coupled with the toxicity of their ammonia coolants, prevented the general use of
mechanical refrigerators in the home.
The refrigerated railroad car was patented by K.B. Sutherland of Detroit, Michigan in
1867. He designed an insulated car with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the
top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity, controlled
by the use of hanging flaps that created differences in air temperature. The first
refrigerated car to carry fresh fruit was built in 1867 by parker Earle of Illinois, who
shipped strawberries on the Illinois Central Rail board. Each chest contained 100
pounds of ice and 200 quarts of strawberries. It was not until 1949 that a refrigeration
system made its way in to the trucking industry by way of a roof- mounted cooling
device, patented by Fred Jones. Natural ice supply became an industry unto itself.
More companies entered the business, prices decreased, and refrigeration using ice
became more accessible. By 1879, there were 35 commercial ice plants in America,
more than 200 a decade later and 2,000 by 1909. No pond was safe from scraping for
ice production, not even Thoreau's Walden pond, where 1,000 tons of ice was
extracted each day in 1847.
Car ( Paul Gottfried) von Linde in 1895 set up a large- scale plant for the production of
liquid air, six years later he developed a method for scaparating pure liquid oxygen
from liquid air. That resulted in widespread industrial conversion to processes utilizing
oxygen (e.g., in steel manufacture). Though meat- packers were slower to adopt

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refrigeration than the breweries, they ultimately used refrigeration pervasively. By

1914, the machinery installed in almost All- American packing plants was the
ammonia compression system, which had a refrigeration capacity of well over 90,000
tons/ day. In 1973, Prof. James Love lock reported finding trace amounts of
refrigerant gases in the atmosphere. In 1974, Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina
predicted that chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant gases would reach the high stratosphere
and there damage the protective mantle of the oxygen allotrope, ozone. In 1985 the '
ozone hole' over the Antarctic had been discovered and by 1990 Rowland and
Molina's prediction was proved correct.
The basic components of today's modern vapor compression refrigeration system are a
compressor; a condenser; an expansion device, which can be a valve, a capillary tube
an engine, or a turbine; and an evaporator. The gas coolant is first compressed, usually
by a piston, and then pushed through a tube in to the condenser. In the condenser, the
winding tube containing the vapor is passed through either circulating air or a bath of
water, which removes some of them heat energy of the compressed gas. The cooled
vapor is passed through an expansion device to an area of much lower pressure; as the
vapor expands, it draws the energy if its expansion from its surroundings or the
medium in contact with it. Evaporators may directly cool a space by letting the vapor
come in to contact with the area to be chilled, or they may act indirectly i.e. by cooling
a secondary medium such as water. In most domestic refrigerators,, the coil containing
the evaporator directly contacts the air in the compartment. At the end of the end of the
process, the warmed gas is drawn toward the compressor.
Heat pumps may use the heat output of the refrigeration process, and also may be
designed to be reversible, but are otherwise similar to air conditioning units.
Refrigeration has had a large impact on industry, lifestyle, agriculture, and settlement
patterns. The idea of preserving food dates back to at least the ancient Roman and
Chinese empires. However, mechanical refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved
in the last century, from ice harvesting to temperature-controlled rail cars. The health,
welfare, comfort and productivity of nations are interwoven with new development in
both the refrigeration and air- conditioning fields. Refrigeration is essential for the
preservation of foods, the production and safe storage of medicines and numerous
other applications. Through refrigeration, better controls of industrial processes are

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possible. The term ' refrigeration' may be defined as the process of removing heat from
a substance under controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and
maintaining the temperature of a body below the general temperature of its
surrounding. In other words, the refrigeration means a continued extraction of heat
from a body whose temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
Theoretically, a refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or a heat pump which pumps
heat from a cold body and delivers it to hot body. This substance, which works in heat
pump to extract heat from a cold body and to deliver it to a hot body, is, called a
refrigerant. As scientists, technicians and crafts person experiment at still lower and
temperatures, approximately (-273oC), the new science of cryogenics (refrigerants)
will reveal materials in a state that is a neither a solid, liquid nor a gas.
System design can be improved by the use of new components, e.g. the development
of super heat pumps with high COPs of greater those seven. Another major trend is the
drive to reduce the amount of refrigerant used and to develop new working fluids.
Traditionally, the most common working fluids for compression heat pumps have been
ammonia and CFCs, but energy saving of 2-20% have been reported when using
alternative working fluids such as halogen refrigerant mixtures, and natural
refrigerants such as air and CO2. Systems that use compact and cost-effective
components have reported 20% higher coefficient of performance values than
conventional CFC systems. Absorption refrigeration offers considerable scope for
energy saving when driven by waste heat. When configured correctly in conjunction
with CHP, it can actually increase the viability (and also viable size) of CHP plant, by
providing a productive use for the heat, especially during summer periods. Despite
these benefits, in practice only heating capacity is discussed in the relevant literature.
Refrigerator is a device which is used to reduce the temperature and maintain that
temperature below surrounding or atmospheric temperature. We also need a heater to
obtain hot water. A refrigerator cannot be used as a heating device. So, in order to get
heating and cooling simultaneous it is necessary to design a system which can produce
both heating and cooling effect. Another option for heating is using solar collectors. If
we give preheated water to solar collector, the efficiency of the same will increase in
addition with its performance. For that waste heat for condenser can be used for
preheating of water which is further supplied to solar collector.

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1.1 Problem Statement
In order to reduce dependency on electricity in future for heating/cooling, it will be

necessary to use energy efficient heating/cooling system as electricity prices are
increasing rapidly. For that it will be necessary to depend on renewable energy such as
solar energy to generate heating/cooling effect. By using solar assisted heating/cooling
system cost of purchasing heat pump for heating will be minimized and also life of the
system will be increase, because in solar heating process there are no moving parts or
vibrations or annoying noise also the life of solar collector is three times more as
compare to heat pump.
1.2 Scope
In order to reduce dependency on electricity in future for heating/cooling, it will be

necessary to use energy efficient heating/cooling system as electricity prices are
increasing rapidly. For that it will be necessary to depend on renewable energy such as
solar energy to generate heating/cooling effect. By using solar assisted heating/cooling
system cost of purchasing heat pump for heating will be minimized and also life of the
system will be increase, because in solar heating process there are no moving parts or
vibrations or annoying noise also the life of solar collector is three times more as
compare to heat pump.
1.3 Methodology
 Selections of refrigeration components, solar collector, pump.
 Selection of Refrigerant
 Design of component
 Design of system
 Running the system
 Result and discussion
 Cost Analysis
 Conclusion

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1.4 Organization of Dissertation
Chapter One – Chapter one gives a brief history about refrigeration and solar energy. It
also gives background information and basics in refrigeration and solar energy,
problem statement, scope and methodology.
Chapter Two – Chapter two presents background information of combined heating and
cooling in the form of recent studies and research. It includes various literature
reviews based on solar assisted combined heating and cooling.
Chapter Three – Chapter three describes construction and working of various

components of the system.
Chapter Four – Chapter four gives experimental and analytical analysis of the system.
It includes design of various components of the system.
Chapter Five – Chapter five gives results and discussion based on experimental
analysis of the project. It shows various graphical presentations of data as per
observations.
Chapter Six – Chapter six gives advantages of the system.
Chapter Seven – Chapter seven gives applications of the system.
Chapter Eight – Chapter eight shows the bill of material for the project. It includes
total cost of material, labor wages and miscellaneous cost.
Chapter Nine – Chapter nine shows the conclusions of the project and its future scope.

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CHAPTER: 02
LITERATURE REVIEW

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
[1]
Alba Ramos, et al. (2017) proposed “Hybrid PV-T solar systems for combined
heating, cooling and power provision in urban environment.” The work presented in
that paper aligned with solar energy can play a leading role in reducing the current
reliance on fossil fuels and in increasing renewable energy integration in the built
environment and its affordable deployment is widely recognized as an important
global engineering grand challenge. Of particular interest are solar energy systems
based on hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) collectors, which can reach overall
efficiencies of 70% or higher, with electrical efficiencies up to 15–20% and thermal
efficiencies in excess of 50%, depending on the conditions. The TRNSYS results
indicate that PV-T systems have the potential to cover 60% of the combined (space
and hot water) heating and almost 100% of the cooling demands of homes (annually
integrated) at all four aforementioned locations. Finally, when accounting for all useful
energy outputs from the PV-T systems, the overall liveliest cost of energy of these
systems is found to be in the range of 0.06–0.12 €/kW h, which is 30–40% lower than
that of equivalent PV-only systems.
[2]
Neema Monghasemi, Amir Vadiee (2017) proposed “solar chimney integrated
system for space heating and cooling application.” They examined the conventional
indoor climate comfort systems have a major share of energy consumption in
residential sectors. Passive design is an approach that can reduce building energy
demand by minimizing mechanical systems power consumption. Solar chimneys as
natural draught components that utilize solar energy to build up stack pressure are an
innovative passive design. Solar chimney contributes to an increase in efficiency for
residential space heating and cooling in addition to a considerable reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions. This article presents an overview of recent progresses in
solar chimney research. The construction industry has a tendency in utilization of
integrated solar chimney configurations to improve the level of thermal comfort. In
this paper, common integrated configurations based on solar chimneys were
summarized. Besides, the challenging aspects and recommendations of each system
were mentioned. Combined energy systems based on solar chimney have been
regarded as efficient strategies toward green building architecture. Each system has its
own pros and cons and there is not a general guideline that can arrange these systems

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in descending order according to their performance. It is necessary to carry out more

experiments to solve forthcoming problems in their commercial applications. Further
studies are suggested in developing optimization strategies and control systems. A
desirable control system responds to inhabitants needs unobtrusively and allows them
to change a condition if it is perceived thermally uncomfortable, with prompt
feedback.
Atilla G. Devecioğlu et al. (2017) [17] studied “An analysis on the comparison of low-
GWP refrigerants to alternatively use in mobile air-conditioning systems.” The results
of an analysis are discussed in this paper considering R1234yf, R444A and R445A
refrigerants having low Global Warming Potential (GWP) which can be used in the
mobile air conditioning systems. The evaporation temperatures of −5°C and +5°C
while condenser temperatures of 30°C and 60°C were taken for the evaluations of
thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants. In the study, electrical power
consumption of the system and COP values were calculated considering
thermodynamic properties determined for the points in the cycle depending on the
assumed system parameters. The system was considered to operate in a steady-state
cycle. The pressure loss through evaporator and condenser, and heat transfer amounts
through connecting tubes, expansion valve and compressor were neglected for the
computations. The computations have pointed out that while cooling capacity of
R444A and R445A were higher; their COP values were smaller compared to R1234yf
because of their increased consumption of electricity. Although COP of R444A is
smaller compared to R1234yf, it may be suggested that R444A can be utilized in air-
conditioning systems of heavy vehicles such as busses, trucks, and trains due to its
decreased flammability risk by mixture content.
[17]
Murat Gökçek et al. (2017) studied “Experimental performance investigation of
minichannel water cooled-thermoelectric refrigerator.” An experimental performance
analysis of minichannel water cooled-thermoelectric refrigerator in this study is
presented. The cooling system of refrigerator is consists of two thermoelectric
modules integrated with the minichannel heat sinks in its hot side and the heat
dissipaters in its cold side. The experiments carried out for different system voltages
and different flow rates of cooling water in the minichannel. The results show that the
inner temperature of water cooled thermoelectric refrigerator is about 2 °C for 0.8

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L/min flow rate while it is about −0.1 °C for 1.5 L/min flow rate at the end of 2-h
experiment. COP value of thermoelectric refrigerator is 0.23 in the flow rate 1.5 L/min
while COP is 0.19 in the flow rate 0.8 L/min at the end of 25 min cooling times. When
it comes to 8 V system voltages, COP of the thermoelectric refrigerator is about 0.41
at the end of 25 min operating period for the flow rate 1.5 L/min. This study concludes
that the performance of minichannel heat sink used in this study has as good as other
liquid water cooled systems used to absorb heat from thermoelectric modules hot side.
[18]
Şaban Ünal et al. (2017) studied “Optimal Thermodynamic Parameters of Two-
Phase Ejector Refrigeration System for Buses.” Air-conditioning is necessary for the
comfort of passengers in commercial buses. However, installing an air-conditioning
system can add extra load on the engine and result in extra fuel cost. Therefore, an
improvement in the air-conditioning system can lower the fuel consumption of the
buses and reduce the size of the evaporator and the condenser. It is known that using
two-phase ejector as an expansion valve in the air-conditioning system can improve
the system performance. This study offers a model to predict the optimal
thermodynamic parameters for a two-phase ejector refrigeration system for buses
using R134a under various operating conditions. An empirical correlation is derived to
determine the optimal thermodynamic parameters of the system. The effect of
evaporation and condensation temperatures on the heat transfer surface area are
discussed and graphically illustrated. Moreover, an experimental study to validate the
developed model has been carried out in a midibus air-conditioning system. The study
findings revealed that the heat transfer surface area can be reduced by about 4% and
55% in the condenser and evaporator, respectively.
Jin Woo Yoo et al. (2017) [19] studied “Refrigerant leakage detection in residential air
conditioner with limited sensor installations.” Refrigerant leakage is the most
frequently found fault in a refrigeration system and efficient detection is highly
important. For a sudden leakage, it is relatively easy to detect but slow and long-term
leakage is hard to find out, therefore, a useful method for leak detection in such
condition is required. Large scale refrigeration systems have abundant data to detect or
diagnose leakage. However, in case of small residential air conditioner, installed
sensor are mostly temperature sensors and the number of these sensors is also limited.
In this study, a refrigerant leak detection method for residential air conditioners with

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limited sensor information is suggested based on experiment data. This method uses
temperature differences between inlet air and midpoint of heat exchanger. For various
temperature conditions, the temperature difference shows a similar trend which can be
utilized as a good leak detection procedure.
Na Zhang et al. (2017) [20] studied “Analysis of A Solar Assisted Combined Cooling,
Heating and Power (SCCHP) System.” They analysed a solar assisted combine
heating, cooling and power system which supplies electricity, cooling and heat, with
internal energy recovery and thermochemical upgrading. The proposed system
consists of a chemically recuperated gas turbine cycle, an exhaust heat-driven
absorption chiller and a heat exchanger, in which the reformer upgrades the absorbed
turbine exhaust heat and solar heat into produced syngas chemical exergy. The system
performance is analyzed and compared with a regular CCHP system without solar
assistance, and a parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the
influence of the steam addition ratio. The system exhibits enhanced specific power
generation and efficiency, and it saves depletable fossil fuel and commensurately
reduces CO2 emissions. The system exergy efficiency reaches 37%; a fossil fuel
saving of 30.4% is attainable with a solar thermal share of 26%; and the reduction of
fossil fuel use and improved system performance result in a commensurate 33%
reduction of CO2 emission as compared with the conventional CCHP system with the
same technology but without solar assistance.
[21]
Yanchao Lu et al. (2017) studied “Thermodynamics Performance Analysis of
Solar-assisted Combined Cooling, Heating and Power System with Thermal Storage.”
They proposed a solar-assisted CCHP system with thermal storage so as to effectively
reduce the waste of energy. The components including solar heat collector, internal
combustion engine and heat storage tank are modelled based their thermodynamic
performances. An office building in Beijing is selected as a feasibility case and the
impact of solar energy and thermal storage on the thermodynamics performance of the
CCHP system is analyzed in detail. The results shows that when this system operates
following thermal load, the system energy efficiency and COP decrease with the
increase of solar energy, while exergy efficiency appears a slight fluctuation.
Additionally, the variations of adjustable cooling compared to the system without
thermal storage are discussed. It is concluded that thermal storage involved in the

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solar-assisted CCHP system contributes to expand the variations of adjustable cooling

evidently.
[21]
D.B. Jani et al. (2017) studied “Application of solar energy as renewable
regeneration heat source in solid desiccant – vapor compression hybrid cooling
system.” They carried out a review on application of solar energy as renewable
regeneration heat source in solid desiccant – vapor compression hybrid cooling
system. This provides latest information on recent development in air-conditioning and
built environment produced by use of hybrid cooling. Use of renewable solar energy
can be a good source for regeneration heat provided in reactivating desiccant
dehumidifier used in alternate cooling systems. Desiccant dehumidification assisted
vapor-compression based hybrid air-conditioning systems can successfully couple to
renewable solar thermal power to dampen electricity use and to conserve environment
in place of traditional air-conditioning. The energy saving potential of solar powered
desiccant cooling technologies is illustrated and discussed as compared to the vapor
compression based conventional cooling systems. It is found that the solid desiccant
integrated hybrid cooling systems are favourable than the conventional vapor
compression cooling, because it is better means for economical and cleaner air-
conditioning. The present review can ameliorate the usefulness of solar energy as
renewable regeneration heat source in heat driven solid desiccant based hybrid cooling
system and helps to guide future investigators to take the research opportunities in this
area.
Na Zhang et al. (2017) [22] studied “Advancement of distributed energy methods by a

novel high efficiency solar assisted combined cooling, heating and power system.”
They proposed and analysed a solar assisted combined cooling, heating and power
system which supplies electricity, cooling and heat, with internal energy recovery and
thermochemical upgrading, as their core component. The proposed system consists of
a chemically recuperated gas turbine cycle, an absorption chiller and a heat exchanger,
in which the reformer upgrades the absorbed turbine exhaust heat and solar heat into
produced syngas chemical exergy, and rearranges the matches of energy donors and
receivers both quantitatively and qualitatively. The net solar-to-electricity efficiency is
predicted to be 26–29% for a turbine inlet temperature of 980 °C. Compared with the
stand-alone power, cooling and heating generation system, the reduction potential of

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fossil fuel consumption has been demonstrated to be 30.4% with a solar thermal share
of 26%. Moreover, this system produces 33% less CO2 emission than a conventional
combined cooling, heating and power system with the same technology but without
solar assistance. An excess electricity storage unit or storage of excess syngas can be
considered to balance the difference between the supply and demand quantities.
[15]
Wenxiang Zhang et al. (2017) studied “Performance analysis of hydrate-based
refrigeration system.” A novel refrigeration system called hydrate-based refrigeration
system was proposed, and its performance was analyzed by using Aspen Plus. The
system consisted of five parts, compressor/pump, hydrate formation tank, hydrate
dissociation tank, expander and gas/liquid separator. Compared with conventional
compression refrigeration cycle, hydrate-based refrigeration system uses hydrate
formation tank to replace condenser to achieve heat release; hydrate dissociation tank
for evaporator of achieve refrigeration. There were three types of the hydrate-based
refrigeration system, which refrigeration cycles were analyzed through using Aspen
Plus. Methyl fluoride, cyclopentane/monofluoro cyclopentane and water were used to
form hydrate as the working fluids. For the system of methyl fluoride, cyclopentane
and water, the highest coefficient of performance was 8.01–8.97, for the system of
methyl fluoride, monofluoro cyclopentane and water, the best coefficient of
performance was 7.58–8.49. Based on it, the relation of temperature and entropy
during refrigeration process for hydrate-based refrigeration system was analyzed. It’s
coefficient of performance was 2–4 times of the conventional compression
refrigeration.
Jiangjiang Wang, et al. (2016) [3] studied “Thermodynamic performance analysis and
optimization of a solar assisted combined heating, cooling and power system.” Their
study aims to present a thermodynamic performance analysis and to optimize the
configurations of a hybrid combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system
incorporating solar energy and natural gas. A basic natural gas CCHP system
containing a power generation unit, a heat recovery system, an absorption cooling
system and a storage tank is integrated with solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and/or a
heat collector. Based on thermodynamic modeling, the thermodynamic performance,
including energy and exergy efficiencies, under variable work conditions, such as
electric load factor, solar irradiance and installation ratio, of the solar PV panels and

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heat collector is investigated and analyzed. The results of the energy supply side
analysis indicate that the integration of solar PV into the CCHP system more
efficiently improves the exergy efficiency, whereas the integration of a solar heat
collector improves the energy efficiency. To match the building loads, the
optimization method combined with the operation strategy is employed to optimize the
system configurations to maximize the integrated benefits of energy and economic
costs. The optimization results of demand supply matching demonstrate that the
integration of a solar heat collector achieves a better integrated performance than the
solar PV integration in the specific case study.
[4]
Sandeep Kumar, et al. (2016) studied “analysis of solar hybrid air conditioning
system with different operating conditions.” They introduced about in our global,
consumption of electricity is repeatedly increases and reduction of fossil fuel resources
has brought about a significant role in the development of eco-friendly and energy
efficient technologies. Now a day solar hybrid air conditioning system is used to
reduce the consumption of electricity. This paper introduced about performance
analysis of solar hybrid air conditioning system which consists of R410a vapor
compression refrigeration cycle cascaded with solar driven. Analysis the coefficient of
performance (COP) of system and also optimize operation are obtained at different
mode a heating and cooling. The system was calculated hourly variation of
temperature and of different parameters such that evaporator cooling capacity,
condenser air inlet and outlet temperature, compressor inlet and outlet refrigerant
temperature, water temperature and refrigerant temperature after coming out from
water tank and also calculated the various parameter from this reading such as relative
humidity, humidity ratio, dew point temperature and enthalpy of inlet and outlet
evaporator. Calculated the coefficient of performance were calculated at various
parameter work done.
[5]
Jiangjiang Wang, et al. (2016) examined “Configuration optimization with
operation strategy of solar assisted building cooling, heating and power system to
minimize energy consumption.” This work designs a novel hybrid building cooling
heating and power (BCHP) system incorporating with solar energy and natural gas. A
basic natural gas BCHP system containing power generation unit, heat recovery
system, hybrid cooling system and storage tank is integrated with solar photovoltaic

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(PV) and/or thermal collector. Optimization methodology with genetic algorithm (GA)
is applied to optimize the configuration of the solar-assisted BCHP system for
minimizing primary energy consumption. BCHP schemes are optimized in following
electrical load (FEL) and following thermal load (FTL) operation strategies
respectively. The result indicates that BCHP system in the FEL mode consumes less
energy consumption than in the FTL mode to meet building demands. But the FTL
mode would be superior to FEL mode at taking the surplus products from the hybrid
BCHP system into consideration.
[13]
Hoseong Lee et al. (2016) studied “Performance investigation on solid desiccant
assisted mobile air conditioning system.” In the conventional mobile air conditioning
system, the temperature and humidity control is achieved by a vapor compression
system. This system cools the air down to lower than the dew point temperate of the
cabin to control the humidity. Thus, reheating of the air is necessary. These two factors
could increase the fuel consumption of the system. To overcome these issues, a solid
desiccant assisted mobile air conditioning system is proposed and investigated. The
desiccant assisted technology can separate the latent heat load from the sensible heat
load, which will effectively increase the evaporating temperature and reduce the power
consumption of the compressor. It is proposed to apply the solid desiccant to the
mobile air conditioning system to handle most of latent load, while the vapor
compression cycle handles the remaining latent load and sensible load. The model of
the proposed concept is developed and validated with experimental data. Lastly, the
possible configurations of the solid desiccant assisted mobile air conditioning system
are discussed.
Soudabeh Golzari et al. (2016) [16] studied “Second law analysis of an automotive air
conditioning system using HFO-1234yf, an environmentally friendly refrigerant.” In
this paper, a comparative study of the second law of thermodynamics is presented to
determine the possibility of using HFO-1234yf, an environmentally friendly
refrigerant, as a drop-in replacement of HFC-134a in automotive air conditioning
system. For the thermodynamic analysis, a computer program is written to simulate
the operating conditions of automobile air conditioning system. The thermodynamic
properties of the refrigerants are extracted from the REFPROP 8.0 software. For
calculating the coefficient of performance (COP), exergy destruction, exergy

Page 17
efficiency and entropy generation, computational models are used to evaluate the
effects of different parameters on their changes. It is found that using HFO-1234yf as
the air conditioning refrigerant leads to higher exergy efficiency compared to HFC-
134a. Also, maximum entropy generation and exergy destruction occur in the
compressor. The exergy destruction and entropy generation of the cycle components
are less in the case of using HFO-1234yf refrigerant instead of HFC-134a.
[6]
Man Wang, et al. (2015) proposed “Multi-objective optimization of a combined
cooling, heating and power system driven by solar energy.” This paper presented a
multi-objective optimization of a combined cooling, heating and power system
(CCHP) driven by solar energy. The flat-plate solar collector was employed to collect
the solar radiation and to transform it into thermal energy. The thermal storage unit
was installed to storage the thermal energy collected by the collectors to ensure a
continuous energy supplement when solar energy was weak or insufficient. The CCHP
system combined an organic Rankine cycle with an ejector refrigeration cycle to yield
electricity and cold capacity to users. In order to conduct the optimization, the
mathematical model of the solar-powered CCHP system was established. NSGA-II
(Non-dominated Sort Genetic Algorithm-II) was employed to achieve the final
solutions in the multi-objective optimization of the system operating in three modes,
namely power mode, combined heat and power (CHP) mode, and combined cooling
and power (CCP) mode. For the power mode, the optimum average useful output and
total heat transfer area were 6.40 kW and 46.16 m2. For the CCP mode, the optimum
average useful output and total heat transfer area were 5.84 kW and 58.74 m2. For the
CHP mode, the optimum average useful output and total heat transfer area were 8.89
kW and 38.78 m2. Results also indicated that the multi-objective optimization
provided a more comprehensive solution set so that the optimum performance could
be achieved according to different requirements for system.
[7]
Allouhi, et al. (2015) investigated “Solar driven cooling system.” This paper
presents a review of the available technologies to provide cooling from solar energy
for both thermal and photovoltaic ways. Several multi-criteria performance indicators
figuring in the literature are presented followed by a pros and cons analysis of the
different solar thermal cooling processes. A market study is also carried out to

Page 18
evidence the potential of these solar cooling technologies. Finally, an overview of

various solar cooling installations in Europe, Egypt and China is presented.
[8]
Sepehr Sanaye and Ahmadreza Sarraafi (2015) examined “Optimization of
combined cooling, heating and power generation by a solar system.” In this paper
energy, exergy and economic optimization of a combined cooling, heating and power
(CCHP) solar generation system equipped with conventional photovoltaic (PV),
concentrated photovoltaic/ thermal (CPVT), and evacuated tube (ET) collectors is
presented. Optimization was performed to achieve the highest values of relative net
annual benefit (RNAB) and exergy efficiency as two objectives. Decision or design
parameters were the number of CPVT collectors, the number of ET collectors, the
number of PV collectors as well as the capacity of batteries and the size of hot water
storage tank. Optimum values of design parameters with maximizing objective
functions were performed by NSGA-II multi-objective optimization technique.
LINMAP method was used to select one optimum point among many others which
had constructed the Pareto front curve. The chosen point used only 3 CPVT collectors
and specific water storage tank volume without any battery. Sensitivity analysis of
effects of changes in fuel and electricity prices as well as equipment investment costs
on optimum values of design parameters were also investigated. Finally the equipment
selection results for a full CPVT solar energy system connected to the grid and
disconnected to the grid (remote area) were also compared and reported.
[11]
Pradeep Bansal (2015) studied “High efficiency novel window air conditioner.”
He presented the results of an experimental and analytical evaluation of measures to
raise the efficiency of window air conditioners (WAC). In order to achieve a higher
energy efficiency ratio (EER), the original capacity of a baseline R410A unit was
reduced by replacing the original compressor with a lower capacity but higher EER
compressor, while all heat exchangers and the chassis from the original unit were
retained. Subsequent major modifications included replacing the alternating current
fan motor with a brushless high efficiency electronically commutated motor (ECM)
motor, replacing the capillary tube with a needle valve to better control the refrigerant
flow and refrigerant set points, and replacing R410A with a ‘drop-in’ lower global
warming potential (GWP) binary mixture of R32/R125 (85/15% molar concentration).
All these modifications resulted in significant enhancement in the EER of the baseline

Page 19
WAC. Further, an economic analysis of the new WAC revealed an encouraging

payback period.
[14]
Himsar Ambarita et al. (2015) studied “Experimental study on solar-powered
adsorption refrigeration cycle with activated alumina and activated carbon as
adsorbent.” Typical adsorbent applied in solar-powered adsorption refrigeration cycle
is activated carbon. It is known that activated alumina shows a higher adsorption
capacity when it is tested in the laboratory using a constant radiation heat flux. In this
study, solar-powered adsorption refrigeration cycle with genera to refill by different
adsorbents has been tested by exposing to solar radiation in Medan city of Indonesia.
The generator is heated using a flat-plate type solar collector with a dimension of
0.5m0.5 m. Four cases experiments of solar-powered adsorption cycle were carried
out, they are with generator filled by 100% activated alumina(namedas100AA), by a
mixed of 75% activated alumina and 25% activated carbon (75AA), by a mixed of
25% activated alumina and 75% activated carbon (25AA), and filled by 100 %
activated carbon. Each case waste stayed for three days. The temperature and pressure
history and the performance have been presented and analyzed. The results show that
the average COP of 100AA, 75AA, 25AA, and 100AC is 0.054, 0.056, 0.06, and
0.074, respectively. The main conclusion can be drawn is that for Indonesian condition
and flat-plate type solar collector the pair of activated carbon and methanol is the
better than activated alumina.
[9]
Q.P. Ha and V. Vakiloroaya (2014) studied “modelling and optimal control of an
energy efficient hybrid solar air conditioning system.” The paper addresses the
modeling and optimal control problem of a new hybrid solar-assisted air conditioning
system developed for performance enhancement and energy efficiency improvement.
To regulate the mass flow rate of the refrigerant vapor passing through a water storage
tank for increasing the refrigerant's sub cooling process at partial loads, we propose a
new discharge bypass line together with an inline solenoid valve, installed after the
compressor Their system had been fully-instrumented to examine its performance
under different operation conditions. The system model is then validated by extensive
experimental tests. Based on the obtained dynamic model, an optimal controller is
designed to minimize a quadratic cost function. Numerical algorithms, implemented in
a simulation tool, are then employed to predict the energy performance of the system

Page 20
under transient loads. The experimental results obtained from implementation with
PLC demonstrate that the newly-developed system can deliver higher system
efficiency owing to amelioration of the refrigeration effect in the direct expansion
evaporator and adjustment of its air flowrate. The development is thus promising for
improvement of energy efficiency, enhancement of the system performance while
fulfilling the cooling demand.
[12]
Xiaohua Qu, et al. (2011) studied “Experimental study on frosting control of
mobile air conditioning system with micro channel evaporator.” In this paper they
proposed, a newly developed frost control system. System bench tests and vehicle test
in wind tunnel have been carried out to explore the anti-frosting performance of
automotive air conditioning system with microchannel evaporator. The experimental
results are compared with the baseline conventional laminated evaporator system. The
test results show that the installation position of temperature sensor can dramatically
affect the anti-frosting performance. The clutch switching on/off temperature range of
the microchannel evaporator is also experimentally studied. The test results show that,
with a proper installation position and on/off temperature range, the system COP can
be improved, and meanwhile the panel vents’ air off temperature can be reduced, and
temperature swing can be reduced.
[10]
B. J. Huang et al. (2010) studied “development of hybrid solar assisted
cooling/heating system.” A solar-assisted ejector cooling/heating system (SACH) was
developed in this study. The SACH combines a pump-less ejector cooling system
(ECS) with an inverter-type heat pump (R22) and is able to provide a stable capacity
for space cooling. The ECS is driven by solar heat and is used to cool the condenser of
the R22 heat pump to increase its COP and reduce the energy consumption of the
compressor by regulating the rotational speed of the compressor through a control
system. In a complete SACH system test run at outdoor temperature 35 C, indoor
temperature 25 C and compressor speed 20–80 Hz, and the ECS operating at generator
temperature 90 C and condensing temperature 37 C, the corresponding condensing
temperature of the heat pump in the SACH is 24.5–42 C, cooling capacity 1.02–2.44
kW, input power 0.20–0.98 kW, and cooling COPc 5.11–2.50. This indicates that the
use of ECS in SACH can effectively reduce the condensing temperature of the heat
pump by 12.6–7.3 C and reduce the power consumption by 81.2–34.5%. The SACH

Page 21
can also supply heat from the heat pump. At ambient temperature from 5 C to 35 C,
the heating COPh is in the range 2.0–3.3.

Page 22
CHAPTER: 03
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

Page 23
3. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
Fig. 3 Block diagram of system
Experimental setup consists of following major components:
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Expansion Device (Capillary Tube )
4. Evaporator
5. Parabolic Solar Collector
6. Piping system
7. Insulation
8. Pressure Gauges
9. Flow Control Valve
10. Temperature sensors

Page 24
3.1 Compressor
As any experienced cruiser knows, many refrigeration systems seem to spend more
time being repaired than they do cooling the bear. While there can be many causes for
a system to break down, one of the most common is compressor failure. In fact, it is
not uncommon for some full-time live aboard vessels to need annual, or even bi annual
compressor replacements. Interestingly enough, the frustrated owners of these boats
rarely realize than the source of their problem likely stems from the type of
compressor they are using.
A holding plate type refrigeration/freezer system is quite hard on it's compressor.

Unlike a constant "evaporator temperature", the evaporator coil temperature inside a
holding plate varies considerably during each "freeze-down" cycle. To achieve the
lowest temperatures (at the end of each cycle) the low pressure side of the compressor
frequently pulls down to only slight positive pressure and in some systems even a
vacuum. Aside from a few industrial cooling systems, marine holding plate
applications are about the only time this occurs. That fact that this unique conditions
exists only in marine refrigeration system is signification since all marine refrigeration
manufacturers use compressors which were designed for more traditional uses. Since it
is impractical for any marine manufacturer to design and build their own compressors
due to the relatively small market, the question is which existing type is best suited for
this application.
Fig. 3.1 Compressor

Page 25
REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR TYPES
 Dynamic displacement compressor.
 Positive displacement compressor.
 Hermetically sealed compressor.
 Semi-hermetic compressor.
 Swash Plate.
While all of these compressors offer excellent performance when used in the cooling
environments for which they were designed, some are not equally suited for reliable
application in a marine holding plate system.
The swash plate compressor has several points to recommend it. Because it is so
widely used in cars it is relatively inexpensive and readily available. It is also compact
and operates safely over a wide R.P.M. range. However, it is also at the top of the
"No-no list" for marine holding plate use. These units are designed for automotive air
conditioning systems and are primarily seen in engine-driven marine applications. The
manufacturers of these compressors are Sanden (i.e. Sankyo/Sanden) and Diesel Kiki.
They may have anywhere from three to seven pistons and cylinders arranged in a
circle. The pistons are connected to a "swash plate" which wobbles when the
compressor shaft is rotated. This "wobble" action in turn moves the pistons up and
down in sequence. Many "home built" refrigeration systems use swash plate
compressors as well as number of well-known manufactures including Sea Frost (C.F.
Horton Co.), Grunert and Terchnautics.
3.2 Condenser
The condenser is an important device used in the high-pressure side of a refrigeration

system. Its function is to remove heat of the hot vapour refrigerant discharged from the
compressor. The hot vapour refrigerant consists of the heat absorbed by the evaporator
and the heat of compression added by the mechanical energy of the compressor motor.
The heat from the hot vapour refrigerant in the tubes is transferred to the condensing
or cooling medium. The cooling medium may be air or water or a combination of the

Page 26
two. The selection of condenser depends upon the capacity of the refrigerating system,
the type of refrigerant used and the type of cooling medium available.
Fig. 3.2 Condenser
Working of a Condenser
The working of a condenser may be understood by considering a simple refrigerating

system as shown in fig. 10.1
(a)The corresponding p-h diagram showing three stages of a refrigerant cooling is

shown in fig.
(b)The compressor draws in the suppurated vapor refrigerant that contains the heat it
absorbed in the evaporator. The compressor adds more heat i.e. the heat of
compression to the superheated vapor. This highly superheated vapor from the
compressor is pumped to the condenser through the discharge line. The condenser
cools that refrigerant in the following three stages:-
1. First of all, the superheated vapor is cooled to saturation temperature (called de

superheating) corresponding to the pressure of the refrigerant. This is shown by the
line 2-3 in fig 3.3. The de superheating occurs in the discharge line and in the first few
coils of the condenser.

Page 27
2. Now the saturated vapor refrigerant gives up its latent heat and is condensed to a
saturated liquid refrigerant. This process, called condensation, is shown by the line 3-
4.
3. The temperature of the liquid refrigerant is reduced below its saturation temperature
(i.e. sub-cooled) in order to increase the refrigeration effect. This process is shown by
the line 4-5.
Fig. 3.3 p-h Diagram of simple refrigeration system
Factors Affecting the Condenser Capacity
The condenser capacity is the ability of the condenser to transfer heat from the hot
vapour refrigerant to the condensing medium. The heat transfer capacity of a
condenser depends upon the following factors:
1. Material since the different materials have different abilities of heat transfer,
therefore the size of a condenser of a given capacity can be varied by selecting the
right material. It may be noted that higher the ability of a material to transfer heat, the
smaller will be the size of condenser.
2. Amount of contact the condenser capacity may be varied by controlling the amount
of contact between the condenser surface and the condensing medium. This can be

Page 28
done by varying the surface area of the condenser and the rate of flow of the
condensing medium over the condenser surface. The amount of liquid refrigerant level
in the condenser also affects the amount of contact between the vapor refrigerant and
the condensing medium. The portion if the condenser used for liquid sub-cooling
cannot condense any vapor refrigerant.
3. Temperature difference the heat transfer capacity of a condenser greatly depends

upon the temperature difference between the condensing medium and the vapor
refrigerant. As the temperature difference increase, the heat transfer rate increases and
therefore the condenser capacity increases. Generally, this temperature difference
becomes so great that it becomes a problem, devices are available that will change the
amount of condensing surface and the air flow rate to control condenser capacity.
Classification of Condensers
According to the condensing medium used, the condensers are classified into the
following three groups:
1. Air cooled condensers,
2. Water cooled condensers, and
3. Evaporative condensers.
These condensers are discussed, in detail, in the following pages.
Air Cooled Condensers
An air-cooled condenser is one, which the removal of heat is done by air. If consists of
steel of copper tubing through which the refrigerant flows. The size of tube usually
ranges from 6mm to 18mm outside diameter, depending upon the size of condenser.
Generally copper tubes are used because of its excellent heat transfer ability. The
condensers with steel tubes are used in ammonia refrigerating systems. The tubes are
usually provided with plate type fins to increase the surface area for heat transfer, as
shown in fig. The fins are usually made from aluminum because of its lightweight.
The fin spacing is quite wide to reduce dust clogging.

Page 29
The condenser with single row of tubing provides the most efficient heat transfer. This
is because the air temperature rises at it passes through each row of tube. The
temperature difference between the air and the vapor refrigerant devereases in each
row of tube and therefore each row becomes less effective. However, single row
condensers require space more than multi condensers. The single row condensers are
usually used in small capacity refrigeration system such as domestic refrigerators,
freezers, water cooler and room air conditioners.
The air cooled condensers may have two or more rows of tubing, but the condensers
with up to six rows common. Some condensers have seven or eight rows. However,
more than eight rows of tubing are usually not efficient. This is because the air
temperature will be too closed to the condenser temperature to absorb any more heat
after passing through eight rows of tubing.
Water Cooled Condensers
Condensing water must be noncorrosive, clean, inexpensive, below a certain

maximum temperature, and available in sufficient quantity. The use of corrosive or
dirty water results in high maintenance costs for condensers and piping. Dirty water, as
from a river, can generally be economically filtered if it is noncorrosive; corrosive
water can sometimes be economically treated to neutralize its corrosive properties if it
is clean. An inexpensive source of water that must be filtered and chemically treated
will probably not be economical to use without some means of conservation, such as
an evaporative condenser or a cooling tower. Water circulated in evaporative
condensers and cooling towers must always be treated to reduce the formation of
scale, algae, and chalky deposits. Overtreatment of water, however, can waste costly
chemicals and result in just as much maintenance as under treatment.
Shell and coil condensers - A shell-and-coil water-cooled condenser is simply a

continuous copper coil mounted inside a steel shell. Water flows through the coil, and
the refrigerant vapor from the compressor is discharged inside the shell to condense on
the outside of the cold tubes. In many designs, the shell also serves as a liquid receiver.
The shell-and-coil condenser has a low manufacturing cost, but this advantage is offset
by the disadvantage that this type of condenser is difficult to service in the field. If a
leak develops in the coil, the head from the shell must be removed and the entire coil

Page 30
pulled from the shell to find and repair the leak. A continuous coil is a nuisance to
clean, whereas straight tubes are easy to clean with mechanical tube cleaners. In
summary, with some types of cooling water, it may be difficult to maintain a high rate
of heat transfer with a shell-and-coil condenser.
Shell and tube condensers - The shell-and-tube water-cooled condenser permits a large
amount of condensing surface to be installed in a comparatively small space. The
condenser consists of a large number of 3/4- or 5/8-inch tubes installed inside a steel
shell. The water flows inside the tubes while the vapor flows outside around the nest
of tubes. The vapor condenses on the outside surface of the tubes and drips to the
bottom of the condenser, which may be used as a receiver for the storage of liquid
refrigerant. Shell-and-tube condensers are used for practically all water-cooled
refrigeration systems. To obtain a high rate of heat transfer through the surface of a
condenser, it is necessary for the water to pass through the tubes at a fairly high
velocity. For this reason, the tubes in shell-and-tube condensers are separated into
several groups with the same water traveling in series through each of these various
groups. A condenser having four groups of tubes is known as a four-pass condenser
because the water flows back and forth along its length four times. Four-pass
condensers are common although any reasonable number of passes may be used. The
fewer the number of water passes in a condenser, the greater the number of tubes in
each pass. The friction of water flowing through a condenser with a few passes is
lower than in one having a large number of passes. This means a lower power cost in
pumping the water through a condenser with a smaller number of passes.

Page 31
Fig. 3.4 Coil in shell condenser
3.3 Expansion Devices
The expansion device (also known as metering device or throttling device) is an

important device that divides the high-pressure side the low-pressure side of
refrigerating system. It is connected between the receivers (containing liquid
refrigerant at high pressure). The expansion device performs the following function:
It reduces the high-pressure liquid refrigerant to low pressure liquid refrigerant before
being fed to the evaporator.
It maintains the desired pressure difference between the high and low-pressure sides of
the system, so that liquid refrigerant vaporizes at the designed pressure in the
evaporator. It controls the flow of refrigerant according to the load on the evaporator.

Page 32
Fig. 3.5 Expansion Valve
Types of Expansion Devices
Following are the main types of expansion devices used in industrial commercial
refrigeration and air conditioning system.
1. Capillary Tube
2. Hand-operated expansion valve,
3. Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve,
4. Thermostatic expansion valve,
5. Low side float valve and
6. High Side float valve.
Capillary Tube
The capillary tube, as shown in fig is used as an expansion device in small capacity
hermetic sealed refrigeration units such as in domestic refrigerators, water coolers,
room air conditioners and freezers. It is a copper tube of small internal diameter and of
varying length depending upon the application. The inside diameter of the tube used in
refrigeration work is generally about .05mm to 2.25mm and the length varies from

Page 33
.5mm to 5m. It is installed in the liquid line between the condenser and the evaporator
as shown in fig. A fine mesh screen is provided at the inlet of the tube in order to
protect in from contaminants.
In its operation, the liquid refrigerant from the condenser enters the capillary tube. Due
to the functional resistance offered by a small diameter tube, the pressure drops. Since
drop the frictional resistance is directly proportional to the length and inversely to the
diameter, therefore longer the capillary tube and smaller is inside diameter, greater
pressure difference between the condenser and evaporator is needed for a given flow
rate of the refrigerant. The diameter efficiently works at other conditions.
The refrigeration system using capillary tube has the following advantages:
The cost of capillary tube is less than all other forms of expansion devices.
When the compressor stops, the refrigerant continues to flow into the evaporator and
equalizes the pressure the high side and low side of the system. This considerably
decreases the starting load on the compressor. Thus a low starting torque motor can be
used to drive the compressor, which is a great advantage.
3.4 Evaporator
The evaporator is an important device used in the low- pressure side of a refrigeration
system. The liquid refrigerant from the expansion value enters in to evaporator where
it boils and changes in to vapor. The function of an evaporator is to absorb heat from
the surrounding location or medium, which is to be cooled, by means of a refrigerant.
The temperature of the boiling refrigerant in the evaporator must always be less than
of the surrounding medium so that the heat flows to the refrigerant. The evaporator
becomes cold remains cold due to the following two reasons;
The temperature of the evaporator coil is low due to the temperature of the
refrigerant inside the coil. The low temperature of the refrigerant remains unchanged
because any heat it absorbs is converted to latent heat as proceeds.

Page 34
Fig. 3.6 Evaporator
Working of an evaporator
The working of an evaporator may be best understood by considering the simple

refrigerating system as shown in fig (a) the corresponding p-h diagram is shown in fig
(b). The point 5 in the figure represents the entry of liquid refrigerant in to the
expansion valve. Under proper operating condition, the liquid refrigerant is sub-
cooled (i, e cooled below its saturation temperature). The sub- cooling ensures that the
expansion valve receives pure liquid refrigerant with no vapor to restrict the flow of
refrigerant through the expansion vale.
The liquid refrigerant at low pressure enters the evaporator at point 6, as shown in fig.
As the liquid refrigerant passes through the evaporator coil, it continually absorbs heat
through the coil walls from the medium being cooled, during this, the Refrigerant
continues to boil and evaporate. Finally at point 1; all the liquid refrigerant has
evaporated and only vapor refrigerant remains in the evaporate coil. The liquid
refrigerant's ability to convert absorbed heat to latent heat is now used up.
Since the vapor refrigerant at pint 1' is still colder than the medium being cooled,
therefore the vapor refrigerant continues to absorb heat (or temperature) of the vapor
refrigerant. The vapor temperature continues to rise until the vapor leaves the

Page 35
evaporator to the suction line at point 1. At this point, the temperature of the vapor of
the vapor is above the saturation temperature and the vapour refrigerant is superheated.
The variation of refrigerant temperature (or sensible heat) and the refrigerant heat
content (or enthalpy) within the evaporator. We see that the temperature of the
refrigerant is constant during evaporation of the liquid refrigerant from point 6 to 1
and the enthalpy increases steadily. It shows that the latent heat is absorbed by the
evaporating liquid with no change in temperature. Both temperature and enthalpy of
the refrigerant increases from 1' to 1. At point 1, the entire liquid refrigerant has
evaporated. The line 1'- 1 shows the increase in sensible heat of the vapor refrigerant
Factors affecting the heat transfer capacity of an Evaporator
1. Material.
In order to have rapid heat rapid transfer in an evaporator, the material used for the
construction of an evaporator coil should be a good conductor of heat . The material,
which is not affected by the refrigerant , must also be selected. Since metal are best
conductors of heat, Therefore they are always used for evaporators. Iron and steel can
be used with all common refrigerants. Brass and copper are used with all refrigerants
except ammonia; Aluminum should not be used with Ferro 12.
2. Temperature Difference
The temperature difference between the refrigerant with the evaporator and the
product to be plays an important role in the transfer capacity of an evaporator, the
following tables show the suggested temperature difference for some of the products
and be cooled.
3. Types of evaporators
Though there are many are types of evaporators, yet the following are important from
the subject point of view:
a. Bare tube coil evaporator,
b. Finned tube evaporator,

Page 36
c. Plate evaporator,
d. Shall and tube evaporator,
e. Shall and coil evaporator, and
f. Tube- in – tube evaporator,
Bare tube coil evaporators
The bear tube coil evaporator is also k now as prime- surface evaporators. Because of
its simple construction, the bore tube coil is easy to clean and defrost. A little
consideration will show that this type of evaporator offers relatively little surface
contact area as will show that this type of evaporator offers relatively little surface
contact area as compared to other types of coils. The amount of surface area may be
increased by simply extending the length of the tube , but there are disadvantages of
excessive tube length. The effective length of the tube is limited by the capacity of
expansion valve. If the tube is too long for the valve's capacity, the liquid refrigerant
will tend to completely vaporize early in its progress through the tube, thus leading to
excessive superheating at the outlet. The long tubes will also cause considerably
greater pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of the evaporator. This result the
inlet suction line pressure. The diameter of the tube in relation to tube length may also
be critical. If the tube diameter is too large the refrigerant velocity will be too low and
the volume of refrigerant will be too great in relation to the surface area of the tube to
allow complete vaporization. This in turn may allow liquid refrigerant to enter the
suction line with possible damage to the compressor. On the other hand, if the
diameter is too small, the pressure drop due to friction may be high and will reduce the
system efficiency. The bare tube coil evaporators may be used for any type of
refrigeration requirement. Its use is however, limited to applications where the box
temperatures are under 00C and in liquid cooling, because the accumulation of ice or
frost on these evaporators has less effect on the heat transfer than on those equipped
with fins. The bare tube coil evaporators are also extensively used in house hold
refrigerators because they are easier to keep clean.

Page 37
3.5 Parabolic Solar Collector
A parabolic trough or collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in

one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal
mirror. The sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is
focused along the focal line, where objects are positioned that is intended to be heated.
For example, food may be placed at the focal line of a trough, which causes the food to
be cooked when the trough is aimed so the Sun is in its plane of symmetry. Further
information on the use of parabolic troughs for cooking can be found in the article
about solar cookers. For other purposes, there is often a tube, frequently a Dewar tube,
which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that
sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is
heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used
for many purposes. Often, it is piped to a heat engine, which uses the heat energy to
drive machinery or to generate electricity. This solar energy collector is the most
common and best known type of parabolic trough. The paragraphs below therefore
concentrate on this type.
Fig. 3.7 Parabolic Collector
Parabolic trough is made of a number of solar collector modules (SCM) fixed together
to move as one solar collector assembly (SCA). A SCM could have a length up to 15
metres (49 ft) or more. About a dozen or more of SCM make each SCA up to 200

Page 38
metres (660 ft.) length. Each SCA is an independently-tracking parabolic trough. A

SCM may be made as a single-piece parabolic mirror or assembled with a number of
smaller mirrors in parallel rows. Smaller modular mirrors require smaller machines to
build the mirror, reducing cost. Cost is also reduced in case of the need of replacing a
damaged mirror. Such damage may occur due to being hit by an object during bad
weather. In addition, V-type parabolic troughs exist which are made from 2 mirrors
and placed at an angle towards each other. In 2009, scientists at the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Sky Fuel teamed to develop large curved
sheets of metal that have the potential to be 30% less expensive than today's best
collectors of concentrated solar power by replacing glass-based models with a silver
polymer sheet that has the same performance as the heavy glass mirrors, but at a much
lower cost and weight. It also is much easier to move and install. The glossy film uses
several layers of polymers, with an inner layer of pure silver.
As this renewable source of energy is inconsistent by nature, methods for energy

storage have been studied, for instance the single-tank (thermocline) storage
technology for large-scale solar thermal power plants. The thermocline tank approach
uses a mixture of silica sand and quartzite rock to displace a significant portion of the
volume in the tank. Then it is filled with the heat transfer fluid, typically a molten
nitrate salt. Heat transfer fluid (usually thermal oil) runs through the tube to absorb the
concentrated sunlight. This increases the temperature of the fluid to some 400 °C.[5]
The heat transfer fluid is then used to heat steam in a standard turbine generator. The
process is economical and, for heating the pipe, thermal efficiency ranges from 60-
80%. The overall efficiency from collector to grid, i.e. (Electrical Output Power)/
(Total Impinging Solar Power) is about 15%, similar to PV (Photovoltaic Cells) but
less than Stirling dish concentrators.
Commercial plants using parabolic troughs may use thermal storage at night while
some are hybrids and support natural gas as a secondary fuel source. In the US the
amount of fossil fuel used is limited to a maximum 27% of electricity production,
allowing the plant to qualify as a renewable energy source. Because they include
cooling stations, condensers, accumulators and other things besides the actual solar
collectors, the power generated per square meter of area varies enormously.

Page 39
Fig. 3.8 Construction of parabolic solar collector
3.6 Insulation
Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e. the transfer of thermal energy
between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in
range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially
engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable object shapes and materials.
Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of different
temperature. Thermal insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal
conduction is reduced or thermal radiation is reflected rather than absorbed by the
lower-temperature body. The insulating capability of a material is measured as the
inverse of thermal conductivity (k). Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high
insulating capability (Resistance value). In thermal engineering, other important
properties of insulating materials are product density (ρ) and specific heat capacity (c).
Thermal conductivity k is measured in watts-per-meter per kelvin. Thermal

conductivity depends on material, and, for fluids, its temperature and pressure. For
comparison purposes, conductivity under standard conditions (20°C at 1 atm) is
commonly used. For some materials, thermal conductivity may also depend upon the
direction of heat transfer. The act of insulation is accomplished by encasing an object
with material of low thermal conductivity in high thickness. Decreasing the exposed

Page 40
surface area could also lower heat transfer, but this quantity is usually fixed by the
geometry of the object to be insulated. Multi-layer insulation is used where radiative
loss dominates, or when the user is restricted in volume and weight of the insulation
(e.g. Emergency Blanket, radiant barrier).
Fig. 3.9 Foam rubber insulation
Foam rubber (also known as cellular, sponge, or expanded rubber) refers to rubber that
has been manufactured with a foaming agent to create an air-filled matrix structure.
Commercial foam rubbers are generally made of either polyurethane or natural latex.
Latex foam rubber, used in mattresses, is well known for its endurance. Polyurethane
is a thermosetting polymer that comes from combination of Methyl di-isocyanate and
polyethylene and some other chemical additives
Rates of polymerization can range from many minutes to just a few seconds. Fast
reacting polymers feature short cycle periods and require the use of machinery to
thoroughly mix the reacting agents. Slow polymers may be mixed by hand, but require
long periods on mixing, as a result industrial application tends to use machinery to mix
products. Product processing can range from a variety of techniques including, but not
limited to spraying, open pouring, and moulding. Material preparation Liquid and
solid material generally arrive on location via rail or truck, once unloaded liquid
materials are stored in heated tanks. When producing slabstock typically two or more

Page 41
polymers streams are used. Mixing Open pouring, better known as continuous
dispensing is used primarily in the formation of rigid, low density foams. Specific
amounts of chemicals are mixed into a mixing head, much like an industrial blender.
The foam is poured onto a conveyor belt, where it then cures for cutting. Curing and
Cutting After curing on the conveyor belt the foam is then forced through a horizontal
band saw. This band saw cuts the pieces in a set size for the application.
Further processing Once cut and cured the slabstock can either be sold or a lamination
process can be applied. This process turns the slabstock into a rigid foam board known
as boardstock. Boardstock is used for metal roof insulation, oven insulation, and many
other durable goods. The main physical properties of foam rubber are generalized as
being “Lightweight, buoyant, cushioning performance, thermal and acoustic
insulation, impact dampening and cost reduction”. Crosslinking technology is used in
the formation of EVA based foams, including LLDPE, LDPE, HDPE, PP, and TPE.
Crosslinking is the most important characteristic in the production of foam rubber to
obtain the best possible foam expansion and physical properties. Crosslinking is
defined as chemical bonding between polymer chains, and is used for foam rubber
manufacturing to stabilize bubble expansion, enhanced resistance to thermal collapse
and improve physical properties.
3.7 Pressure Gauge
The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to straighten
or regain its circular form in cross-section when pressurized. This change in cross-
section may be hardly noticeable, involving moderate stresses within the elastic range
of easily workable materials. The strain of the material of the tube is magnified by
forming the tube into a C shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends to
straighten out or uncoil elastically as it is pressurized. Eugène Bourdon patented his
gauge in France in 1849, and it was widely adopted because of its superior sensitivity,
linearity, and accuracy; Edward Ashcroft purchased Bourdon's American patent rights
in 1852 and became a major manufacturer of gauges. Also in 1849, Bernard Schaeffer
in Magdeburg, Germany patented a successful diaphragm (see below) pressure gauge,
which, together with the Bourdon gauge, revolutionized pressure measurement in

Page 42
industry. But in 1875 after Bourdon's patents expired, his company Schaeffer and Bud
Enberg also manufactured Bourdon tube gauges.
Fig. 3.10 Bourdon pressure gauge
In practice, a flattened thin-wall, closed-end tube is connected at the hollow end to a

fixed pipe containing the fluid pressure to be measured. As the pressure increases, the
closed end moves in an arc, and this motion is converted into the rotation of a
(segment of a) gear by a connecting link that is usually adjustable. A small-diameter
pinion gear is on the pointer shaft, so the motion is magnified further by the gear ratio.
The positioning of the indicator card behind the pointer, the initial pointer shaft
position, the linkage length and initial position, all provide means to calibrate the
pointer to indicate the desired range of pressure for variations in the behaviour of the
Bourdon tube itself. Differential pressure can be measured by gauges containing two
different Bourdon tubes, with connecting linkages. Bourdon tubes measure gauge
pressure, relative to ambient atmospheric pressure, as opposed to absolute pressure;
vacuum is sensed as a reverse motion. Some aneroid barometers use Bourdon tubes
closed at ends (but most use diaphragms or capsules, see below). When the measured
pressure is rapidly pulsing, such as when the gauge is near a reciprocating pump, an
orifice restriction in the connecting pipe is frequently used to avoid unnecessary wear
on the gears and provide an average reading; when the whole gauge is subject to
mechanical vibration, the entire case including the pointer and indicator card can be
filled with an oil or glycerine. Tapping on the face of the gauge is not recommended as
it will tend to falsify actual readings initially presented by the gauge. The Bourdon
tube is separate from the face of the gauge and thus has no effect on the actual reading

Page 43
of pressure. Typical high-quality modern gauges provide an accuracy of ±2% of span,

and a special high-precision gauge can be as accurate as 0.1% of full scale.
3.8 Flow Control Valve
A flow control valve regulates the flow or pressure of a fluid. Control valves normally
respond to signals generated by independent devices such as flow meters or
temperature gauges Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners.
Pneumatically-actuated globe valves and Diaphragm Valves are widely used for
control purposes in many industries, although quarter-turn types such as (modified)
ball and butterfly valves are also used. Control valves can also work with hydraulic
actuators (also known as hydraulic pilots). These types of valves are also known as
automatic control valves. The hydraulic actuators respond to changes of pressure or
flow and will open/close the valve. Automatic control valves do not require an
external power source, meaning that the fluid pressure is enough to open and close
them.
Fig. 3.11 Flow Control Valve
Automatic control valves include pressure reducing valves, flow control valves, back-
pressure sustaining valves, altitude valves, and relief valves. An altitude valve controls
the level of a tank. The altitude valve will remain open while the tank is not full, and
will close when the tanks reaches its maximum level. The opening and closing of the
valve requires no external power source (electric, pneumatic, or manpower); it is done
automatically, hence its name.

Page 44
3.9 Energy Meter
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that
measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an
electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers'
premises for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most
common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh). They are usually read once each billing
period. When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may
measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day"
metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak
high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have
relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods.
Fig. 3.12 Energy Meter
The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian
Ottó Bláthy's patent and named after him was presented by the Ganz Works at the
Frankfurt Fair in the autumn of 1889, and the first induction kilowatt-hour meter was
already marketed by the factory at the end of the same year. These were the first

Page 45
alternating-current watt-hour meters, known by the name of Bláthy-meters. The AC

kilowatt hour meters used at present operate on the same principle as Bláthy's original
invention. Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of the American General Electric
company developed a recording watt meter (watt-hour meter) based on an ironless
commutator motor. This meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type
and could operate on either alternating or direct current.
The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt hour
[kWh], which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a
period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies use the SI mega
joule instead. Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most
often a quarter- or half-hour. Reactive power is measured in "thousands of volt-ampere
reactive-hours", (kvarh). By convention, a "lagging" or inductive load, such as a
motor, will have positive reactive power. A "leading", or capacitive load, will have
negative reactive power. Volt-amperes measures all power passed through a
distribution network, including reactive and actual. This is equal to the product of root-
mean-square volts and amperes.
Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts)

and current (amperes) to give energy used (in joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for
smaller services (such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line
between source and customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load,
current transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with
the service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical
and electronic.

Page 46
3.10 Working
Refrigeration is defined as any process of heat removal. More specifically refrigeration

is defined as the branch of science the deals with the process of reducing and
maintaining the temperature of space or material below the temperature of
surrounding. A refrigeration system is divided in to two parts according to pressure
exerted by the refrigerant in the two parts. The low pressure part of the system consists
of the refrigerant flow control, the evaporator, and the suction line. The pressure
exerted by the refrigerant in these parts is low temperature under which the refrigerant
is vaporising in the evaporator. This pressure is known variously as the low side
pressure, the evaporator pressure, the suction pressure, or the back pressure. During
service operations this pressure is usually measured at compressor.
Fig. 3.13 Actual Setup
The high pressure side of system consist of the compressor, the discharge or hot gas
line, the condenser, the receiver tank and the liquid line. The pressure exerted by
refrigerant in this part of the system is the high pressure under which refrigerant is
condensing in the condenser. This pressure is called as condensing pressure. The
dividing point between the high and low pressure sides of the system are the
refrigerant flow control, where the pressure of refrigerant is reduce from the
condensing pressure to vaporising pressure, and the discharge valves in the

Page 47
compressor, through which the high pressure is exhausted after compression. The
expansion device is installed after condenser, where the temperature and pressure is
reduced by expansion process. This expanded refrigerant is supplied to evaporator in
which refrigerating effect is achieved.
In this project, water cooled condenser is used. As condenser reject heat to

surrounding, it will reject heat to cooling water due to which it will be heated. Solar
collector is used for heating water by using renewable energy source that is solar
energy. The outlet of cooling water of condenser is supplied to inlet of solar collector
which will further heat the water and efficiency of the same will increase.

Page 48
CHAPTER: 04
EXPERIMENTATION

Page 49
4. EXPERIMENTATION
4.1 Analytical Analysis
Designing system for refrigeration capacity of 3.52kW
Let, condenser temperature = 38oC
And evaporator temperature = 3oC
From p-h chart
ℎ1 = 398.93 kJ/kg
ℎ2 = 421.27 kJ/kg
ℎ3 = ℎ4 = 253.18 kJ/kg
Refrigeration capacity is given by,
𝑄𝑟 = 𝑚𝑟 . (ℎ4 − ℎ1 )
3.52 = 𝑚𝑟 . (398.93-253.18)
𝑚𝑟 = 0.024 kg/sec.
From cool pack software,
T2 = 42oC
Now, compressor work is given by,
𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚𝑟 . (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
= 0.024×(421.27-398.93)
𝑊𝐶 = 0.66 kW
Coefficient of performance is given by,
𝑅𝑒
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃𝑡ℎ =
𝑊𝑐

Page 50
3.52
=
0.66
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃𝑡ℎ = 5.3
Condenser calculations:
We know that,
Cooling water inlet temperature = 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 25oC
Assuming mass flowrate of water = 𝑚𝑤 = 0.005 kg/sec.
Now,
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑤 . 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) = 𝑚𝑟 . 𝐶𝑝𝑟 . (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )
𝑄 = 0.024 x 0.88 x (42-38)
𝑄 = 0.085 kW
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑄𝑐 + 𝑄𝑒
𝑄𝑒 = 0.024 x 0.9 x (38-3)
𝑄𝑒 = 0.756 kW
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.841 kW
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑤 . 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 35oC
Now, Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference is given by
(𝑇
𝑤𝑜 −𝑇 )
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = [𝑙𝑛(𝑇 −𝑇𝑤𝑖 )⁄(𝑇
𝑠 −𝑇𝑤𝑖 𝑠 𝑤𝑜 )]
(35−25)
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = [𝑙𝑛(38−25)⁄(38−35)]
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 6.82oC

Page 51
Now, Convection inside Copper tube is given by,
1
𝑅𝑖 = (ℎ
𝑖 .𝐴𝑖 )
1
𝑅𝑖 = (17∗𝜋∗0.008)
𝑅𝑖 = 2.3405 k/W
Convection outside copper tube is given by,
1
𝑅𝑜 = (ℎ
𝑜 .𝐴𝑜 )
1
𝑅𝑜 = (13.1∗𝜋∗0.0085)
𝑅𝑜 = 2.8586 k/W
Also Conduction is given by,
𝑋
𝑅𝑐 =
𝐾𝐴
0.0003
𝑅𝑐 =
385∗𝜋∗(0.0085−0.008)
𝑅𝑐 = 4.9606 k/W
Now finding overall heat transfer coefficient by,
1
= 2.3405 + 4.9606 ∗ 10−4 + 2.8586
𝑈𝐴
𝑈 = 122.436 W/m2K
Now finding area by following equation,
𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
0.841 = 122.436 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 6.82

Page 52
𝐴 = 1.0072 m2
Now No of turns are given by,
𝐴 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝐴𝑆
1.0072 = 𝑁 ∗ (𝜋 ∗ 0.008 ∗ 5.75)
𝑁 = 6.9696 ≈ 7 turns
Solar calculations
Average radiation intensity available in Pune district is 6 kWh/m2
The collector efficiency for parabolic collector is 30% to 40% (0.3 to 0.4)
𝑄 = 6 ∗ 0.3
𝑄 = 1.8 kWh/m2
Heat requirement for water
𝑄𝑤 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐶𝑝 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑄𝑤 = 15 ∗ 103 ∗ 4.187 ∗ 30
𝑄𝑤 = 1.886 ∗ 106
Now,
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑤
𝐴 ∗ 1.8 ∗ 3.6 ∗ 106 = 1.886 ∗ 106
(1.886∗106 )
𝐴 = (1.8∗3.6∗106 )
𝐴 = 0.168 m2
Finding x and y coordinate of parabola

Page 53
For given parabola
𝑋2 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑌
Assuming 𝑋 = 13.5 cm
0.1352 = 0.168 ∗ 𝑌
𝑌 = 0.108 m
Now time required for heating of water by solar collector is given by using following
equations
𝑄 = 𝑘 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐶𝑝 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑄 = 385 ∗ 0.1682 ∗ (50 − 35)
𝑄 = 970.2 kJ
Also,
𝑄 = 15 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 4.187 ∗ (50 − 35)
𝑄 = 0.942 kJ/sec.
Now,
𝑄 970.2
= =𝑡
𝑄 0.942
𝑡 = 1029.85 sec
𝑡 = 17.16 min

Page 54
4.2 Experimental analysis
Actual C.O.P.:-
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡 = Actual Refrigeration Effect (𝑅𝑒 ) / Energy Consumed by Compressor

(𝑊𝐶 )
Actual Refrigeration Effect (𝑅𝑒 ) = [Mass of water cooled (kg) × Specific heat of
water at constant pressure (kJ/kgK) × Temperature difference achieved in cooling (K)]
/ Total time required for water cooling (sec)
⸫ Actual Refrigeration Effect (𝑅𝑒 ) = (15×4.187×11.7) / 3720
⸫ Actual Refrigeration Effect (𝑅𝑒 ) = 0.1975 kW
Energy Consumed by Compressor (𝑊𝐶 ) = [(No. of flashes × 3600) / (Time for flashes
in sec × Energy meter constant)]
⸫ Energy Consumed by Compressor (𝑊𝐶 ) = [(10×3600) / (152.1×3200)]
⸫ Energy Consumed by Compressor (𝑊𝐶 ) = 0.07396 kW
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.1975/0.07396
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2.67

Page 55
Fig. 4.1 CAD model of setup

Page 56
4.3 Daily Observations:-
Table 4.1 Daily Observations
Condenser Mass
Solar outlet Evaporator
outlet flow rate
Day Time temperature temperature
temperature of water
(oC) (oC)
(oC) (kg/min)
9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 37.8 54.1 15.8 0.667

DAY
12 noon to 2 p.m. 40.2 58.4 17.6 0.667
1
3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 38.6 56.1 16.6 0.667
9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 38.2 53.5 15.6 0.667
DAY
12 noon to 2 p.m. 40.7 59.5 17.9 0.667
2
3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 38.4 55.8 16.7 0.667
9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 38.1 54.9 15.9 0.667
DAY
12 noon to 2 p.m. 41.2 60.2 18.3 0.667
3
3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 39.2 56.8 17.1 0.667
9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 37.5 53.2 15.2 0.667
DAY
12 noon to 2 p.m. 40.8 59.9 18.2 0.667
4
3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 38.5 56.2 17.6 0.667
9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 37.4 53.1 15 0.667
DAY
12 noon to 2 p.m. 40.1 57.8 17.2 0.667
5
3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 38.3 55.3 16.8 0.667
9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 38 53.4 15.3 0.667
DAY
12 noon to 2 p.m. 40.6 58.6 17.8 0.667
6
3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 38.4 55.7 16.3 0.667
9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 37.9 53.2 15.9 0.667
DAY
12 noon to 2 p.m. 40.1 57.9 17.1 0.667
7
3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 38.2 55.3 16.3 0.667

Page 57
CHAPTER: 05
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Page 58
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Following tables give information about solar outlet temperatures at various condenser
temperatures and at various mass flow rates
Table 5.1 Condenser temperature and solar outlet temperature
Condenser Temperature Solar outlet temperature

35 52.2
36 53.7
37 54.8
38 56.1
39 58.3
40 60.2
42 63.3
63
61
Solar Outlet Temperature
59
57 Solar outlet
temperature
55
53
51
34 36 38 40 42 44
Condenser Temperature
Fig 5.1 Graph of Condenser temperature vs solar outlet temperature

Page 59
Table 5.2 Mass flow rate and solar outlet Temperature
Mass flow rate Solar output temperature

0.6 70.2
0.62 68.3
0.64 64.8
0.66 60.2
0.68 57.8
0.7 55.4
0.72 53.1
0.74 52.2
0.76 50.2
0.78 48.7
0.8 47.2
74
69
Solar outlet temperature
64
59
Solar outlet
temperature
54
49
44
0.58 0.68 0.78 0.88
Mass flow rate
Fig 5.2 Graph of Mass flow rate vs Solar output Temperature

Page 60
Figure 5.1 is a graphical representation of condenser temperature vs solar outlet

temperature. In this plot mass flow rate of 0.667 kg/min is kept constant. Figure 5.2 is
a graphical representation of mass flow rate vs solar outlet temperature. In this plot
condenser temperature of 40oC is kept constant.
From figure 5.1 it can be clearly seen that, as condenser outlet temperature increases
the solar outlet temperature also increases. This happens because; as we supply water
with higher temperature the time required to heat water by solar collector is less. Due
to this the efficiency of solar collector will increase and time required for heating
water will decrease.
From figure 5.2 it can be seen that as mass flow rate of water inside copper tube
increases the solar outlet temperature decreases. This happens because; when solar
radiation came in contact with water flowing inside copper tube, it absorbs less
amount of heat as mass flow rate is high. For required applications mass flow rate of
water can be controlled by using flow control valve.
From this system we obtained optimum solar outlet temperature at 0.66 kg/min mass
flow rate as required temperature for various applications is about 60oC. We also
obtained optimum solar outlet temperature at 40oC condenser temperature.

Page 61
CHAPTER: 06
ADVANTAGES

Page 62
6. ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEM
1. The main Advantage of the system is reducing work of solar system by recovering
the heat energy from the condenser which is used for heating the water.
2. Minimum time require for heating the water due to increased temperature of
condenser water as compare to other solar system.
3. At the same time heated and cooled water is obtained by this combine heating and
cooling system.
4. Increase the efficiency of the solar system by providing increased temperature of

water due to this reducing work of solar.
5. This system does not affect the COP of the normal refrigerating system.
6. Cooling of water up to 160C and heating up to 600C can be achieved.

Page 63
CHAPTER: 07
APPLICATIONS

Page 64
7. APPLICATIONS
7.1 Domestic Applications
1. Hot water used for washing clothes and utensils.
2. Hot water for bathing.
3. Hot water for spacing heating with humidification.
4. Hot water for maintaining temperature of food in hotels and tavern.
5. Cooled or chilled water for drinking.
7.2 Industrial Applications
1. Hot water used for washing food in food processing industries.
2. Hot water for washing milk cans in dairies.
3. Hot water for paper recycling process in paper mill.
4. Chilled water for space cooling of mechanical equipment rooms within the building.

Page 65
CHAPTER: 08
BILL OF MATERIAL

Page 66
8. BILL OF MATERIAL
I. Material Cost
Sr. No. Name of Component Quantity Price (in Rupees)
1 Compressor 1 No 4500
2 Parabolic Collector 4 m2 5000
3 Copper Tube 9m 2100
4 Dryer Filter 1 No 350
5 Pressure Gauges 2 Nos 800
6 Refrigerant (R134a) 500 gm 250
7 Digital Thermometer 2 Nos 500
8 Brazing Electrode 2 Nos 220
9 Energy Meter 1 No 350
10 Frame 1 No 200
11 Rubber Foam Insulation 1m 150
12 Capillary Tube 1.4 m 350
13 Condenser and evaporator box 2 Nos 400

Total material cost = 14770/-
II. Labour wages = 500/-
III. Miscellaneous cost = 1000/-
IV. Total cost of project = 16270/-

Page 67
CHAPTER: 09
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Page 68
9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
9.1 Conclusion
In this project, design and development of solar assisted combined heating and cooling
is done. This system can operate with or without solar collector. The main objective of
the system is collecting waste heat from condenser.
This system gives C.O.P of 2.67 with water cooling up to 15oC. The modified system
does not affect C.O.P of normal refrigeration system. Condenser outlet temperature of
40 oC is supplied to parabolic solar collector. The solar collector can give output
temperature of 65 oC to 70 oC.
9.2 Future Scope
After implementing combined heating and cooling system of refrigerator the

dependency on heat pump for heating will be eliminated as well as the energy
consumption for heat pump will be neglected.
After implementing this system combined heating and cooling effect can be achieved
simultaneously. This system may work as a portable device, if we use a DC
compressor for same capacity.
Use of renewable energy will minimize the energy consumption which is required for
heating. After using water cooled condenser, the life will increase also it works quietly
than air cooled condensers.

Page 69
REFERENCES

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Introduction and Main Data of Solar Assisted Combined Heating and Cooling System

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Introduction and Main Data of Solar Assisted Combined Heating and Cooling System

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Design and Development of Solar Assisted Combined Heating and Cooling System SPPU

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low-temperature reservoir and

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

refrigeration than the breweries, they ultimately used refrigeration pervasively. By

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

1.1 Problem Statement

In order to reduce dependency on electricity in future for heating/cooling, it will be

In order to reduce dependency on electricity in future for heating/cooling, it will be

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

1.4 Organization of Dissertation

Chapter Three – Chapter three describes construction and working of various

Chapter Six – Chapter six gives advantages of the system.

Chapter Seven – Chapter seven gives applications of the system.

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

in descending order according to their performance. It is necessary to carry out more

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

solar-assisted CCHP system contributes to expand the variations of adjustable cooling

Na Zhang et al. (2017) [22] studied “Advancement of distributed energy methods by a

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

evidence the potential of these solar cooling technologies. Finally, an overview of

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

WAC. Further, an economic analysis of the new WAC revealed an encouraging

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

3. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

Fig. 3 Block diagram of system

Experimental setup consists of following major components:

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

A holding plate type refrigeration/freezer system is quite hard on it's compressor.

Fig. 3.1 Compressor

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR TYPES

 Dynamic displacement compressor.

 Positive displacement compressor.

 Hermetically sealed compressor.

The condenser is an important device used in the high-pressure side of a refrigeration

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Fig. 3.2 Condenser

The working of a condenser may be understood by considering a simple refrigerating

(a)The corresponding p-h diagram showing three stages of a refrigerant cooling is

1. First of all, the superheated vapor is cooled to saturation temperature (called de

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Fig. 3.3 p-h Diagram of simple refrigeration system

Factors Affecting the Condenser Capacity

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

3. Temperature difference the heat transfer capacity of a condenser greatly depends

1. Air cooled condensers,

2. Water cooled condensers, and

These condensers are discussed, in detail, in the following pages.

Air Cooled Condensers

Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala. B.E. (Mechanical)

Water Cooled Condensers