APEx (Analyzing Processes with Excel) Microsoft® Excel® Add-In to accompany Elementary Principles

of Chemical Processes, 4th Edition.

IF AN ERROR MESSAGE HAS POPPED UP ASKING TO UPDATE LINKS:

Click Update, the Edit Links. On the Edit Links dialog:

Click Change Source, then navigate to the location of the Apex.xlam file you downloaded and select
that file. Click OK, then Close the dialog.

A Note to Users:
This spreadsheet serves as an introduction to software intended to accomplish two purposes:
- Faciliate mathematical computation incorporating physical properties and other tabulated data
required in the material and energy balance course
- Train students in proper use of Excel to solve chemical engineering problems, including solution of
systems of algebraic equations using least squares minimization

To partialy accomplish the first of these goals, all of the data in tables are "exposed" as Excel
functions. This means that one could look up electronically most data contained in the text resources
by using an Excel function. Need the molecular weight of heptane? Enter the formula
=MW("heptane"). Need to find the temperature of saturated liquid water at 100 bar? Enter
=SteamSatP(100,"P","T","L") to get the answer.

The second goal is faciliated by the use of an "Equation Solving Wizard" to help students set up
mathematical solutions of the type typically needed in the course in the structure of spreadsheets. It
is hoped that after having the construction of a solution in Excel automated for a problem well
understood they will gain a important skill they can carry on to later courses.

Througout the design of this software, the need to learn important engineering habits is kept
paramount. Units are always an issue, and the software still requires students to think dimensionally.
The data extracted is in the units of the textbook tables, and students will need to either do their
own coversions or learn to use Excel's intrinsic CONVERT() function. While access to Antoine's
coefficient data and even Antoine's equation calculations are available, bubble point calculations are
not provided. There are even places where error trapping has been deliberately omitted-- students
must still critically evaluate their work and take care when performing calculations to ensure
reasonability and appropriateness. Excel comments are added to warn of extrapolation and in some
cases to remind users of units. To maximize the benefits of these comments, it can be helpful to
place only one function call in a formula.

While there will be changes as we move though this process, my hope is that both instructors and
students will find this useful. As feedback is received, the software and its documentation will be
improved.
While there will be changes as we move though this process, my hope is that both instructors and
students will find this useful. As feedback is received, the software and its documentation will be
improved.
ntary Principles

ed and select

rposes:
lated data

ng solution of

s Excel
text resources

Enter

nts set up
preadsheets. It
lem well

is kept
dimensionally.
er do their
ntoine's
alculations are
ed-- students
ensure
n and in some
helpful to

tructors and
tion will be
tructors and
tion will be
 Regression, pp. 24-30 and pp. 607-610
Chapter 2 Notes.
Example 2.7-1, p. 24
Slope1(y_values, x_values) Performs a single parameter least
squares regression assuming a zero y-intercept
Linterp(x_values, y_values, x) Interpolates a “y” value at a Rotameter calibration data is provided.
given “x” value from ranges containing a y_values and Flow Rate
corresponding x_values. If extrapolation is performed a Vdot(L/min)
comment is placed in the returning cell.
20.0
52.1
It is worthwhile to note that Excel does have some unit 84.6
conversion capabilitiy.
118.3
=CONVERT(number, from_unit, to_unit) 151.0
The first argument is the number to be converted, and the The text uses a "visual inspection" approach.
second and third argument are text strings representing units. we can assume that the regression should be
The Excel help file entry for CONVERT() can be helpful when a model of the form y=ax (Model 2). For Mod
learning about the limited set of units are available within SLOPE() and INTERCEPT(). These functions use
Excel. Also useful will be the help file example of how to handle text. However, if you have reason to expect th
compound units (including some volume units). apply equation A.1-6 from the appendix A.1. T
SLOPE1(), where the "1" in the function name
In practice, you will find that proper use of the conversion slope.
factors in the text will be best.

160.0
Best
Practices: 140.0 Calibration
Data
Don't forget
to label your 120.0 Model 1
axes with Model 2
units as 100.0
Vdot (L/min)

appropriate.
80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0 Try it: Add the model fro

text and compare the err
0.0 Make sure you add the n
0 10 20 30 40 R 50 60 70 80 90 100 series to the plot!

Best Practices: Always check your Best Practices:

model by plotting alongside your Legends are
experimental data. Use points for the essential with two
data and a curve (no points) for the or more data
model. series plotted, but
should be omitted
with only one data
series.
Reality Check. Is there a
meaningful difference betwe
the two models? Rotameters
useful, inexpensive devices f
measuring flow rates, but th
are not high accuracy device
 Best Practices: Always check your Best Practices:
model by plotting alongside your Legends are
experimental data. Use points for the essential with two Reality Check. Is there a
data and a curve (no points) for the or more data meaningful difference betwe
model. series plotted, but the two models? Rotameters
should be omitted useful, inexpensive devices f
with only one data measuring flow rates, but th
series. are not high accuracy device

Linear Interpolation
Data from Page 23
x y To interpolate the value of y when x=2.5 using the Linterp() fun
1 0.3 x1= 2
2 0.7 x2= 3 Watch Out! Order of
y1= operation errors are a
3 1.2 0.7 common mistake when using
4 1.8 y2= 1.2 a calculator to perform
interpolation.
x= 2.5
Best Practices: Be explicit Using the forumula: y= 0.95
when identifying parameters Using Linterp(): y= 0.95
to be used in a formula,
especially when you're
learning how to use that Think about how you would tell
formula. someone about the process of
selecting x1,y1 and x2,y2 based
on x. This is the first step in
programming a function like
Linterp().
sion, pp. 24-30 and pp. 607-610
e 2.7-1, p. 24

eter calibration data is provided.

Rotameter Reading
R
10
30
50
70
90
es a "visual inspection" approach. If we use the more rigorous regression approach (see Appendix A.1),
ume that the regression should be of the form y=ax+b, where b is nonzero (Model 1); or, wecan assume
the form y=ax (Model 2). For Model 1, it is appropriate to use the built-in Excel regression functions
d INTERCEPT(). These functions use the same approach as Eq A.1-4 and A.1-5 in Appendix A.1 of the
ver, if you have reason to expect the intercept to be zero and use Model 2, it would be appropriate to
tion A.1-6 from the appendix A.1. This formula has been implemented as the ProPrEx add-in function
where the "1" in the function name is due to the presence of 1 non-zero paremeter in the model, the

Rotameter Reading Flow Rate Model 1 Model 2 Error1^2 Error2^2

R Vdot(L/min)
0 3.15 0
10 20.0 19.56 9.5 0.1936 110.25
30 52.1 52.38 28.5 0.0784 556.96
50 84.6 85.2 47.5 0.36 1376.41
70 118.3 118.02 66.5 0.0784 2683.24
90 151.0 150.84 85.5 0.0256 4290.25

Total error: 0.736 9017.11

Model 1 Slope 1.641
Intercept 3.15

Model 2 Slope 0.95

Try it: Add the model from the

text and compare the error.
Make sure you add the new
series to the plot!
Reality Check. Rotameters tend to
be highly non-linear at the extremes
of the range of flowrates that they
are designed to measure, so forcing
the intercept to zero may not be
needed here.

Reality Check. Is there a

meaningful difference between
the two models? Rotameters are
useful, inexpensive devices for
measuring flow rates, but they
are not high accuracy devices.
 Reality Check. Is there a
meaningful difference between
the two models? Rotameters are
useful, inexpensive devices for
measuring flow rates, but they
are not high accuracy devices.

when x=2.5 using the Linterp() function,

Watch Out! Order of

operation errors are a
common mistake when using
a calculator to perform
interpolation.
 Chapter 3.
BEST PRACTICE: When developin
APEx New Functions a spreadsheet, put your input
For all add-in functions, compound is a text string corresponding to a common values in separate cells from
name of the substance. If you are entering the name as part of a formula, it must formulas and unit conversions.
be in quotes. The same rule applies the vector called elements. See the examples This makes it easier to find error
for both uses. enter vector quantities (lists), an
to use string (groups of
MW(compound) returns the molecular weight of a compount. characters) input values like
MWCalc(elements, counts) calculates a molecular weight given a vector of compound names.
elements and a corresponding vector of atomic counts.
SG(compound) returns the specific gravity. The production version will also
return a comment indicating any special conditions (i.e. a different temperature
or reference temperature).

Think of molecular weight as a

conversion factor between mass and
moles, and don't forget to keep the
Molecular Weights Note how you can units consistent-- g-moles (usually
MW Acetone 58.08 58.08 enter function written as "plain" moles, mol) go
arguments two ways-- with grams, kg-mol with kg, lb-mol
MW(): Look up Mercury 200.61 200.61 which do you think is with lbm, etc. Numerically, each
compounds in the Water 18.016 18.016 more flexible? consistent set has the same
database when numerical value.
possible.

MWCalc(): If the compound is
not in the database, you need
to calculate it from its
molecular formula. Names or
symbols are valid inputs.
H 2
BEST PRACTICE: Reduce significant
O 1 digits displayed to at least a
MW of H2O 18.01534 18.015 reasonable number when reporting
an answer.
hydrogen 2
oxygen 1
MW of H2O 18.01534 TRY IT: Change the names of the cells where
compounds or elements are listed. Think about the
numbers that are returned-- are they reasonable?

Specific Gravity SG Density BEST PRACTICE: Always label results wit

r ref lbm/ft3 g/cm3 kg/m3
Think of specific gravity as a
62.4 lbm/ft
3
Acetone 0.791 49.3584 0.791 791 conversion factor between mass
1.000 g/cm3 Mercury 13.546 845.2704 13.546 and volume. You get to choose
your units by selecting the
1000 kg/m 3
methyl amine 0.699 43.6176 0.699 reference density (make sure you
1.000 kg/L review the definition of specific
Note the comments gravity!)
1.000 ton/m3
(marked by red triangles
1.000 g/mL in the corner). You can TRY IT: Note the '$' in the addresses in the formula in cell H32. The
read helpful information '$' tells Excel not to change the element (column letter or row
about the results by number) that follows when copying or "autofilling" cells. Select cell
hovering the mouse H32 (click on it), then place the cursor over the "handle" on the
pointer over the cell. In lower right of the cell. Click and hold the left mouse button and
this case, the reference "drag" the handle down two cells to complete the table. Then go
temperatures for SG are back and experiment with different combinations of '$' in the
given. formula!
this case, the reference "drag" the handle down two cells to complete the table. Then go
temperatures for SG are back and experiment with different combinations of '$' in the
given. formula!
 BEST PRACTICE: When developing
a spreadsheet, put your input
values in separate cells from
formulas and unit conversions.
This makes it easier to find errors,
enter vector quantities (lists), and
to use string (groups of
characters) input values like
compound names.

nk of molecular weight as a
version factor between mass and
es, and don't forget to keep the
s consistent-- g-moles (usually
tten as "plain" moles, mol) go
h grams, kg-mol with kg, lb-mol
h lbm, etc. Numerically, each
sistent set has the same
merical value.

educe significant
at least a
er when reporting

mes of the cells where

nts are listed. Think about the
rned-- are they reasonable?

ACTICE: Always label results with units!

hink of specific gravity as a

nversion factor between mass
nd volume. You get to choose
ur units by selecting the
ference density (make sure you
view the definition of specific
avity!)

formula in cell H32. The

olumn letter or row
ofilling" cells. Select cell
the "handle" on the
ft mouse button and
ete the table. Then go
nations of '$' in the
 ete the table. Then go
nations of '$' in the
Chapter 4.

This chapter does not require additional

tabular data, but it does require more in terms
of equation solution. Here, the APEx Equation
Solving Wizard (ESW) is introduced to guide
you through use of a spreadsheet to solve a
system of non-linear (or linear) equations.
Note that the Excel Solver add-in must be
installed to use the ESW.

To use the Wizard, click on the Add-ins tab (on

Mac, use the menu to select Solution to Example 4.5-1
View/Toolbars/APEx). Click on the Equation
Solving Wizard button. n1+n5=n2
0.04*n1+0.017*n5=0.023*n2
n2=n3+n4
0.023*n2=n3+0.017*n4
After reading the overview, click Next and n4=n5+100
enter your equations to be solved. You can
copy and paste the equations from Example
4.5-1 at right if you'd prefer. Note how the
ESW tracks your equations and your
variables to ensure you reduce the degrees
of freedom to zero before moving to the
next step.

You can then change the initial guess for

your variables by clicking on the variable
name. Giving guesses on the correct order of
magnitude can improve the liklihood of
solution for mathematically difficult systems.
If you know all of your answers will be
positive, checking the assumption box can
result in a more efficient solution.

The last step is to select where to place your resul

this will overwrite existing data. Note you have the
of using an enhancement for problems whose ans
have widely varying orders of magntude (like mole
and heat duties or large flow rates). The last optio
take a look at the Solver settings before finding a s

Variable n1
Value 102.3958

Equation LHS
n1+n5=n2 392.5174
 0.04*n1+0 9.027899
n2=n3+n4 392.5174
0.023*n2= 9.027899
n4=n5+100390.1215

After the ESW

finishes, you can
run Solver (Data
tab, Analysis
section) again to
resolve the system
with any changes
you've made
without re-
entering anything.

Once you get comfortable with this

setup, you can easily solve systems (and
find parameters for curve fits amongst
other uses) with the same technique.
 select where to place your results. Note
existing data. Note you have the option
cement for problems whose answers
ng orders of magntude (like mole fractions
r large flow rates). The last option lets you
Solver settings before finding a solution.

n2 n3 n4 n5
392.5174 2.395833 390.1215 290.1215

RHS (LHS-RHS)^2
392.5174 8.89E-19
 9.027899 4.52E-16
392.5174 1.03E-18
9.027899 1.38E-19
390.1215 2E-18
SUM 4.56E-16
 Chapter 5 introduces a couple of new properties accessible from APEx.
Tcrit(compound) returns the critical temperature in K
Pcrit(compound) returns the critical pressure of a compound in atm

Example 5.1-1, p. 191

xH2SO4= 0.5 Hover your mouse over the
SG(H2O)= red triangles in the upper
The text cites how it 1.000 left of the SG values. This is
looked up the density of a SG(H2SO4)= 1.834 the refernce state
50% sulfuric acid solution information. In the case of
at 20 oC. We can replicate rref= 1 g/cm3 water, this is telling us this is
the test of the two Using Eq 5.1-1 the SG of water at 4 oC, not
suggested methods of at 20 oC as in the book.
estimating the mixture 1/rbar 0.772628
density from the pure rbar= 1.294 g/cm3
component densities
using Excel and ProPrEx Using Eq 5.1-2
as illustrated here.
rbar= 1.417 g/cm3
Best Practice: Look up values,
then perform calculations using
those values. This allows you to
determine if the values returned
by the function are reasonable.

Example 5.3-1, p. 202 T -150.8 °C Best Practice: Keep

122.35 K your original data
V 3L input separate from
any calculations,
n 2 mol including unit
Vhat 1.5 L/mol conversions.
Tc 126.2 K
Pc 33.5 atm
wN2 0.04
Tr 0.969493

Try it. Complete the rest

of the example in Excel,
and see if you can
identify places you are
likely to make errors in
composing your formula
(or entering operations
into your calculator)
r your mouse over the
riangles in the upper
f the SG values. This is
efernce state
mation. In the case of
r, this is telling us this is
G of water at 4 oC, not
o
C as in the book.

Practice: Look up values,

perform calculations using
e values. This allows you to
rmine if the values returned
he function are reasonable.
 The following APEx functions allow you to access some of the key properties from
the textbook within Excel.

Hv(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of vaporization in

kJ/mol.
Tm(compound) returns the melting point temperature in °C
Hm(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of melting in kJ/mol.
Tb(compound) returns the normal boiling point temperature in °C
VPWater(temperature,[temperature units]) returns the vapor pressure in mm Hg of
water for a given temperature.
AntoineP(compound, temperature, [temperature units]) returns the vapor
pressure in mm Hg of a compound for a given temperature. Take Note: The comme
AntoineT(compound, pressure) returns the temperature in oC for a given vapor returned by AntoineP(
pressure in mm Hg of a compound. warn if the temperatur
outside the bounds of
correlation. Use these
results with care!

Example 6.4-3 part 1

Xbenzene= Watch Out! The Antoine equation
0.4 form in your text requires
Xtoluene= 0.6 temperatures in oC, not K!
This example
demonstrates Temperature= 368.296 K 95.1 °C
how bubble and P*benzene= 1181 mmHg
dew point Here, we vary the temperature to set
calculations can P*toluene= 479 mmHg f(Tbp)=0. The Goal Seek setup is shown
be simplified by below.
using Goal Seek
or Solver in f(Tbp)= 0.000118
conjunction with
the Antoine
equation Pbenzene= 472.6 mmHg
accessed by Ptoluene= 287.4 mmHg
AntoineP() and its
inverse P= 760.0 mmHg
AntoineT(). ybenzene= 0.622 mol Benzene/ mol
ytoluene= 0.378 mol Toluene/ mol

T= 95.14597 °C It doesn't hurt to test the inverse

calculations as we do here, showing the
T= 95.14597 °C calculated vapor pressure yields the
correct temperature as calculated
above. You won't often need to do this
For water, your text provides a table of data for the unless tracking down errors.
vapor pressure of water. This data is more accurate
than the Antoine equation correlation and should be
used for water. Example 6.3-3 below shows how we
might use the VPWater() function.

Example 6.3-2, p. 251

T= 100 °C
 P= 5260 mm Hg
yH2O= 0.100

pH2O=yH2OP= 526 mm Hg Here we use Goal Seek to vary T

until p*=pH2O. The value of T is used
pH2O=p*H2O(Tdp), Tdp= 90.0 °C in the VPWater() function. Solver
p*= 526.0001 can be used here as well.
 Take Note: The comments
returned by AntoineP()
warn if the temperature is
outside the bounds of the
correlation. Use these
results with care!

ch Out! The Antoine equation

m in your text requires
peratures in oC, not K!

he temperature to set
oal Seek setup is shown

est the inverse

do here, showing the
ressure yields the
re as calculated
ften need to do this
wn errors.
 Chapter 7 requires use of the steam tables. SteamSatT() interpolates results from
Table B.5; SteamSatP() from Table B.6; and SteamSH from Table B.7.
Note that in table B.6 both U and H are not monotonic (multiple pressures may
satisfy a given value of U or H). The lowest pressure solution will be returned
unless otherwise specified in the last optional argument.

SteamSatT(value,typegiven, typetoreturn, [phase]) For the “value” given of

“typegiven”, returns the quantity of the type “typetoreturn” from the saturated
steam temperature table. Warns of extrapolation. Valid types of parameters 2 and
3 are “T”, “P”, “V”, “U”, and “H”. Phase must be specified when returning V, U, and
H. Valid phases are “L” and “V”.
SteamSatP(value,typegiven, typetoreturn, [phase], [root]) For the “value” given
of “typegiven”, returns the quantity of the type “typetoreturn” from the saturated
steam pressure table. Valid types of parameters 2 and 3 are “T”, “P”, “V”, “U”, and
“H”. Phase must be specified when returning V, U, and H. Valid phases are “L”, “E”,
and “V”. For some “typegiven” quantities (U and H for vapor), multiple solutions
are possible. The last optional parameter “root” can be specified as requesting the
lower pressure root (“L”, default), or the upper pressure root (“U”).
SteamSH(value1, value2, typegiven1, typegiven2, typetoreturn, [phase]) For the
“value1” of “typegiven1” and “value2” of “typegiven2”, returns the value for
“typegiven3”. Valid types for value1 are “T” and “P”; all other types may be “T”,
“P”, “V”, “U”, or “H”. Phase is assumed vapor unless otherwise specified.

UNITS for all: Temperatures in oC, pressures in bar, specific volumes in m3/kg,
specific enthalpies and specific internal energies in kJ/kg

-2878.5

The following examples demonstrate how the functions may be used to obtain values from the steam tables.

Example 7.5-2, p.328

Determine vapor pressure, specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy of saturated steam at 133.5 °C.
T= 133.5 °C
From Table B.5 (extrapolated) From Table B.6 Try it. Replace the given
temperature with some values
p*= 2.260975 bar p*= 3.0 within the range of Table B.5
Vhat= -0.11925 m3/kg Vhat= 0.606 m3/kg (between 0 and 100 oC) and
confirm you get essentially the
Uhat= 2540.5 kJ/kg Uhat= 2543 kJ/kg same results for each table when
Hhat= 2726.25 kJ/kg Hhat= 2724.7 kJ/kg interpolating.
Did you notice? This demonstrates
the danger of extrapolation
significantly beyond the range of your
tabular data.

Show that water at 400 °C and 10 bar is superheated steam and determine its specific volume,
specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy relative to liquid water at the triple point, and its
dew point.
 Show that water at 400 °C and 10 bar is superheated steam and determine its specific volume,
specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy relative to liquid water at the triple point, and its
dew point.

Concluding that the given point is outside the closed region is far easier examining the table in print. Once that is done,
we can use SteamSH to calculate the desired quantities:
T= 400 °C
P= 10 bar
Hhat= 3264 kJ/kg
Uhat= 2958 kJ/kg
Vhat= 0.307 m3/kg
The dew point at this pressure is more readily determined from the saturated steam table.
Tdp= 179.9 °C

The remainder of the examples here only demonstrate accessing steam table values needed for the problem solution.

Example 7.5-3, p. 329

P= 10 bar P= 1 bar
T= 370 °C
Hhat in= 3201 kJ/kg Hhat out= 2675.4 Try it. For one or more of these examples, set
up a problem where you attempt to
determine the pressure (or temperature)
Example 7.6-1, p. 330 given the enthalpy already calculated. Use
Goal Seek or Solver. For example, in Example
Liquid feed 1 Liquid feed 2 7.5-3, assume you don't know the pressure
and start with a guess of P =1 bar. Now in
Assume saturated Assume saturated Solver or Goal Seek vary P until Hhat in is
T= 30 °C T= 65 °C equal to 3201 kJ/kg. Did you get the same
Hhat 1= 125.7 kJ/kg Hhat 2= 272.05 kJ/kg result? If not, why? Repeat using a guess of
P=15 bar.

Vapor product
Saturated vapor
P= 17 bar
Hhat= 2793.4 kJ/kg

Example 7.6-3, p. 332

Turbine discharge Feed steam

saturated, 1 atm T= 400 °C
P= 1 atm P= 1 atm
1.01325 bar 1.01325 bar
Hhat 1= 2676 kJ/kg Hhat 2= 3277.98 kJ/kg

Product
T= 300 °C
P= 1 atm
1.01325 bar
Hhat 3= 3073.97
e steam tables.

place the given

ure with some values
e range of Table B.5
0 and 100 oC) and
ou get essentially the
ults for each table when
ting.
 print. Once that is done,

or the problem solution.

or more of these examples, set

where you attempt to
pressure (or temperature)
alpy already calculated. Use
olver. For example, in Example
you don't know the pressure
a guess of P =1 bar. Now in
Seek vary P until Hhat in is
kJ/kg. Did you get the same
why? Repeat using a guess of
 The key addition for Chapter 8 is the need to account for energy change due to temperature change
by integral of heat capacity functions. The Enthalpy() function uses the coeeficients in the text and
integrates the resulting function.

Other lookup functions in this chapter include heats of solution/mixing, and approximating heat
capacity with Kopp's Rule.

Enthalpy(compound, T1, T2, [temperature units],[state]) Integrates the constant pressure heat
capacity correlations for a temperature change from T1 to T2 in kJ/(mol·°C). If temperature units
are not specified (“K”, “R”, “F”) units of °C are assumed. If state (“l”, “g”, “c”) is not specified, the first
entry in the table is used. If either temperature is outside of the correlation range, a comment is set
for the calling cell indicating “Out of Range”. If multiple coefficient sets are available for a given
species and state, coefficients for the narrowest range containing T1 and T2 is used.
HsHCl(r) Returns the integral heat of solution at 25 °C for HCl at a given value of r(mol H 2O/mol
solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a comment is
added to the calling cell. The heat of solution at infinite dilution is returned by entering r as “inf”.
HsNaOH(r) Returns the integral heat of solution at 25 °C for NaOH at a given value of r(mol
H2O/mol solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a
comment is added to the calling cell. The heat of solution at infinite dilution is returned by entering
r as “inf”.
HmH2SO4(r) Returns the integral heat of mixing at 25 °C for H 2SO4 at a given value of r(mol
H2O/mol solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a
comment is added to the calling cell. The heat of mixing at infinite dilution is returned by entering r
as “inf”.
Kopps(elements, number_atoms, [phase]) Returns an estimate using Kopp’s Rule of the constant
pressure heat capacity of a substance. Elements is a range of cells containing element symbols, and
number_atoms is a range of cells containing the number of atoms for each element in the first
argument. If phase is not specified (“s”, “l”) a liquid is assumed.

Also remember these functions introduced earlier:

Hv(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of vaporization in kJ/mol.
Tm(compound) returns the melting point temperature in °C
-2878.5the specific molar enthalpy change of melting in kJ/mol.
Hm(compound) returns
Tb(compound) returns the normal boiling point temperature in °C

Example 8.3-2, p. 369

compound nitrogen
T1= 20
T2= 100
n= 100 mol/min
Watch Out. Don't forget to
deltaH= 2.332376 kJ/mol restrict the number of
Q= 233 kJ/min significant digits you display
for your answer!
 significant digits you display
for your answer!

Example 8.3-4, page 373 Example 8.4-3, p. 382

n (mol/h)= 150 compound: methanol

nC2H6 = 0.60 Tbp= 64.7 °C
nC3H8 = 0.40 337.85 K
T1(°C)= 0 Tc= 513.2 K
T2(°C)= 400
Estimating heat of vaporization using Trouton's Rule
∆ĤC2H6 = 29.7 ∆Ĥv = 36.82565 kJ/kg
∆ĤC3H8 = 42.7 Compare with literature value
∆Ĥv = 35.27 kJ/kg
∆Ĥmix (kJ/mol)= 34.9

Q (kJ/h) = 5234

Example 8.5-1, p. 397

APEx functions can be used in two parts of this problem.
Hhat1= 2.181544 kJ/kg

For the product solution

r= 8.10219
deltaHhatA= -67.4252
erature change
n the text and

mating heat

ressure heat
erature units
ecified, the first
comment is set
or a given

ol H 2O/mol
mment is
ng r as “inf”.
of r(mol
ated a
ed by entering

f r(mol
ated a
d by entering r

of the constant
t symbols, and
n the first

ol.
g Trouton's Rule
 You will continue to find APEx functions handy in Chapter 9 when
composing your enthalpy tables. New functions are introduced to allow
access to heats of formation and combustion.

DeltaHfg(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the

compound in the gaseous state in kJ/mol
DeltaHf(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the
compound in the liquid state in kJ/mol
DeltaHfaq(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the
compound in aqueous solution in kJ/mol
DeltaHfc(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the
compound in crystalline form in kJ/mol
DeltaHcg(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the gaseous state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcl(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the liquid state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcc(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the crystalline state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcs(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the solid state in kJ/mol

Example 9.1-1, p. 443

We can recalculate the heat of reaction in part 1 using the heat of combustion:
(ΔĤr°)= -2878.5

Example 9.3-1, p. 447

For the reaction
C5H12(l)+8O2(g)--> 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
ni Don't Forget the sign
(ΔĤf°)C5H12(l)= convention for
-173 kJ/mol -1 stoichiometric
(ΔĤf°)O2(g)= 0 kJ/mol -8 coefficients: negative for
(ΔĤf°)CO2(g)= -393.5 kJ/mol 5 reactants, positive for
products.
(ΔĤf°)H2O(l)= -285.84 kJ/mol 6

ΔĤr°= -3509.54 kJ/mol

Note the use of the
SUMPRODUCT() function
to simplify the formula
calculating the heat of
reaction.

Example 9.4-1, p. 449

Calculate the standard heat of reaction for the dehydrogenation of ethane:
 C6H6→C2H4 + H2

Solution: ni
(ΔĤc°)C2H6= -1559.9 kJ/mol -1
(ΔĤc°)C2H4= -1410.99 kJ/mol 1
(ΔĤc°)H2= -285.84 kJ/mol 1

ΔĤr°= -136.93 kJ/mol