OUTLINE IN TORTS AND DAMAGES

PART I. TORTS
I. QUASI-DELICT (Articles 2176-2194, New Civil Code [NCC])
a. Introductory concepts
a.1. Nature, Scope and Coverage
Article 2176, NCC
Elcano vs. Hill, G.R. No. L-24803, May 26, 1977
 The extinction of civil liability referred to in paragraph (e) of section 3, Rule 111, refers
exclusively to civil liability founded on Article 100 of the RPC, whereas the civil
liability for the same act considered as a quasi-delict only and not as a crime is not
extinguished even by declaration in the criminal case that the criminal act charged has
not happened or has not been committed by the accused.

Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 97336, February 19, 1993.
 Where a man’s promise to marry in fact the proximate cause of the acceptance of his
love by a woman and his representation to fulfill that promise thereafter becomes the
proximate cause of giving of herself unto him sexual congress, proof that he had, in
reality, no intention of marrying her and that the promise was only subtle scheme or
deceptive device to entice or inveigle her to accept him and obtain her consent to sexual
act could justify the award of damages pursuant to Article 21 not because of such
breach of promise to marry but because of the fraud and deceit behind it, and the willful
injury to her honor and reputation which followed thereafter. It is essential however,
that such injury should have been committed in a manner contrary to morals, good
customs, or public policy.

Coca-Cola Bottlers Phils., Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 110295, October 18, 1993.
 Liability for quasi-delict may still exist despite the presence of contractual relations.
The liabilities of a manufacturer or seller of injury-causing products may be based on
negligence, breach of warranty, tort, or other grounds such as fraud, deceit, or
misrepresentation. Quasi-delict, as defined in Article 2176 of the civil code, is
homologous but not identical to tort under the common law, which includes not only
negligence, but also intentional criminal acts, such as assault and battery, false
imprisonment and deceit.

Taylor vs. Manila Electric Company, 16 Phil. 8; Vergara vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.77679,
September 30, 1987, 154 SCRA 564
 in order to establish his right to a recovery, must establish by competent evidence:
(1) Damages to the plaintiff.
(2) Negligence by act or omission of which defendant personally, or some person for
whose acts it must respond, was guilty.
(3) The connection of cause and effect between the negligence and the damage.

 But while we hold that the entry of the plaintiff upon defendant's property without
defendant's express invitation or permission would not have relieved defendant from
responsibility for injuries incurred there by plaintiff, without other fault on his part, if
such injury were attributable to the negligence of the defendant, we are of opinion
that under all the circumstances of this case the negligence of the defendant in
leaving the caps exposed on its premises was not the proximate cause of the injury
received by the plaintiff, which therefore was not, properly speaking, "attributable to
the negligence of the defendant," and, on the other hand, we are satisfied that
plaintiffs action in cutting open the detonating cap and putting match to its contents
was the proximate cause of the explosion and of the resultant injuries inflicted upon
the plaintiff, and that the defendant, therefore is not civilly responsible for the injuries
thus incurred.
Navida et al. vs Dizon, et al, G.R. No. 125078, May 30, 2011

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 a.2. Requisites
Article 2176, NCC
Child Learning vs. Tagorio, G.R. No. 150920, November 25, 2005
b. Quasi-delict distinguished from:
b.1. Culpa criminal
Barredo vs. Garcia and Almario, No. 48006, July 8, 1942
Joseph vs. Bautista, G.R. No. L-41423, 23 February 1989
Article 2177, NCC
Rafael Reyes Trucking Corporation vs. People of the Phils., et. al., G.R. No. 129029,
April 3, 2000
Spouses Santos, et. al. vs. Pizardo, et. al., G.R. No. 151452, July 29, 2005
Manliclic vs. Calaunan, G.R. No. 150157, January 25, 2007
Lumantas, M.D. vs. Calapiz, G.R. No. 163753, January 15, 2014
b.2. Culpa contractual (Articles 1172-1173, NCC)
Torres-Madrid Brokerage vs. FEB Mitsui, G.R. No. 194121, July 11, 2016
Ochoa vs. G & S Transport, G.R. No. 170071, March 9, 2011
Gutierrez vs. Gutierrez, 56 Phil 177
Philippine School of Business Administration, et. al. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 84698,
January 4, 1992
Air France vs. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155
Regino vs. Pangasinan Colleges of Science and Technology, G.R. No. 156109,
November 18, 2004
Manila Railroad Co. vs. La Compania Transatlantica, G.R. No. 11318, October 26, 1918
Calalas vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 122039, May 31, 2000
Construction Development Corporation of the Philippines vs. Estrella, et. al., G.R. No. 147791,
September 8, 2006

II. ACT OR OMISSION

Article 217, NCC
Article 3, Revised Penal Code (RPC)
Gaid vs. People, G.R. No. 171636, April 7, 2009
Dyteban vs. Jose Ching, G.R. No. 161803, February 4, 2008
Daywalt vs. Corporacion de PP. Agustinos Recoletos, 39 Phil. 587
Picart vs. Smith, 37 Phil. 809
R Transport vs. Yu, G.R. No. 174161, February 18, 2015
Umali vs. Bacani, 69 SCRA 263
Civil Aeronautics Administration vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. L-51806,
November 8, 1988
Rakes vs. AG & P, 7 Phil. 359
Associated Bank vs. Tan, G.R. No. 156940, December 14, 2004
Pacis vs. Morales, G.R. No. 169467, February 25, 2010
SD Martinez vs. Buskirk, G.R. No. L-5691, December 27, 1910
Ylarde et. al vs. Aquino, et. al., G.R. No. L-33722, July 29, 1988
Phil Hawk Corp. vs. Vivian Tan Lee, G.R. No. 166869, February 16, 2010
Regala vs. Carin, G.R. No. 188715, April 6, 2011
Francisco vs. Chemical Bulk Carriers, G.R. No. 193577, September 7, 2011

Hazing as negligence: Villareal vs. People, G.R. No. 151258, February 1, 2012

III. DAMAGE TO ANOTHER (See discussion on Damages, infra.)

IV. CAUSAL RELATION BETWEEN ACT OR OMISSION AND DAMAGE
Tison et. al. vs. Sps. Pomasin, G.R. No. 173180, August 24, 2011
Ocean Builders cs. Sps. Cubacub, G.R. No. 150898, April 13, 2011

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 a. Doctrine of Proximate Cause
Fernando vs. Court of Appeals, 208 SCRA 714
Dyteban vs. Jose Ching, supra.
Bataclan vs. Medina, 102 Phil. 181
Manila Electric Co. vs. Rermoquillo, 99 Phil. 117
Taylor vs. Manila Electric Railroad & Light Co. 16 Phil 8
Sanitary Steam Laundry vs. CA, 300 SCRA 20
Mercury Drug vs. Baking, G.R. No. 156037, May 25, 2007
BPI vs. Suarez, G.R. No. 167750, March 15, 2010
Ramos vs. C.O.L. Realty, G.R. No. 184905, August 28, 2009
Vallacar Transit vs. Catubig, G.R. No. 175512, May 30, 2011
b. Doctrine of Imputed Negligence
Article 2184; Art. 2085; Art. 2188
Tison vs. Pomasin, G.R. No. 173180, August 24, 2011
Caedo vs. Yu Khe Thai, 26 SCRA 381
Kapalaran Bus Line vs. Coronado, G.R. No. 85331, August 25, 1989
Mendoza vs. Soriano, et. al., G.R. No. 164012, June 8, 2007
Añonuevo vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 130003, October 20, 2004
Filipinas Synthetic Fiber vs. Delos Santos, G.R. No. 152033, March 16, 2011
c. Res Ipsa Loquitur
Maao Central Co. vs. CA, G.R. No. 83491, August 27, 1990
FF Cruz & Co. v. CA, G.R. No. 52732, 29 Aug 1988
US vs. Crame, 30 Phil 2
Africa vs. Caltex [Phil], L-12986, March 31, 1966
Layugan v. IAC, 167 SCRA 363
Perla Compania de Seguros, Inc. vs. Sps. Sarangaya, G.R. No. 1474746, October 25, 2005
Carmen, Jr. vs. Bacoy, G.R. No. 173870, April 25, 2012
Solidum vs. People, G.R. No. 192123, March 10, 2014
Rosit vs. Davao Doctors Hospital, G.R. No. 210445, December 7, 2015
d. Burden of Proof
Alano vs. Magud-Logmao, G.R. No. 175540, April 7, 2014
BJDC Construction vs. Lanuzo, G.R. No. 161151, March 24, 2014

V. DEFENSES
a. Complete defences
a.1. Plaintiff’s own negligence
Paulan vs. Sarabia, 1-4 Phil 1050
Fe Cayao-Lasam vs. Ramolete, G.R. No. 159132, December 18, 2008
BJDC BJDC Construction vs. Lanuzo, supra.
Exception: Doctrine of Attractive Nuisance
Taylor vs. Manila Electric, supra.
Hidalgo Enterprises, Inc. vs. Balandan, 91 Phil 488
a.2. Assumption of Risk
Article 2179
Afiliada v. Hisole and Hisole, 85 Phil 67
Ilocos Norte Co. vs. CA, G.R. No. 53401, Nov. 6, 1989
Calalas vs. Court of Appeals, 332 SCRA 357
Nikko Hotel Manila Garden, et. al. vs. Reyes, G.R. No. 154259, February 28, 2005
a.3. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance; Doctrine of Supervening Negligence; Doctrine of
Discovered Peril; or the “Humanitarian Doctrine”
Picart v. Smith, 37 Phil 809
Allied Bank vs. BPI, G.R. No. 188363, February 27, 2013
Pantranco v. Baesa, G.R. No. 79050, 14 November 1989
Peoples Lumber v. IAC, G.R. NO. 70493, 18 may 1989

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 De Roy v. CA, January 29, 1988
PLDT v. CA, G.R. No. 57079, 29 September 1989
Ong v. MCWD, 104 Phil 397
Echevara vs. Ramos, G.R. No. 175172, September 29, 2009
Philippine National Railways vs. Vizcara, GR. No. 190022, February 15, 2012
a.4. Emergency Rule
Valenzuela vs. Court of Appeals, 253 SCRA 303
Orix Metro Leasing vs. Mangalinao, GR. No. 174089, January 25, 2012
a.5. Prescription
Art. 1150, NCC
Capuno vs. Pepsi, L-19331, April 30, 1965
b. Incomplete/ Partial Defense
b.1. Doctrine of Contributory Negligence
Art. 2179
National Transmission Commission vs. De Jesus, GR. No. 217928. July 29,2016
Philippine National Railways v. Tupang, GR. No. 55347, 4 October 1985
Rakes v. Atlantic Gulf, 7 Phil 359
Taylor v. Manila Electric Railroad & Light Co., supra.
Banal & Enverso v. Tacloban Electric & House Plant, 54 Phil 327
Jarco Marketing Corp. vs. CA, 321 SCRA 377
Napocor vs. Casionan, GR. No. 165969, November 27, 2008
Cadiente vs. Macas, GR. No. 161946, November 14,2008
VI. LIABILITY FOR ACT OR OMISSION
Art. 2180
a. By tortfeasor
Loadmasters Customs Services vs. Glodel Brokerage, GR. No. 179446, January 10, 2011
b. VICARIOUS LIABILITY
b.1 by parents
Art. 221, Family Code of the Philippines
Republic Act 6809
Libi v. IAC, GR. No. 70880, September 18, 1992
Cuadra v. Monfort, 35 SCRA 160
Tamargo v. CA, 209 SCRA 518
b.2. by guardians
Art. 217, Family Code of the Philippines
b.3. by owners and managers of establishment
Sps. Villoria vs. Continental Airlines, G.R. No. 188288, January 16, 2012
Phil. Bus Rabbit v. Phil-Am Forwarders, 63 SCRA 232
Castilex Industries vs. Vasquez, 321 SCRA 401
b.4 by employers
Mamaril vs. Boy Scout of the Philippines, G.R. No. 179382, January 14, 2013
Baliwag Transit v. Court of Appeals, Sept. 20, 1996
(cf., respondeat superior)
St. Francis High School v. CA, G.R. No. 82465, February 25, 1991
Filamer Christian v. CA, G.R. No. 75112, October 16, 1990
Yambao v. Zuniga, et. al., G.R. No. 146173, December 11, 2003
Syki vs. Begasa, G.R. No. 149149, October 23, 2003
Aguila, et. al. vs. Baldovizo, et. al., G.R. No. 163186, February 28, 2007
Sps. Jayme vs. Apostol, G.R. No. 163609, November 27, 2008

Compare: Subsidiary Liability under Art. 103, RPC

Franco v. IAC, G.R. No. 71137, 5 October 1989
Bermudez v. Hon. Herrera, L-32055. 26 February 1988
Alvarez v. Court of Appeals, 158 SCRA 57

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 Cerezo vs. Tuazon, G.R. No. 141538, March 23, 2004
L.G. Foods Corporation and Victorino Gabor, Vice-President and General Manager vs. Hon.
Philadelfa B. Pagapong-Agraviador, et. al., G.R. No. 158995, September 26, 2006
b.5. by owner of vehicle
in the vehicle
not in the vehicle
Article 2184-2186
Duavit v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 82318, 18 May 1989
Jauniza v. Jose, 89 SCRA 306
Añonuevo vs. Court of Appeals, supra.
FGU Insurance Corp. vs. Court of Appeals, 287 SCRA 718
Cadiente vs. Macas, G.R. No. 161946, November 14, 2008
b.6. by State
Republic v. Palacio, 23 SCRA 899
Merit vs. GPI, 34 Phil. 311
b.7. by teachers
Exconde v. Capuno, 101 Phil. 843
Palisoc v. Brillantes, 41 SCRA 548
Amadora v. Court of Appeals, 160 SCRA 315
Salvosa v. IAC, 166 SCRA 548
Articles 218 and 219, Family Code of the Philippines
St. Mary’s Academy vs. Carpitanos, 376 SCRA 473
b.8. Defense: Diligence of good father of family
c. Provinces, cities and municipalities (Art. 2189)
Jimenez vs. City of Manila, G.R. No. 71049, 28 May 1987
City of Manila v. Teotico, 22 SCRA 267
Guilatco v. City of Dagupan, G.R. No. 61516, 21 March 1989
d. Proprietors of building, engineer, architect, contractor (Art. 2190-92)
De Roy v. CA. supra.
e. Collateral Source Rule: Mitsubishi Motors Philippines Salaried Employees Union
(MMPSEU) vs. Mitsubishi Motors Philippines Corporation, G.R. No. 175773, June 17,
2013
VII. STRICT LIABILITY TORTS
a. Possessor of Animals (Art. 2083)
Vestal v. Court of Appeals, 179 SCRA 47
b. Manufacturers and processors of foodstuffs (Art. 2187)
Pascual vs. Ford Motor, G.R. No. 220667, January 27, 2016
c. Head of family (Art. 2193)
Dingcong v. Kanaan, 72 Phil 1
d. Allied laws: Secs 97-102, Consumer Act; Sec. 31, Corporation Code
VIII. NATURE AND ENFORCEMENT OF LIABILITY
a. Between Tortfeasors: Solidary
Article 2194, NCC
b. No double recovery for same act or omission
Article 2176, NCC
Coca-Cola vs. Social Security Commission, G.R. No. 159323, July 31, 2008
c. Requirement as to reservation
Rule 111, Section 3, 2000 Rules of Criminal Procedure
d. Manner of enforcement distinguished from:
d.1. culpa criminal
d.2. culpa contractual

IX. SPECIAL TORTS

Quezon City Government, et. al. vs. Dacara, G.R. No. 150304, June 15, 2005

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 DBP vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 137916, December 8, 2004
MVRS Publications, et. al. vs. Islamic Da’wah Council of the Phil., et. al., G.R. No. 135306,
January 28, 2003
Lagon vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 119107, March 18, 2005
U-Bix vs. Millikan, G.R. No. 173318, September 23, 2008

X. KINDRED TORTS: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE

Reyes, et. al. vs. Sisters of Mercy Hospital, et. al., G.R. No. 130547, October 3, 2000
Jarcia, Jr. vs. People, G.R. No. 187926, February 15, 2012
Cruz vs. Agas, G.R. No. 204095, June 15, 2015
Professional Services, Inc. vs. Agana, G.R. No. 126297, January 31, 2007 and G.R. No.
126297, February 2, 2010
Garcia-Rueda vs. Pascasio, et. al., G.R. No. 118141, September 5, 1997
Ramos vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 124354, December 29, 1999
Sps. Flores vs. Sps. Pineda, G.R. No. 158996, November 14, 2008
Dr. Rubi Li vs. Spouses Reynaldo and Lina Soliman as parents/ heirs of deceased Angelica
Soliman, G.R. No. 165279, June 7, 2011
Ramos, et. al. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124354, April 11, 2002
Mendoza vs. Casumpang, et. al., G.R. No. 197987, March 19, 2012
Doctrine of Informed Consent: Li vs. Sps. Soliman, G.R. No. 165279, June 7, 2011
Casumpang vs. Cortejo, G.R. No. 171127, March 11, 2015
Organ donation and transplantation: Alano vs. Magud-Logmao, G.R. No. 175540, April 7,
2014
Related Law: Republic Act 9439

PART II. DAMAGES

I. Introductory Concepts
a. Damages, defined
The Orchard Golf & Country Club vs. Robles, et. al., G.R. No. 191033, January 11, 2016
b. Damages distinguished from
b.1. Damages
b.2. Injury
c. Kinds of damages recoverable
Article 2197, NCC
II. ACTUAL OR COMPENSATORY
a. Definition
Articles 2199-2200, NCC
b. Components of actual damages
b.1. value of loss suffered (daño emergente) – Art. 2200
b.2. profits not obtained or realized (lucro cesante) – Art. 2200
b.3. loss of earning capacity for personal injury
b.3.1. Formula in determining loss of earning capacity
2/3 x (8-ATD) x (GAI)
People v. Muyco, 331 SCRA 192
Victory Liner vs. Gammad, et. al., G.R. No. 159636, November 25, 2004
Phil. Hawk Corp. vs. Vivian Tan Lee, G.R. No. 166869, February 16, 2010
People vs. Joseph Asilan, G.R. No. 188322, April 11, 2012
b.4. Attorney’s fees and interest (Art. 2208-2209, 2212, NCC)
Quirante v. IAC, G.R. No. 73886, 31 Jan 1989
PNB vs. CA, April 25, 1996
Padillo vs. Court of Appeals, 371 SCRA 27
Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, 234 SCRA 78 (1994)
Estores vs. Sps. Supangan, G.R. No. 164401, June 25, 2008

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 Sunga-Chan vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 164401, June 25, 2008
Air France vs. De Castro, G.R. No. 188961, October 13, 2009
c. Extent of Rocoverable Damages
c.1. In contracts and quasi-contract where there is –
c.1.a. good faith on obligor (Art. 2201)
Batong Buhay v. CA, 147 SCRA 4
c.1.b. bad faith on obligor
Gen. Enterprises v. Lianga Bay, 11 SCRA 733
c.2. In crimes and quasi-delicts (Art. 2202)
Marikina Auto Line Transport Corporation vs. People, et. al., G.R. No. 152040,
March 31, 2006
c.3. In crimes and quasi-delicts resulting in death (Art. 2206)
d. Mitigation and assessment of actual damages
Article 2203, NCC
Article 2214, 2215, NCC
e. Subrogatory Right of Insurer (Art. 2207, NCC)
RCJ Bus Lines vs. Standard Insurance Company, G.R. No. 193629, August 17, 2011

III. MORAL DAMAGES

a. Definition
Article 2217, NCC
b. Purpose
Simex International vs. CA, G.R. No. 88013, Marc 19, 1990
Makabali vs. CA, G.R. No. 46877, Jan. 22, 1988
c. Burden of Proof; Quantum of Evidence
PNB vs. CA, G.R. No. 45776, March 30, 1988
Raagas vs. Raya, 22 SCRA 839
San Miguel Brewery, Inc. vs. Magno, 21 SCRA 292
d. When awardable; when not
Article 2218-2220, NCC
article 309, NCC
Article 217, Labor Code
Tulfo vs. People, G.R. No. 161032, September 16, 2008
Guilatco vs. City of Dagupan, 21 March 1989
Filinvest v. Mendez, G.R. No. 66419, July 31, 1987
Lopez vs. PanAm, 16 SCRA 284
Gutierrez vs. Villegas, 8 SCRA 527
Ramos vs. Ramos, 61 SCRA 284
Galang vs. Court of Appeals, 4 SCRA 55
Mercado vs. Lira, 3 SCRA 124
Permex vs. NLRC, 323 SCRA 231
Yasona vs. De Ramos. G.R. No. 156339, October 6, 2004
Equitable Banking Corp. vs. Calderon, G.R. No. 156168, December 14, 2004
Savellano, et. al. vs. Northwest Airlines, G.R. No. 151783, July 8, 2003
China Airlines vs. Chiok, G.R. No. 152122, July 30, 2003
e. Latest rule on corporations
Mambulao Lumber v. PNB, 22 SCRA 359
Compare with ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp. v. CA, G.R. No. 128690, Jan. 21, 1999
Compare with Napocor v. Philipp Brothers Oceanic, Inc. 369 SCRA 629
Filipinas Broadcasting Network vs. Ago Medical and Educational Center, G.R. No. 141994,
January 17, 2005
Republic vs. Tuvera, G.R. No. 148246, February 16, 2007
FLT Prime Insurance vs. Chevron, G.R. No. 177839, January 18, 2012

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IV. NOMINAL DAMAGES
Article 2221, NCC
Go v. IAC, G.R. No. 68138, May 13, 1991
Medina v. Cresencia, L-8194, July 11, 1956
Ventenilla vs. Centino, L-14333, Jan 28, 1996

V. TEMPERATE OR MODERATE
Articles 2224, 2225, NCC
Sulpicio Lines vs. Sesante, et. al., G.R. No. 172682, July 27, 2016
Pleno v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 56505, May 9, 1988
BPI Investment vs. DG Carreon, 371 SCRA 58
GSIS v. Deang, 365 SCRA 613
People vs. Yrat, 367 SCRA 154
Premiere Development Bank vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 159352, April 14, 2004
Ramos, et. al. vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 124354, December 29, 1999
PT & T vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 139268, September 3, 2002
Republic vs. Tuvera, supra.
Tan vs. OMC Carriers, Inc., G.R. No. 190521, January 12, 2011

But see: International Container Terminal Services vs. Chua, G.R. No. 195031,
March 26, 2014

VI. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES

Articles 2226-2227, NCC
Lambert v. Fax, 26 Phil 588
HL Carlos Construction vs. Marina Properties Corp., G.R. No. 147614, January 29, 2004
Scott Consultants & Resource Dev’t Corp., Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 112916,
March 16, 1995

VII. EXEMPLARY OR CORRECTIVE DAMAGES

a. Nature
Article 2229, NCC
Articles 2233-2235, NCC
b. when awardable
Articles 2230-2232, NCC
Sulpicio Lines vs. Sesante, et. al., supra.
De Leon vs. CA, G.R. No. L-31931, 31 Aug 1988
Octot v. Ybañez, 111 SCRA 79
BPI INvetsment v. DG Carreon, 371 SCRA 58
Bano vs. Bachelor Express, G.R. No. 191703, March 12, 2012

VIII. ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES

Article 2204, Civil Code
Article 2214, Civil Code
Article 2215, Civil Code
Article 2203, Civil Code
Inhelder Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-52358, 122 SCRA 576
Raagas vs. Traya, et. al. G.R. No. L-20081, February 27, 1968

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 Castillo, et al., vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 48541, August 21, 1989, 176 SCRA
591
 Jarantilla vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 80194, March 21, 1989.
 Barredo vs. Garcia, G.R. No. 48006, July 8, 1942, citing Colin and Capitant, “Curso
Elemental de Derecho Civil,” Vol.3, p.728.
 Rafael Reyes Tracking Corporation vs. People of the Philippines, et al., G.R. No. 129029,
April 3, 2000.
 Casupanan, et al., vs. Laroya, G.R. No. 145391, August 26, 2002.
 Sps. Santos, et al., vs. Pizardo, et al., G.R. No. 151452, July 29, 2005.
 Franco vs. Intermediate Apellate Court, G.R. No. 71137, October 5, 1989.
 Cerezo vs. Tuazon, G.R. No. 141538, March 23, 2004.
 Philippine School of Business Administration, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 84698,
January 4, 1992.
 Singson vs. Bank of the Philippine Islands, (23 SCRA 1117 [1968])

9
  Air France vs. Carrascpso, (18 SCRA 115)
 Philippine School of Business Administration, et al. supra, citing Austro-America S.S Co.
vs. Thomas, 248 Fed. 231Light Rail.
 Light Rail Transit Authority, et al. v. Navidad, et al., G.R. No. 145804, February 6, 2003,
397 SCRA 75.
 FEBTC vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 108164, February 23, 1995.
 Regino vs. Pangasinan College of Science and Tech., et al., G.R. No. 156109, November
18, 2004.
 Cangco vs. Manila Rail Road Co., G.R. No. 12191, October 14, 1918.
 Manila Rail Road Co. vs. La Compania Transatlantica, G.R. No. 11318, October 26, 1918.
 Sps. Batal vs. Sps. Tominaga, G.R. No. 164601, September 27, 2006.
 Calalas vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 1120039, May 31, 2000.
 Construction Development Corporation of the Philippiines vs. Estrella, et al. G.R. No.
1147791, September 8, 2006
 First Philippine International Bank, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 115849, January
24, 1996.
 Vda de Severo et al. vs. Go, et al., G.R. No. L-44330, January 29, 1988.
 Batanggas Laguna Tayabas Bus Company, et al. vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, et al.,
G.R. No. 74387-90, November 14, 1988, citing Art. 1756, New Civil Code.
 Fabre, Jr. et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 111127, July 26, 1996.
 Emerenciana Vda. De Medina, et al. vs. Cresencia, et al., G.R. No. L-8194, July 11, 1956

CHAPTER 2. ELEMENTS OF QUASI-DELICT

 Philippine Bank of Commerce v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 97626, 14 March 1997.
 Smith Bell Dodwell Shipping Agency Corporation v. Borja, G.R. No. 143008, 10 June
2002.
 S.D. Martinez vs.Buskirk G.R. No. L-5691, December 27, 1910.
 Picart vs. Smith, 37 Phil. 809 (1918).
 People v. De los Santos, G.R. No. 131588, 27 March 2001.
 Civil Aeronautics Administration vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-51806, November
8, 1988.
 U.S. vs. Juanillo, G.R. No. 7255, October 3, 1912.
 Taylor vs. Manila Electric Rail Road, et al., G.R. No. 4977, March 22, 1910.
 Ylarde et al. vs. Aquino, et al., G.R. No. L-33722, July 29, 1988.
 Associated Bank [now Westmont Bank] vs. Tan, G.R. No. 156940, December 14, 2004.
 Astudillo vs. Manila Electric Co. G.R. No. 33380, December 17, 1930.
 Cf., Pangonorom, et al., vs. People of the Philippines, G.R No. 143380, April 11, 2005.
 United State vs. Clemente, G.R. No. 8142, January 25, 1913.
 United State vs. Knight, G.R. No. 8561, December 4, 1913.
 Wright vs. Manila Electric Company. G.R. No. 7760, October 1, 1914.
 Syquia vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 98695, January 27, 1993.
 American Express International vs. Cordero, G.R. No. 138550, October 14, 2005.
 McKee vs. Intermediate Appellate Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 130068 & 130150,
October 1, 1998.
 The Consolidated Bank & Trust Co. v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 138569, September 11,
2003, 410 SCRA 562.
 PLDT, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 57079, September 29, 1989.
 Far Eastern Shipping Co. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 130068 & 130150, October
1, 1998.
 Cea vs. Villanueva, G.R. No. L-5446, March 10, 1911.
 Brown vs. Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company, G.R. No. 6666, October 24, 1911.
 Anonuevo vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 130003, October 20, 2004.

10
  Kapalaran Bus Line vs. Coronado, G.R. No. 85331, August 25, 1989.
 Layugan vs. Intermediate Apellate Court, G.R. No. 73998, November 14, 1988.
 Africa et al. vs. Caltex, Inc., et al. (L-12986, March 31, 1966, 16 SCRA 448.
 FGU Insurance Corp vs. G.P. Sarmiento Tracking Corp. et al., supra
 Perla Compania de Seguros, Inc. vs. Sps. Sarangaya, G.R. No. 147746, October 25, 2005
 Thermochem Incorporated v. Naval, G.R. No. 131541, 20 October, 344 SCRA 76

CHAPTER 3. NATURE OF LIABILITY

 Singapore Airlines Limited vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 197356, March 31, 1995
 Far Eastern Shipping Co. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 130068 & 130150, October 1,
1998
 Republic of the Philippines vs. Sandiganbayan, et al., G.R. No. 92594, March 4, 1994
 Zenith Radio Corp. vs. Hazeltine Research, Inc.,
 Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, Ibid.
 Cangco vs. Manila Railbord Co., 38 Phil. 768 (1918)
 Metro Manila Transit Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 104408, June 21,
1993
 Cerezo vs. Tuazon, G.R. No. 141538, March 23, 2004
 Vitug, Concurring Opinion, Valenzuela vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 115024 & 117944,
Febuary 7,1996
 Tumargo, et al., vs. Court of appeals, G.R. No. 85044, June 3, 1992
 Cangco v. Manila Railroad Co., 36 Phil. 768 [1918]
 Libi, et al., vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 70890, September 18, 1992
 Castilex Industrial Corp. vs. Vasquez, et al., G.R. No. 132266, December 21, 1999
 Lanuzo v. Ping 100 SCRA 205, 209-210 [1980]
 Layugan v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 167 SCRA 363, 377 [1988]
 Pacific Banking Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 173 SCRA 102, 117 [1989]
 Go v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 197 SCRA 22,31 [1991]
 Martin v. Court of Appeals, 205 SCRA 591 [1992]; Metro Manila Transit
 Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 223 SCRA 521, 539 [1993]
 Dixie Motor Coach Corp. vs. Toler, 1997 Ark. 1097, 126 S.W., 2d, 618
 Van Hoeffen vs. Columbia Taxicab Co., 179 Mo. App. 591, 162 S.W.694
 Brockway vs. Mordenti, 199 Misc. 898, 103 N.Y.S. 621
 Korner vs. Cosgrove, 141 N.E. 265, 31 A.L.R. 1193
 Maranan vs. Perez, et al., G.R. No. L-24471, August 30, 1968
 Baliwag Transit vs. Court of Appels, G.R. No. 116110, May 15, 1996
 MMTC vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 116617& 126395, November 16, 1998
 Cangco vs. Manila Railroad Co., supra
 Victory Liner vs. Hiers of Malecdan, G.R. No. 154278, December 27, 2002
 Francis High School vs. Court of Appeals, 194 SCRA 341
 Filamer Christian Institute vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, 212 SCRA 637
 Filamer Christian Institute vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 75112, October 16, 1990
 Baliwag Transit vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 116624, September 20, 1996
 Poblete vs. Fabros , G.R. NO. L-29803, September 14, 1979
 Tiu vs. Arriesgado, et al., G.R. Bo. 138060, September 1, 2004
 Filamer Christian Institute vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, 212 SCRA 637
 Cerf vs. Medel, G.R. No. 10351, December 24, 1915
 18th par. Of Art. 2180, Art. 2194, Civil Code
 People vs. Tirol, 102 SCRA 558
 People vs. Sandaydiego, 82 SCRA 120

11
  L.g. Foods Corporation and Victorino Gabor, Vice-President and General Manager,
Petitioners, versus Hon. Philadelfa B. Pagapong-Agraviador, et al., G.R. No. 158995,
September 26, 2006.
 Pantranco North Express, Inc. v. Baesa, G.R. No. 7905051, 14 November 1989, 179 SCRA
384.
 Bahia v. Litonjua and Leynes, supra, at p.628; Phoenix Construction, Inc. v. Intermediate
Appellate Court, 148 SCRA 353 [1987].
 Filamer Christian Institute vs. IAC, et al., G.R. No. 75112, August 17, 1992.
 Yambao vs. Zuniga, et al., G.R. No. 146173, December 11, 2003.
 Syki vs. Begasa, G.R. No. 149149, October 23, 2003 citing Metro Manila Transit
Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, 223 SCRA 521 [1993]
 Metro Manila Transit Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, 298 SCRA 495 [1998].
 Syki vs. Begasa, supra, citing MMTC vs. CA, 298 SCRA 495.
 Perla Compania de Seguros vs. Sps. Sarangaya, G.R. No. 147746, October 25, 2005.
 Equitable Leasing Corporation vs. Suyom, et al., G.R. No. 43360, September 5, 2002.
 Rafael Reyes Trucking Corporation vs. People et al., G.R. No. 129029, April 3, 2000.
 Carpio vs. Doroja, et al., G.R. No. 84516, December 5, 1989.
 Franco, et al. vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, et al., G.R. No. 71137, October 5, 1989.
 Alvarez vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-59621, February 23, 1998.
 Chapman vs. Underwood, G.R. No. 9010, March 28, 1914.
 Duavit vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 82318, May 18, 1989.
 Lung Chea Kung Kee & Co vs. Aldanese, G.R. No. L-21362, March 6, 1924.
 Art. 21280, 6th par.
 Fontanilla, et al. vs. amliaman, et al., G.R. No. 55963, December 1, 1989.
 E. Merrit vs. Government of the Phillippine Island, G.R. No. 11154, March 21, 1916.
 United State of America vs. Guinto, et al., G.R. No. 76607, February 16, 1990.
 Article 2189, NCC.
 City of Manila vs. Teotico, G.R. No. L-23052, January 29, 1968.
 Guilatco vs. City of Dagupan, et al., G.R. No. 61516, March 21, 1989.
 Jimenez vs. City of Manila and Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 71049, March 29,
1987.
 Section 24, Local Governement Code.
 San Fernando LA Union vs. Firme, G.R. No. 52179, April 8, 1991.
 Exconde vs. Capuno, et al., G.R. No. L-10134, June 29, 1957.
 Mercado vs, Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-477545, April 15, 1988.
 Palisoc, et al. vs. Brillantes, et al., G.R. No. L-29025, October 4, 1971.
 Salvosa, et al. vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. L-70458, October 5, 1988.
 St. Mary’s Academy vs. Carpitanos, et al., G.R. No. 143363, February 6, 2002.
 Articl 219, Family Code.
 PSBA v. CA, G.R. No. 84698, 4 February 1992.
 Soliman, Jr. vs. Hon. Tuazon, G.R. No. 66207, May 18, 1992.
 University of the East vs. Jader, G.R. No. 132344, February 17, 2000.
 Articles 2190-2192.
 De Roy, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-80718, January 29, 1988.

CHAPTER 4. DEFENSES IN AN ACTION FOR QUASI-DELICT

 Ilusorio vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 139130, November 27, 2002.
 Hidalgo Enterprises, Inc. vs. Balandan, et al., G.R. No. L-3422, June 13, 1952.
 Menchavez, et al. vs. Teves, Jr., G.R. No. 154259.
 Nikko Hotel Manila Garden, et al. vs. Reyes, G.R. No. 154259, February 28, 2005.
 Fernando, et al., vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 92087, May 8, 1992.
 Afialda vs. Hisole, et al., G.R. No. 53401, November 6, 1989.

12
  Ong vs. Metropolitan Water District, G.R. No. L-7664, August 29, 1958.
 Pantranco North Express, Inc. vs. Baesa, et al., G.R. No. 79050-51, November 14, 1989.
 Tiu, et al. vs., G.R. No. 138060, September 1, 2004.
 Gan vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-44264, September 19, 1988.
 Valenzuela vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 115024 & 117944, February 7, 1996.
 Delsan Transport Lines, Inc. vs. C & A Construction Inc., G.R. No. 156034, October 1,
2003.
 Kramer vs. Court of Appeals, supra
 Wildvalley Shipping Company vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 119602, October 6,
2000.
 Secosa vs. Francisco, G.R. No. 160039, June 29, 2004.
 Ma-ao Sugar Central Co. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 83491, August 27, 1990.
 Picart vs. Smith, G.R. No. L-12219, March 15, 1918.
 Jarko Marketing Corp. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 129792, December 21, 1999.
 PCIB vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 121413, January 29, 2001.
 Lambert vs. Castillon, et al., G.R. No. 160709, February 23, 2005.
 Genobiagon vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 40452, October 12, 1989.
 People vs. Orbeta, CA- G.R. No. 321, March 29, 1947.

CHAPTER 5. ENFORCEMENT OF LIABILITY

 Santos, et al. vs. Pizardo, et al., G.R. No. 151452, July 29, 2005.
 L.G. Foods Corporation vs. Hon. Philadelfa B. Pagapong-Agraviador, supra.
 Maniago vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 104392, February 20, 1996.
 Dumuk vs. Daquigan, et al., G.R. No. 47926, August 13, 1990.
 Bordas vs. Canadalla, et al., G.R. No. L-30036, April 15, 1988 citing articles 31 and 2177,
Civil Code; Corpus vs. Paje, 28SCRA 1062.
 San Ildefenso Lines, Inc. et al., vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 11971, April 24, 1998.
 DMPI Employees Credit Cooperative vs. Hon. Velez, G.R. No. 129282, November 29,
2001.
 Cojuangco, Jr. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 37404, November 18, 1991.
 Castillo vs. Court of Appeals, et al. G.R. No., August 21, 1989 citing Azucena v.
Potenciano, L-14028, June 30, 1962, 5 SCRA 468.
 Metro Manila Transit Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 104408, June 21,
1993.
 Hernandez, et al. vs. Dolor, et al., G.R. No. 160286, July 30, 2004.
 Construction Development Corporation of the Philippines vs. Estrella, et al., G.R. No.
147791, September 8, 2006.
 Malayan Insurance Co., Inc. vs. Court of Appeals , G.R. No. 147791, September 8,
2006.Melgar, et al. vs. Buenviaje, et al., G.R. No. 55750, November 8, 1998.

CHAPTER 6. STRICT LIABILITY TORTS

 Article 2183, NCC.
 Johnson vs. Daved, G.R. No. 2789, Feruary 27, 1906.
 Vestil vs. Intermediate Apellate Court, et al., G.R. No. 74431, November 6, 1989.
 Knoefel vs. Atkins, supra.
 United States vs. Pineda, G.R. No. L-12858, January 22, 1918.
 Nat. Savings Bank vs. Ward [1879], 100 U.S., 195
 Thomas vs. Winchester [1852], 2 Seld. [N.Y.] 397.
 US. Vs. Topino, 35 Phil. 901 (1916)
 People vs. Llamo, G.R. No. 132138, January 28, 2000.

CHAPTER 7. SPECIAL TORTS

13
  Malonzo vs. Galang, et al., G.R. No. L-13851, July 27, 1960
 Quezon City Government, et al. vs. Dacara, G.R. No. 150304, June 15, 2005.
 Sea Commercial Company vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 122823, November 25,
1999.
 Tajanco vs. Court of Appeals, 18 SCRA 994, 996-997 [1966]; the Article 23 referred to is
now Article 21.
 Baksh vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 97336, February 19, 1993.
 PNB vs. CA, 83 SCRA 237 (1978) cited in Sea Commercial Company v. CA, G.R. No.
122823, November 25, 1999.
 Albenson Enterprises Corp. et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 88694, January 11,
1993.
 DBP vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 137916, December 8, 2004.
 University of the East vs. Jader, supra.
 Manila Electric Company vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-39019, January 22, 1988.
 MVRS Publications, et al. vs. Islamic Da’wah Council of the Phil. Et al., G.R. No. 135306,
January 28, 2003.
 Lagon vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 119107, March 18, 2005.
 So Ping Bun vs. Court of Appeals, 373 Phhil. 532 (1999).

CHAPTER 8. KINDRED TORTS

 Reyes, et al., vs. Sisters of Mercy Hospital, et al.m G.R. No. 130547, October 3, 2000.
 Garcia-Rueda vs. Pascasio, supra, citing Hoover v. Williamson, 236 Md 250 and Gore v.
Board of Medical Quality, 110 Cal App 3d 184 (1980).
 Cruz vs. Court of appeals, et al., G.R. No. 122445, November 18, 1997.
 Garcia-Rueda vs. Pascasio, et al., G.R. No. 118141, September 5, 1997 citing Hirshberg
v. State, 91 Misc 2d 590 (1977).
 Chan Lugay v. St. Luke’s Hospital, Inc., (CA Reports 415 [1966])
 Ramos vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 124354, December 29, 1999.
 Ramos, et al. vs Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 124354, April 11, 2002.
 STI Drivers Association, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 143196, November 26,
2002.
 Richards vs. Asoy, G.R. No. AC No. 2655, July 9, 1987.
 Teroso vs, Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 36666, December 19, 1973, 54 SCRA 296, 304 citing
People v. Ner, Santos et al., 98 Phil. 500 (1956), Isaac v. Mendoza, 89 Phil. 279 (1951);
Montes v. CFI of Tayabas, 48 Phil. 640 (1926); People vs. Manzanilla, 43 Phil. 167 (1922);
US v. Dungca, 27 Phil. 274 (1914); US v. Umali, 15 Phil. 33 (1910).

I. DAMAGES

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS

 BPI Express Card Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 120639, September
25, 1998.
 Auyung Hian vs. CTA, 59 SCRA 110.
 Jimenez vs. Reyes, G.R. No. 8227, March 9, 1914.
 Bulante vs. Liante, et al., G.R. No. L-21583 & L-21591-92, May 20, 1968.

CHAPTER 2. ACTUAL DAMAGES

 Albenson Enterprises Corp. et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 88694, January 11,
1993.
 Algarra vs. Sandejas, G.R. No. 8385, March 24, 1914.
 M.D. Transit & Taxi Co., Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-23882, February 17,
1968.

14
  Guilatico vs. City of Dagupan, et al., G.R. No. 61516, March 21, 1989.
 People vs. Degoma, G.R. No. 89404-405, May 22, 1992.
 Oarde et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 104774-75, October 8, 1997.
 Salas vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 86500, November 21, 1990.
 G.Q. garments, Inc. versus Miranda, et al. G.R. No. 161722, July 20, 1006.
 Ong, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 117103, January 29, 1999.
 People vs. Reyes. G.R. No. 135682, March 26, 2003.
 Fuentes vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 111692, February 9, 1996.
 Baliwag Transit Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 11168-69, June 17, 1998.
 People vs. Bano. G.R. No. 148710, January 15, 2004.
 Producers Bank of the Philippines vs. Court of Appeals, 365 SCRA 326 (2001)
 Art. 2201, NCC.
 Sulpicio Lines, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 113578, July 14, 1995 citing
People v. Flores, 237 SCRA 653 [1994].
 Marikina Auto Line Transport Corporation vs. People, et al. G.R. No. 152040, March 31,
2006.
 Public Estate Authority vs. Chu, G.R. No. 145291, September 25, 2005.
 People vs. Prades, G.R. No.127569, July 30, 1998.
 People vs. Degoma and Taboraada, 209 SCRA 266.
 People vs. Degoma and Taborada, 209 SCRA 266.
 People vs. Jalosjos, G.R. No. 132875-76, November 16, 2001.
 People vs. Plana, et al., G.R. No. 128285, November 27, 2001.
 Article 2205, NCC.
 Dangwa Trans Co., Inc., et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 95582, October 17,
1991.
 People vs. Panabang, G.R. No. 137514-15, January 16, 2002.
 Villa Rey Transit, Inc. v. Court Appeals (31 SCRA 511).
 People vs. Quilaton, G.R. No. 69666, January 23, 1992.
 People vs. Balanag, et al., G.R. No. 103225, September 15, 1994.
 People vs. Sia, et al., G.R. No. 137457, 21 November 2001.
 People vs. Lotereno. G.R. No. 146100, November 13, 2002.
 People vs. Quimzon, G.R. No. 1336541, April 14, 2004.
 People vs. Duban, G.R. No. 141217, 26 September 2003.
 People vs. Mallari, G.R. No. 145993, 17 June 2003.
 People vs. Caraig. G.R. Nos. 116224-27, 28 March 2003.
 Victory Liner vs. Gammad, et al, G.R. No. 159636, November 25, 2004.
 People vs. Obello, G.R. No. 108772, January 14, 1998.
 People vs. Somooc, G.R. No. 100921, June 2, 1995.
 People vs. Bahenting, G.R. No. 127659, February 24, 1999.
 Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, 234 SCRA 78 (1994).
 GSIS vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 52478, October 30, 1986, 145 SCRA 311.
 Citytrust Banking Corp. vs. Villanueva, G.R. No. 141011 & 141028, July 19, 2001.
 Lacson, et al., vs. Reyes, et al., G.R. No. 86250, February 26, 1990.
 Quirante vs. Intermeddiate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 73886, January 31, 1989.
 Policarpio vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 94563, March 5, 1991.
 RCPI et al. vs. Rodriguez, G.R. No. 83768, February 28, 1990.
 Sps. Samatra vs. De Parinas, G.R. No. 142958, April 24, 2002.
 Citibank, N.A. vs. Sps. Cabamongan, et al., G.R. No. 146918, May 2, 2006.
 PCIB vs. Intermedite Apellate Court, G.R. No. 73610, April 19, 1991 citing Fores vs.
Miranda, L-12103, March 4, 1959.

CHAPTER 3. MORAL DAMAGES

15
 Del mundo vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 104576, January 20, 1995.
 PT & T vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 139268, September 3, 2002.
 Radio Communications vs. Rodriguez, supra
 Makabali vs. Court of Appeals, 157 SCRA 253, 260, January 22, 1988.
 Lamis vs. Ong, G.R. No. 148923, August 11, 2005.
 R & B Surety & Insurance Co., v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 128 SCRA 736; and Siasat
v. Intermediate Appellate, 139 SCRA 238.
 Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No.
126363, June 26, 1998.
 Kieruf, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, etal., G.R. No. 99301, March 13, 1997.
 People vs. Degala, G.R. No. 129292-93, June 10, 2001.
 People vs. Hate, G.R. No. 145712, September 24, 2002.
 People vs. Gementiza, supra; People vs. Caballes, et al., G.R. Nos. 102723-24, June 19,
1997.
 Gregorio, et al. vs. Angeles, et al., G.R. No. 85847, December 21, 1989.
 Filinvest Credit Corporatio vs. IAC, 166 SCRA 155.
 Hermisisima vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-14628, September 30, 1960.
 Quezon City Gov’t., et al. vs. Dacara, G.R. No. 150304. June 15, 2005.
 People vs. Gregorio Corpuz Y Espiritu, G.R. No. 168101, February 13, 2006, En Banc.
 Brillante vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 118757 & 121571, October 19, 2004.
 MVRS Publications, et al vs. Is;lamic Da’wah Council of the Phil, et al., G.R. No. 135306,
January 28, 2003.
 GMA Network, Inc. [formerly known as “Republic Broadcasting System, Inc.”] and Rey
Vidal vs. Bustos, et al., G.R. No. 146848, October 17, 2006.
 Borjal vs. Court of Appeals, et al. G.R. No. 126466, January 14, 1999.
 Filipinas Broadcasting Network vs. Ago Medical and Educ. Center-Bicol Christian
College of Medicine, et al., G.R. No. 141994, January 17, 2005.
 Ayer Production Pty, Ltd. Vs. Capulong, G.R. Nos. 82380 and 82398, 29 April 1988, 160
SCRA 861.
 US vs. Bustos, 37 Phil (1918).
 Phil. Journalist, Inc. et al., vs. Thoenen, G.R. No. 143372, December 13, 2005.
 Alonzo vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 110088, February 1, 1995.
 MVRS Publications, et al. vs. Islamic Da’wah Council of the Phil, et al. supra.
 Occena vs. Legaspi, G.R. No. 79184, May 6, 1992.
 Lagman, et al. vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, et al., G.R. No. L-72281, October 28,
1998.
 Drillon vs. Court Of Appeals, et al. G.R. No. 107019, March 20, 1997.
 Yasona vs. Ramos, et al., G.R. No. 156339, October 6, 2004.
 Rehabilitation Finance Corp. v. Koh, L-15512, Feb. 28, 1962, 4 SCRA 535, 540.
 Andres Lao vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 47013, 60647 & 60958-59, February 17,
2000.
 Cf., Ponce vs. Legaspi, et al., G.R. No. 79184, May 6, 1992.
 Ferrer vs. Vergara, 52 O.G. 291.
 Lao vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 82808, July 11, 1991.
 Manila Gas Corporation v. CA, G.R. No. L-44190, October 30, 1980, 100 SCRA 602.
 Globe Mackay Cable and Radio Corp., et al. vs Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 81262,
August 25, 1989.
 Saber vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 132981, August 31, 2004.
 Hawpia vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-20047, June 30, 1967.
 Barreto vs. Arevalo, et al. No. L-7748, Aug. 27, 1956, 52 O.G., No. 13, p. 5818.
 Albenson Enterprises Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 217 SCRA 16, 25 [1993].
 Patricio vs. Leviste, G.R. No. 51832, April 26, 1989.

16
  Manuel vs. People, G.R. No. 165842, November 29, 2005.
 Luzon Brokerage, Co., Inc. vs. Maritime Building, Co., Inc., 43 SCRA 93.
 Singson vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 119995, November 18, 1997.
 FEBTC vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 108164, February 23, 1995.
 MOF Company vs. Enriquez, G.R. No. 149280, May 9, 2002.
 Lopez v. Pan American World Airways.
 Zulueta v. Pan American World Airways.
 Ortigas, Jr. v. Lufthansa German Airlines.
 Savellano et al. vs. Northwest Airlines, G.R. No. 151783, July 8, 2003.
 China Airlines vs. Chiok, G.R. No. 152122, July 30, 2003.
 BPI Express Card Corp vs. Court of Appeals, et al., and Equitabl Banking Corp. vs.
Calderon, G.R. No. 156168, December 14, 2004.
 Herbosa, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 119086 & 119087, January 25, 2002.
 Cf., Go v. Court of Appeals, 339 Phil. 136, 138-139 (1997).
 Fortune Express vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119756, March 18, 1999.
 Experttravel & Tours, Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 130030, June 25, 1999.
 PCIB vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 73610, April 19, 1991.
 Colegio del Sto Nino, et al., vs. NLRC, et al., G.R. No. 96301, May 28, 1991.
 Cf., People vs. Bernardo, G.R. No. 144316, March 11, 1992.
 Mayo vs. People, G.R. No. 91201, December 5, 1991.
 Bunag, Jr. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 101749, July 10, 1992.
 Buenaventura vs. Buenaventura, G.R. No. 127358, March 31, 2005.
 Mabulao Lamber Co. v. PNB, 130 Phil 366 [1968].
 ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 128690,
January 21, 1999.
 Prime White Cement Corp. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 220 SCRA 103, 113-114
[1993].
 LBC Express Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 236 SCRA 602, 607 [1994]
 Acme Shoe Rubber and Plastic Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 260 SCRA 714, 722 [1996].
 People vs. Manero, Jr., G.R. No. 86883-85, 29 January 1993, 218 SCRA 85.

CHAPTER 4. NOMINAL DAMAGES

 Article 2222, Civil Code of the Philippines.
 PNOC Shipping And Transport Corp. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 107518,
October 8, 1998.
 Saludo, Jr., et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 95536, March 23, 1992.
 Lufthansa German Airlines vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 108997, April 21, 1995.
 Agabon vs. NLRC, et al., G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004.
 Dissent, Justice Vitug, Serano vs. NLRC, et al., G.R. No. 117040, January 27, 2000.
 Chua vs. NLRC, et al., G.R. No. 146780, March 11, 2005.
 Jaka Food Processing Corp. vs. Pacot, et al., G.R. No. 151378, March 28, 2005.
 PT & T Corp vs. NLRC, G.R. No. 147002, April 15, 2005.
 Philippine Pizza Inc. vs. Bungabong, G.R. No. 154315, May 9, 2005.
 Amadeo Fishing Corp. et al. vs. Nierra, et al., G.R. No. 163099, October 4, 2005.
 San Miguel Corporations vs. Aballa, et al., G.R. No. 149011, June 28, 2005.
 Clarion Printing House, Inc. et al. vs. NLRC (Third Division) et al., G.R. No. 148372, June
27, 2005.
 Heirs of Eduardo Manlapat vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 125585, June 8, 2005.
 Cf., Solid Homes, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 117501, July 8, 1997.
 Algaraa vs. Sandejas, G.R. No. 8385, March 24, 1914.
 Art. 2223, Cicil Code.

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CAHPTER 5. TEMPERATE DAMAGES
 Art. 2224, Civil Code.
 Premiere Devt Bank vs. Court of Appaeals, et al., G.R. No. 159352, April 14, 2004.
 MBTC vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 112576, October 26, 1994.
 Bargaza vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 115129, February 12, 1997.
 People vs. Padlan, et al., G.R. No. 111263, May 27, 1998.
 Ramos, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 124354, December 29, 1999.
 People vs. Orbes, G.R. No. 132743, November 22, 2001.
 People vs. Abes, et al., G.R. No. 1389937, January 20, 2004.
 People vs. Villanueva, G.R. No. 139177, August 11, 2003.
 PT & T vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 139268, September 3, 2002.
 Art. 2221, New Civil Code; Manila Banking Corp. vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, 131
SCRA 271.
 Art. 2224, New Civil Code
 City Trust Banking Corporation vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, et al., G.R. No. 84281,
May 27, 1994.
 Article 2225, Civil Code.

CHAPTER 6. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES

 HL Carlos Construction vs. Marina Properties Corp., G.R. No. 147614, January 29, 2004.
 Scott Consultants & Resource Devt Corp., Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No.
112916, March 16, 1995.
 Napocor vs. National Merchandising Corporation, et al., G.R. No. L-33897, October 23,
1982.
 Santiago vs. Dimayuga, G.R. No. L-17883, Decmber 30, 1961.
 Art. 1229, Civil Code.
 Art. 2227, Civil Code.
 Menchavez, et al. vs. Teves. Jr., G.R. No. 153201, January 26, 2005.
 Art. 2228, Civil Code.

CHAPTER 7. EXEMPLARY DAMAGES

 People vs. Catubig, G.R. No. 137842, August 23, 2001.
 Medelo vs. Gorospe, G.R. No. L-41970, March 25, 1988.
 Lopez, et al. v. Pan American World Airways, 16 SCRA 431.
 Makabali vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-46877, January 22, 1998.
 Kierulf, et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 99301 & 99343, March 13, 1997.
 Makabali vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-46877, January 22, 1998.
 Gutierrez vs. Villegas, et al., G.R. No. L-17117, July 31, 1963.
 Art. 2230, 2231, 2232, Civil Code.
 Radio Communication of the Philippines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 103 SCRA 359 [1981].
 Bagumbayan Corp. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 132 SCRA 441 [1984].
 Northwest Orient Airlines vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 83033, June 8, 1990.
 Alitalia Airways vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 77011, July 24, 1990.
 PAL vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 50504-05, August 13, 1990.
 Negros Navigation Co., Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 110398, November 7, 1997.
 Benguet Electric Cooperative vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 127326, December 23,
1999.

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  Associates Citizens Bank vs. Japson, G.R. No. 50098, April 30, 1991 citing Primero v.
Intermediate Apellate Court, supra, citing Gonzales v. Province of Iloilo, 38 SCRA 209;
Cyphil Employees Association-Natu v. Pharmaceutical Industries, 77 SCRA 135; Calderon
v. Court of Appeals, 100 SCRA 459, etc.
 Guilatico vs. City of Dagupan, et al., G.R. No. 61516, March 21, 1989.
 People vs. Perez, G.R. No. 84362, July 7, 1989.
 People vs. Grefiel, G.R. No. 77228, November 13, 1992.
 People vs. Cristobal, G.R. No. 116279, January 29, 1996.
 People vs. Espanola, et al., G.R. No. 119308, April 18, 1997.
 People vs. Matrimonio, G.R. No. 82223-24, November 13, 1992.
 People vs. Gagto, G.R. No. 113345, February 9, 1996.
 People vs. Baldino, G.R. No. 137269, October 13, 2000.
 Cf., People vs. Yaoto, G.R. No. 136317-18, November 18, 2001.
 People vs. Delayre, G.R. No. 139788 & 139827, October 3, 2002.
 People v. Pidoy, G.R. No. 146696, July 3, 2003.
 People vs. Mareni, G.R. Nos. 86883-85, January 29, 1993.
 People vs. Bantillo, et al., G.R. No. 117949, October 23, 2000.
 Bautista, et al. vs. Mangalan Rural Bank, G.R. No. 100755, February 10, 1994.
 Solidbank vs. Arrieta, G.R. No. 152720, February 17, 2005.
 Prudential Bank vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 108957, June 14, 1993.

CHAPTER 8. ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES

 Del Rosario vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 118325, January 29, 1997.
 Inhelder Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-52358, 122 SCRA 576, 585, (May
30, 1983).
 Article 2204, Civil Code.
 Cf., People vs. Catubig, G.R. No. 118325, August 23, 2001.
 Art. 2214-2215, Civil Code.
 Article 2203, Civil Code.
 Raagas v. Traya, et al., G.R. No. L-20081, February 27, 1968.
 Lim, et al. vs. de Leon, et al., G.R. No. L-22554, August 29, 1975.
 Aberca vs. Ver, et al., G.R. No. L-69886, April 15, 19.
 Afiliada v. Hisole and Hisole, 85 Phil 67
 Calalas v. Court of Appeals, 332 SCRA 357
 Nikko Hotel Manila Garden, et al. vs. Reyes, GR No. 154259, February 28, 2005

a.3. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance; Doctrine of Supervening Negligence; Doctrine of Discovered Peril; or
the Humanitarian Doctrine

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