Derek Supple, MIT Energy Club

Units & Conversions Fact Sheet http://web.mit.edu/mit_energy

Latest Update: 4/15/2007
Prefixes Mass Distance Volume
1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 cm = 0.4 in 1 L = 0.264 gal = 1000 cm3 (ml)
Metric
pico (p) = 10-12 1 lb = 453.6 g = 16oz 1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd 1 m3 = 1000 L = 35.3 ft3 = 264 gal
nano (n) = 10-9 1 metric tonne = 1,000kg = 2,205lb 1 km = 0.62137 mi = 199 rod 1 gal = 3.785 L = 4 qt = 16 c = 128 oz
micro (µ) = 10-6 1 US short ton = 907kg = 2,000lb 1 mi = 1.609km 1 ft3 = cf = 28.32 L = 7.482 gal
deca (da) = 101 1 UK long ton = 1,016kg = 2,239lb 1 smoot = 1.702 m = 5.83 ft 1 bbl = 42 U.S. gal = 159 L = 5.6 ft3
kilo (k) = 103 1 cord = 128 ft3 = 3.62 m3
mega (M) = 106 Temperature Area
°F = 1.8 • °C + 32 1 m2 = 10.765 ft2 1 ac-ft = 43560 ft3 = 325,851 gal
giga (G) = 109
tera (T) = 1012 °K = (°F – 32) • 5/9 + 273.15 2 2
1 km = 0.386 mi = 10 m 6 2 1 km3 = 0.24 mi3 = 810,713 acre-ft
3
peta (P) = 1015 Time 1 ha = 104 m2 = .01 km2 = 2.47 ac 1 bu = 4 pck = 8 gal = 35.2 L = 2,150 in
exa (E) = 1018 1 mi2 = 2.6 km2 = 640 ac Flow Rates
zetta (Z) = 1021 3,600 sec/hour 730 hour/month
1 ac = 4,047 m2 = 43,560 ft2 1mbd = 1 Mbbl/day = 15.34 Ggal/yr
365.25 day/year 8,766 hour/year
Pressure = 694.4 bbl/min = 11.57 bbl/sec
Roman 31,536,000 sec/year
m = 103 1MPa = 10bar = 9.87atm = 145psi = 485.9 gal/sec
Fuel Economy 1 ft 3
/s = 641 bbl/hr = 449 gal/min (gpm)
mm = 106 1atm = 1.0132 bar = 760 mmHg
quad = 1015 1mpg = 0.4251 km/L 3 1 bbl oil/day ≈ 50 metric ton oil/yr
= 14.696 psi = 10.33 ton/m
mpg = 235.2/ L/100 km 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s = 0.00442 ac-ft/day
Energy Unit Conversion Density
1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2 = 0.239 cal = 0.74 ft-lb Water = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1 kg/L = 1 metric tonne/m3
1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 4.187 KJ = 3.968 Btu Air at Sea Level = 1.2 kg/m3
1 KJ = 0.239 Cal = 0.947817 Btu ≈ 0.95 Btu Crude Oil = 0.88 (0.75 -0.98) kg/L = 7.34 lb/gal = 140 kg/bbl
1 Btu = 1,055.056 J = 0.252 kcal Gasoline = 0.745 kg/L = 6.22 lb/gal
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ = 3,412 Btu; (1MWh = 3.6 GJ = 3.412 mmBtu) Diesel = 0.837 kg/L = 7.00 lb/gal; Biodiesel = 0.880 kg/L
1 mmBtu = 106 Btu = 1.055 GJ = 1 decatherm Ethanol = 0.789 kg/L = 6.58 lb/gal
1 mcf nat. gas (LHV) = 10.27 therm = 1.027 mmBtu = 1.082 GJ Methanol = 0.792 kg/L = 6.61 lb/gal
1 toe = 41.868 GJ = 39.683 mmBtu = 11.63 MWh = 7.33bbl Nat. Gas = 0.717 kg/m3 = 44.8 lb/mcf
1 tce = 29.308 GJ = 27.778 mmBtu = 8.141 MWh CNG @ 20MPa= 0.185 kg/L = 11.5 lb/ft3 = 5.66 lb/gge
1 Quad = 1015 Btu = 1.055 EJ = 293 TWh = 25.2 Mtoe=.974 TCF LPG (propane) = 0.540 kg/L = 33.7 lb/ft3
1 EJ = 109 GJ = 1018 J = .95 Quad Hydrogen = 0.025 kg/L (35MPa); 0.08988 kg/m3 (STP)
1 TWyr = 31.5 EJ = 29.86 Quad Coal ≈ 1.32 kg/L = 1230 metric ton/ha-m = 1800 sht ton/acre-foot
Energy Content (Lower Heating Values) (ton = metric tonne) API Gravity = (141.5/[Density in g/cm3 at 60 °F]) - 131.5
Light Crude API > 31.1º; Heavy API < 22.3º; Bitumen API ~ 8º
Crude Oil = 6.119 GJ/bbl = 5.8 mmBtu/bbl = 39.7 mmBtu/ton
= 145.7 MJ/gal = 38.5 MJ/L = 43.8 MJ/kg (GJ/ton) Power Unit Conversion
Gasoline = 121.3 MJ/gal (= 32.1 MJ/L = 43.1 MJ/kg = 115 mBtu/gal) 1 W = 1 J/s = 3.6 kJ/hour = 31.5 MJ/year
Diesel = 135.5 MJ/gal (= 35.8 MJ/L = 42.8 MJ/kg = 128 mBtu/gal) 1 kW = 1.341 hp = 738ft-lb/s
Biodiesel = 124.8 MJ/gal (= 33.0 MJ/L = 37.5 MJ/kg = 121 mBtu/gal) 1 hp = 745.7 W = 0.7068 Btu/s
Ethanol = 80.2 MJ/gal (= 21.2 MJ/L = 26.9 MJ/kg = 76 mBtu/gal) 1 TW = 1012 W = 31.5 EJ/year
Methanol = 60.4 MJ/gal (= 15.9 MJ/L = 20.1 MJ/kg = 57 mBtu/gal) 1 ton-refrigeration = 12,000 Btu/hr = 200 Btu/min = 3.517 kW
UN Standard Coal = 30 GJ/ton Historic US Retail Prices (US2000$/GJ)
Bituminous = 27-30 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 25-28 mmBtu/ton 60
Sub-Bitum. = 20-26 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 19-24 mmBtu/ton 45
$/GJ

Lignite = 10-19 GJ/ton (MJ/kg) = 9-18 mmBtu/ton

Nat Gas @ STP = 53.2 MJ/kg =38.2 MJ/m3 =1027 Btu/ft3 30
CNG @ 20 MPa = 50.0 MJ/kg = 9.3 MJ/L = 249.6 mBtu/ft3 15
H2 @ 35MPa (HHV) =120.0 MJ/kg = 2.7 MJ/L = 72.5 mBtu/ft3 0
LPG @ 1.5 MPa = 88.1 MJ/gal = 23.3 MJ/L = 625.5 mBtu/ft3 eO
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Air-Dried Wood(20% Moisture Content) = 15 GJ/ton Cr ino Na
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Uranium = 80 GJ/g fissioned = 400 GJ/kg mined (fn’d =.5% mn’d) Bit

Energy of Familiar Phenomena/Society Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Factors

Quart of Boiling Water = 3 MJ 1 wooden match = 1 Btu
Melt 1 lb Ice = 151 kJ = 143 Btu
1-GWe Plant running 24 hrs = 260 TJ
Daily Human Metabolism = 2500 kCal/day = 120 W
Compact Passenger Car at steady 60 mph:
Chem. Energy Consumption = 70 kW = 94 hp
Mech. Energy Production = 15 kW = 20 hp
’05 US Oil Use = 20.55 Mbpd = 7.506 Gbbl/yr = 238 bbl/sec
’05 Global Oil Use = 84.37 Mbpd = 31.89 Gbbl/yr = 976.5 bbl/sec
’05 US Primary Energy Use ≈ 3.35 TW ≈ 105 EJ/yr ≈ 100 quad/yr
’05 Global ≈ 16 TW ≈ 504 EJ/yr ≈ 480 quad/yr
Solar Influx at Earth Surface ≈ 100 PW = 3.1 YJ/yr = 200 W/m2
Note: 44/12 or 3.667 ton CO2 emissions per ton C emissions
Natural Gas = 121 lb/mcf = 117.1 lb/mmBtu = 50.3 kg/GJ
Gasoline = 19.56 lb/gal = 156.4 lb/mmBtu = 67.2 kg/GJ
Diesel = 22.38 lb/gal = 161.4 lb/mmBtu = 69.4 kg/GJ
Bt. Coal = 4,931 lb/sht ton = 205.3 lb/mmBtu = 88.3 kg/GJ
Petrol Coke = 32.40 lb/gal = 225.1 lb/mmBtu = 96.8 kg/GJ
Electric US Av = 1.34 lb/kWh = 0.608 ton/MWh = 168.8 kg/GJ
Coal-fired Elec = 2.095 lb/kWh = .95 kg/kWh = 260 kg C/MWh
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (ττ = 100yr)
CO2 = 1 CH4 = 23 N2O = 296 SF6 = 22,200
HFCs = 12 - 12,000 PFCs = 5,700 - 11,900
 Rules of Thumb
• 1 Btu = 1,055 J • 1 gallon gasoline equivalent (gge) =
121 MJ = 115,000 Btu = 1 kg H2 = 1.5 gal EtOH
• 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ = 3,412 Btu
• 1 million barrel oil per day (mbd) =
• 1 hp = 746 W 486 gal/sec = 2.2TJ/yr = 4232 metric ton C/yr

• 1 TW ≈ 30 Quad/yr ≈ 32 EJ/yr • Nat.Gas: 1 mscf = 0.2832 Nm3 = 1.027 mmBtu = 10.27 therm

• 23.52 mpg
10 L/100km
• 3.667 (44/12) ton CO2 per ton C

234 g TtW CO2/km
0.832 lb TtW CO2/mi
• 1 Quad = 1015 Btu ≈ 1.05 EJ ≈ 25 Mtoe ≈ 300TWh ≈ 0.974 tcf natural gas

Sources
This sheet was compiled based on several other useful fact sheets and online resources:
• Holdren, J. and H. Lee (2006) ENR302 Course Notes: “Some Units Constants, and Conversions” and “Energy
of Familiar Phenomena”
• International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Statistics Unit Converter
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/unit.asp
• U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA). Kid's Page Energy Calculator
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/energy_calculator.html
• BP plc, Statistical Review of World Energy 2006, Conversion Factors
http://www.bp.com/conversionCalculator.do?&contentId=7017990&categoryId=91
• EIA AER “Other Physical Conversion Factors”
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec13_13.pdf
• DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) Fuel Properties Table
http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/fueltable.pdf
• Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) Bioenergy Program, Conversion Factor Reference
http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html
• United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) “Regional Study on Wood Energy Today and
Tomorrow” http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W7744E/w7744e07.htm

Other Physical Property (LHV, Density, Emission Factor) Data Sources

• Wang, Michael Q. (2006) “The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation
(GREET) Model.” Version 1.7. http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/index.html
• Farrell, A.E. et al. (2005) EBAMM Release 1.0. http://rael.berkeley.edu/ebamm/
• Brown, D., J. Gillette, B. James, et al. (2006) Hydrogen Analysis (H2A) Project model version 1.0.11, “Physical
Property Data” http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/h2a_production.html
• Weiss, M. A., J. B. Heywood, et al. (2000). “On the Road in 2020, a Life-Cycle Analysis of New Automobile
Technologies.” Cambridge, MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Energy Laboratory. MIT EL 00-003
RP. http://lfee.mit.edu/public/el00-003.pdf
• Hong, B.D. and E.R. Slatick (1994) “Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal.” Energy Information
Administration, Quarterly Coal Report. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/quarterly/co2_article/co2.html
• EIA, Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program, Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission
Coefficients http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/factors.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/gg97rpt/appb.html
• IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs,
D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. (eds.)]. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, 881pp. Technical Summary. Section C6. p.47 .
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/020.htm#c6
Historic Price Range Data Sources
• EIA (2006) Annual Energy Review 2005 and Monthly Energy Review http://www.eia.doe.gov/overview_hd.html
• EIA Petroleum Navigator http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_top.asp
• EIA Coal News and Markets http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coalnews/coalmar.html
• Bloomberg Energy Market Data http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/
• State of Nebraska Energy Statistics http://www.neo.state.ne.us/statshtml/66.html
OIL INDUSTRY CONVERSIONS

Crude petroleum, and the refined products made from crude oil, are
normally measured either by volume in gallons and US barrels, or by weight
in tons or tonnes. The relationship between volume and weight is usually
measured by density in the United Kingdom (the alternative measure is
relative density or specific gravity). American oilmen usually reckon
quantities of oil produced, moved or processed in barrels per day (bpd
or b/d). The loose but simple rule of thumb for conversion is that a barrel
a day is roughly 50 tonnes a year, but the relationship varies according
to density and so according to product.

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR OIL

-----------------------------------------------------------------
At 86°F (30°C)
----------- Approximation -------------------
Liters Liters A.Gallons A.Barrels
Product per per per per
E.Ton M.Ton M.Ton M.Ton
-----------------------------------------------------------------
L.P.G 1,864 1,835 484.6 11.54
JP.4 1,355 1,333 352.4 8.39
Jet A-1 1,274 1,254 331.2 7.89
Premium 1,375 1,353 357.5 8.51
Regular 1,440 1,418 374.5 8.92
Kerosene 1,293 1,273 336.2 8.00
Gas Oil 1,197 1,177 311.2 7.41
Diesel Fuel 1,177 1,159 306.1 7.29
Fuel oil 80 CST 1,082 1,065 281.2 6.70
Fuel oil 180 CST 1,067 1,050 277.4 6.60
Fuel oil 230 CST 1,064 1,047 276.6 6.59
Fuel oil 280 CST 1,061 1,044 275.9 6.57
Bitumen 994 979 258.5 6.15
-----------------------------------------------------------------
..

1 MMSCF of natural gas = 172.3 barrels of crude oil equivalent

= 365 x 1,000,000 scf
1 million cu.ft. of natural gas = 18.91 tons liquid
= 1598.69 cu.ft.liquid
1 std.cu.feet of natural gas = 1000 BTU = 252 kilocalories
1 m.ton of coal = 4.879 barrels of crude oil equivalent
1 m.ton of lignite = 2.053 barrels of crude oil equivalent
1 ltr of fuel oil 1500 sec = 38.9 cubic feet of natural gas
1 kg of LPG = 47.0 cubic feet of natural gas
1 normal cu.m. per day (Nm3/d) = 37.33 standard cu.ft. per day (SCFD)
[flow rate of gas]
1 ton of LNG = 1.14 1.4 x 103 normal cu.m.natural
(LNG conversions) gas (Nm3)
= 52.3 x 103 standard cubic feet natural
gas (SCF)
= 55.0 x 109 joules (HHV)
1 ton of LNG = 1.22 tonne crude oil
(energy equivalents) = 0.80 tonne heavy fuel oil
= 0.91 tonne LPG (commercial composition)
= 1.91 tonne coal
1 barrel per day (b/d) = 50 tonnes per year (approx.)
1 barrel of oil equivalent = 1 barrel of crude oil
= 5,487 cubic feet of gas *
* Natural gas is converted to barrels of oil equivalent using a ratio of
5,487 cubic feet of natural gas per one barrel of crude oil. This ratio is
based on the actual average equivalent energy content of TOTAL's natural gas
reserves.
1 barrel of crude oil per day = appr. 50 tons of crude oil per year
1 ton of crude oil = 1 metric ton of crude oil
= appr. 7.3 barrels of crude oil (assuming
a specific gravity of 33 API)
= 6.6-8.0 bbl. of crude oil with 7.333 bbl.
taken as average
= 1.16 kl. of crude oil (average)
1 ton of oil equivalent = appr. 1,125 cubic meters of natural gas

2 de 15
MMSCF Million standard cubic feet
CST Centi-Stroke
A. American
E. English

VOLUME 1 American barrel = 158.984 liters

= 42 American (US) gallons
= 34.9726 Imperial (UK) gallons
= 5.6146 cubic feet
= 0.15899 cubic metre
= 3.78541 cubic decimeters (dm3)
= 0.136 tonne (approx)
1 American gallon = 231 cubic inches
= 0.133681 cubic foot
= 3.7854 liters
= 0.0238095 American barrel
= 0.83268 Imperial gallon
= 0.0037854 cubic meter
1 Imperial gallon = 277.42 cubic inches
= 1.20094 American gallons
= 4.54609 liters
= 0.028594 American barrel
= 0.160544 cubic foot
= 0.004561 cubic meter
1 liter = 1,000 cubic centimeters
= 1 cubic decimeter (dm3)
= 0.035314 cubic foot
= 61.024 cubic inches
= 1.7597 pints
= 0.219969 Imperial gallon
= 0.26417 American gallon
1 kiloliter = 1,000 cubic decimeters (dm3)
= 6.28981 American barrels
1 gross ton = 100 cubic feet or 2.83 cubic metres of
(shipping) permanently enclosed space
1 cubic meter = 35.315 cubic feet
..

1 MMSCF of natural gas = 172.3 barrels of crude oil equivalent

= 365 x 1,000,000 scf
1 million cu.ft. of natural gas = 18.91 tons liquid
= 1598.69 cu.ft.liquid
1 std.cu.feet of natural gas = 1000 BTU = 252 kilocalories
1 m.ton of coal = 4.879 barrels of crude oil equivalent
1 m.ton of lignite = 2.053 barrels of crude oil equivalent
1 ltr of fuel oil 1500 sec = 38.9 cubic feet of natural gas
1 kg of LPG = 47.0 cubic feet of natural gas
1 normal cu.m. per day (Nm3/d) = 37.33 standard cu.ft. per day (SCFD)
[flow rate of gas]
1 ton of LNG = 1.14 1.4 x 103 normal cu.m.natural
(LNG conversions) gas (Nm3)
= 52.3 x 103 standard cubic feet natural
gas (SCF)
= 55.0 x 109 joules (HHV)
1 ton of LNG = 1.22 tonne crude oil
(energy equivalents) = 0.80 tonne heavy fuel oil
= 0.91 tonne LPG (commercial composition)
= 1.91 tonne coal
1 barrel per day (b/d) = 50 tonnes per year (approx.)
1 barrel of oil equivalent = 1 barrel of crude oil
= 5,487 cubic feet of gas *
* Natural gas is converted to barrels of oil equivalent using a ratio of
5,487 cubic feet of natural gas per one barrel of crude oil. This ratio is
based on the actual average equivalent energy content of TOTAL's natural gas
reserves.
1 barrel of crude oil per day = appr. 50 tons of crude oil per year
1 ton of crude oil = 1 metric ton of crude oil
= appr. 7.3 barrels of crude oil (assuming
a specific gravity of 33 API)
= 6.6-8.0 bbl. of crude oil with 7.333 bbl.
taken as average
= 1.16 kl. of crude oil (average)
1 ton of oil equivalent = appr. 1,125 cubic meters of natural gas
 31 0.871 7.24 7.36
32 0.865 7.28 7.40
33 0.860 7.33 7.45
34 0.855 7.37 7.49
35 0.850 7.42 7.54
36 0.845 7.46 7.58
37 0.840 7.51 7.63
38 0.835 7.55 7.67
39 0.830 7.60 7.72
40 0.825 7.64 7.76
41 0.820 7.69 7.81
42 0.816 7.73 7.85
----------------------------------------------
* Approx. figures 60°F
141.5
Specific gravity = ------------
131.5 + °API

POWER AND HEAT UNITS

1 HP (UK Horsepower) = 550 foot pounds per second
= 0.7457 kilowatt
= 1.014 PS (or Cheval Vapeur)
1 PS (Pferdestaerke) = 542 foot pounds per second
or CV (Cheval Vapeur) = 0.986 hp
= 0.736 kW
1 kW (Kilowatt) = 1,000 watts
= 1,340 hp
= 1.359 PS or CV
= 737 foot pounds per second
1 foot pound per second = 0.00136 kilowatt
= 0.00182 hp
= 0.00184 PS or CV
1000 Btu = 0.293 kWh
100,000 Btu = 1 therm
1 calorie (dieticians') = 4.1855 kilojoules
1 Therm = 100,000 Btu (British Thermal Units)
 = 25,200 kilocalories
= 25.2 thermies
= 29.3 kilowatt hours
1000 kilocalories = 3,968 Btu
(Large Calories) = 1.163 kilowatt hours
= 1 thermie
1 kilowatt hour = 3,411 Btu
= 1.340 hp hours
= 859.6 kilocalories

LIQUEFIED METHANE
1 Ton of Liquefied = approximately 16 barrels
Methane = approximately 50,000 cubic feet
(1400 cubic meters) of natural gas,
depending on methane content

PRODUCT SPECIFIC GRAVITY RANGES

---------------------------------------------------
Spec. Barrels per
Gravity metric ton
---------------------------------------------------
Crude oils 0.80-0.97 8.0-6.6
Aviation gasolines 0.70-0.78 9.1-8.2
Motor gasolines 0.71-0.79 9.0-8.1
Kerosines 0.78-0.84 8.2-7.6
Gas oils 0.82-0.90 7.8-7.1
Diesel oils 0.82-0.92 7.8-6.9
Lubricating oils 0.85-0.95 7.5-6.7
Fuel oils 0.92-0.99 6.9-6.5
Asphaltic bitumens 1.00-1.10 6.4-5.8
---------------------------------------------------

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FULES

Rough gross values in Btu per lb
-------------------------------------
Crude oils 18,300-19,500
Gasolines 20,500
Kerosines 19,800
.

Benzole 18,100
Ethyl alcohol 11,600
Gas oils 19,200
Fuel oils (bunker) 18,300
Coal (bituminous) 10,200-14,600
LNG 22,300
LPG (butane) 21,300
-------------------------------------

TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPORT STREAMS

----------------------------------------
MIRI Bintulu Labuan
----------------------------------------
API Gravity 33° 35° 32°
Pour Point 45°F 15°F 45°F
Wt. % Sulphur 0.07 0.1 0.07
----------------------------------------

PRESSURE
1 Bar = 0.987 atmospheres
= 750.1 mm Hg
= 14.50 pound/sq inch
= 1.020 kg force/sq cm
1 kg force/sq cm = 14.22 pounds/sq inch
1 pound/sq inch = 0.070 kg force/sq inch

HEAT AND ENERGY

1 megajoule = 238.8 kilocalories
= 947.8 British Thermal Units
= 0.278 kilowatt hours
1 terajoule = 0.00002388 Mtoe
1 kilocalorie = 3.968 Btu
= 4186 joules
= 1.163 x 10-3 kWh
1 kilowatt hour = 859.8 kilocalories
= 3412 Btu
1 million Btu = 1055 megajoule
= 2520 megacalories
.

= 293.1 kilowatt hours

1 ton of oil equivalent = 10000000 kilocalories
(toe) = 41.868 gigajoules
= 40.047 x 106 BTU
= 42.244 GJ

INTERFUEL CONVERSION FACTOR

Whilst individual crudes, coals and gases vary widely in quality,
certain standard qualities are often assumed for statistical
purposes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Barrel Oil Ton Oil Ton Coal 1,000 Cubic
Fuel Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Feet Natural
Gas
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Calorific 5.8x106 43x106 7x106 1x106
Value Btu gross Btu gross Kcal net Btu gross

Conversion 1 0.14 0.21 5.8

Factors 7.41 1 1.57 43.0
4.71 0.64 1 27.3
0.17 0.02 0.04 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Based on these qualities, the following equivalent rates of
consumption can be used with reasonable accuracy:
-----------------------------------------------------------------
LNG NG OIL OIL COAL
6
t/y 10 mmcF/d toe/y boe/y tce/y
9 3
10 Nm /y
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1 1.41 1.22 25 1.9
0.71 1 0.87 18 39
0.82 1.15 1 20 1.55
0.04 0.056 0.049 1 0.076
0.53 0.74 0.64 13 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
CALORIFIC VALUE
1 magajoule/cu m = 25.84 Btu/cu ft
1 megajoule per normal = 25.368 BTU per standard cubic feet
cubic meter (BTU/SCF)
= 2.388 x 102 kilocalorie per normal
cubic meter (kcal/Nm3)
1 kilocalorie/cu m = 0.016 Btu/cu ft
1 megajoule/kg = 429.9 Btu/pound
1 kilocalorie = 1.8 Btu/pound (exact)
1 Btu/cu ft = 37.38 kilojoules/cu m
= 9.410 kilocalories/cu m
1 Btu/pound = 2.326 kilojoules/kg
= 0.556 kilocalories/kg

ENERGY VALUES
Btu per lb:
wood: green 4,400
dry 7,310
peat, sod 6,200
lignite 9,000
coke 12,100
coal: bituminous 13,000
anthracite 14,500
oil: fuel 18,500
gas 19,500

==============================================================================
NATURAL GAS AND OTHER ENERGY EQUIVALENTS

The following are quick-reference equivalents. All figures are APROXIMATE

VALUES only for use where precision is not required. They are based on:

(i) for natural gas:

1,000 Btu/ft3 = 9,500 kcal/m3 (Groningen gas 8,400 kcal/m3)
(ii) for LPG:
an assumed 50/50 propane/butane mixture with (r) or (p) indicating
that the LPG is either refrigerated or pressurised.
(iii) calorific values, MMBtu (gross):
per tonne - LNG 51.8; LPG 47.3; oil 42.3; coal 27.3
per barrel - LNG 3.8; LPG (r) 4.45; LPG (p) 4.1; oil 5.8
per cubic metre - LNG 23.8; LPG (r) 28; LPG (p) 25.8

Natural Gas: Cubic Metre Equivalents

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 mrd m3 Natural Gas per Year
per year = 0.04 Tcf gas (38 trillion Btu)
= 890 000 tonnes oil
= 800 000 tonnes LPG
= 725 000 tonnes LNG
= 1.4 million tonnes coal
per day = 100 million ft3 gas
= 17 800 barrels oil
= 23 200 barrels LPG (r)
= 25 200 barrels LPG (p)
= 27 200 barrels LNG
1 million m3 Natural Gas per Day
per year = 0.014 Tcf gas (14 trillion Btu)
= 325 000 tonnes oil
= 290 000 tonnes LPG
= 265 000 tonnes LNG
= 500 000 tonnes coal
per day = 37 million ft3 gas
= 6 500 barrels oil
= 8 500 barrels LPG (r)
= 9 200 barrels LPG (p)
= 9 900 barrels LNG
1 m3 Groningen gas = 0.88 m3 (9 500 kcal)
1 m3 (9 500 kcal) = 1.13 m3 Groningen gas

Natural Gas: Cubic Foot Equivalents

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1 Tcf Natural Gas per Year
per year = 27 mrd m3 gas (30 mrd Groningen)
= 24 million tonnes oil
 = 37 million tonnes coal
per day = 2 700 million ft3 gas
= 470 000 barrels oil
100 MMcf Natural Gas per Day
per year = 0.04 Tcf (37 trillion Btu)
= 1 mrd m3 gas (1.1 mrd Groningen)
= 860 000 tonnes oil
= 770 000 tonnes LPG
= 700 000 tonnes LNG
= 1.35 million tonnes coal
per day = 2.7 million m3 gas (3 million Groningen)
= 17 250 barrels oil
= 22 500 barrels LPG (r)
= 24 400 barrels LPG (p)
= 26 300 barrels LNG

LNG: Volumetric Equivalents

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1 million tonnes LNG per Year
per year = 77 million ft3 (liquid)
= 2.2 million m3 (liquid)
= 14 million barrels (liquid)
= 0.05 Tcf (gas)
= 1.4 mrd m3 (gas)
= 1.1 million tonnes LPG
= 1.2 million tonnes oil
= 52 trillion Btu
= 1.9 million tonnes coal
per day = 140 million ft3 (gas)
= 4 million m3 (gas)
= 37 500 barrels LNG
= 31 900 barrels LPG (r)
= 34 600 barrels LPG (p)
= 24 500 barrels oil
1 million m3 LNG per Year
per year = 460 000 tonnes LNG
 = 6.3 million barrels LNG
= 0.2 Tcf (gas)
= 0.6 mrd m3 (gas)
= 500 000 tonnes oil
= 560 000 tonnes oil
= 24 trillion Btu
= 870 000 tonnes coal
per day = 65 million ft3 gas
= 14 700 barrels LPG (r)
= 15 900 barrels LPG (p)
= 17 200 barrels LNG
= 11 200 barrels oil
3
m = kilolitre

LPG & Ethane: Weight, Volume, Heat Conversions

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Barrels Per Tonne
Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mix
Pressured 17.6 12.4 10.8 11.6
Refrigerated 11.5 10.8 10.4 10.6

Cubic Metres Per Tonne

Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mix
Pressured 2.80 1.97 1.71 1.84
Refrigerated 1.83 1.72 1.66 1.69

106 Btu Per Barrel

Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mix
Pressured 2.79 3.85 4.35 4.10
Refrigerated 4.27 4.41 4.49 4.45

106 Btu Per Cubic Metre

Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mix
Pressured 17.6 24.2 27.4 25.8
Refrigerated 26.9 27.7 28.3 28.0

106 Btu Per Tonne

 Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mix
Pressured } 49.2 47.7 46.9 47.3
Refrigerated }

1 Barrel/Day = Tonnes Per Annum

Ethane Propane n-Butane C3/C4 mix
Pressured 20.7 29.4 33.8 31.6
Refrigerated 31.7 33.8 35.0 34.4

Natural Gas: Inter-Fuel Price Equivalents (US Currency)

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ONE CENT per MMBtu
= 5.8 Cents per Barrel crude oil
= 6.4 Cents per Barrel fuel oil
= 5.2 Cents per Barrel naphtha
= 4.5 Cents per Barrel LPG (r)
= 4.1 Cents per Barrel LPG (P)
= 3.8 Cents per Barrel LNG
ONE CENT per MMBtu
= 0.42 Dollars per Tonne crude oil
= 0.40 Dollars per Tonne fuel oil
= 0.45 Dollars per Tonne naphtha
= 0.47 Dollars per Tonne LPG
= 0.52 Dollars per Tonne LNG
ONE DOLLAR per BARREL
= 17 Cents per MMBtu crude oil
= 16 Cents per MMBtu fuel oil
= 19 Cents per MMBtu naphtha
= 22 Cents per MMBtu LPG (r)
= 24 Cents per MMBtu LPG (p)
= 26 Cents per MMBtu LNG
ONE DOLLAR per TONNE
= 2.4 Cents per MMBtu crude oil
= 2.5 Cents per MMBtu fuel oil
= 2.2 Cents per MMBtu naphtha
= 2.1 Cents per MMBtu LPG
= 1.9 Cents per MMBtu LNG
ONE CENT per US gallon LPG = 10 CENTS per MMBtu
Oil and Coal Equivalent
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 million tonnes Oil per Year
per year = 1.1 mrd m3 gas (1.3 mrd Groningen)
= 1.5 million tonnes coal
= 815 000 tonnes LNG
= 890 000 tonnes LPG
= 0.04 Tcf gas (42 trillion Btu)
per day = 115 million ft3 gas
= 3 million m3 gas
= 30 500 barrels LNG
= 26 000 barrels LPG (r)
= 28 300 barrels LPG (p)
= 20 000 barrels oil
1 million tonnes Coal per Year
per year = 0.7 mrd m3 gas (0.8 mrd Groningen)
= 640 000 tonnes oil
= 525 000 tonnes LNG
= 580 000 tonnes LPG
= 0.03 Tcf gas (27 trillion Btu)
per day = 75 million ft3 gas
= 2 million m3 gas
= 19 700 barrels LNG
= 16 800 barrels LPG (r)
= 18 200 barrels LPG (p)
= 12 900 barrels oil
10 000 barrels Oil per Day
per year = 0.6 mrd m3 gas
= 500 000 tonnes oil
= 780 000 tonnes coal
= 0.02 Tcf gas (21 trillion Btu)
per day = 58 million ft3 gas
= 1.5 million m3 gas

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Rich Gas = natural gas having a gross calorific value of 41,868 kJ/m3.
This term is used particularly for the natural gas from the North Sea and
from Algeria.

Degree-days = the number of degree-days of a day is calculated on the

basis of a reference temperature set by experience at 16.5 C; it gives the
difference between that reference temperature and the daily mean temperature
if the latter is the lower.
The number of degree-days of a year is the sum of the degree-days registered
for each day of that year.

G-factor = invoicing factor representing the average monthly cost of

natural gas at the Belgian border in francs per gigajoule.

1GJ 1Gcal 10-6 Btu 1toe 1kWh 1m3

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1GJ 1 0.239 0.948 0.024 277.778 23.884
1Gcal 4.186 1 3.967 0.1 1,163 100
10-6 Btu 1.055 0.252 1 0.025 293.1 25.2
1toe 41.855 10 39.671 1 11,626 1,000
1kWh 3.600 10-3 0.860 10-3 3.421 10-3 0.083 10-3 1 86.011 10-3
1m3 rich gas 0.042 0.010 0.040 0.001 11.626 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gigajoule giga British ton oil kilowatt
calorie thermal equivalent - hour
unit