DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY

SECOND YEAR MBBS

POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION OF HISTOLOGY PRACTICAL FOR II
MODULE

- ENDOCRINE GLANDS
-
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR PITUITARY GLAND
It consists of 3 parts.
1. pars distalis, consists of two cell types; chromophobes (poorly stained and have no
cytoplasmic granules) , chromophils (deeply stained and have granules)….It is further divided
into two sub-types ; acidophils and basophils.
2. Pars intermedialis, contains colloid filled vesicles surrounded by cells of pars intermedialis.
3 . Pars nervosa, look whitish in colour because of unmyelinated axons. It also contains
supporting pituicytes .

-POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR THYROID GLAND

1. Consists of numerous follicles filled with colloid. It is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.
2. Connective tissue septa extend in a gland and divide it into lobules. Numerous blood vessels
are also seen in connective tissue septa.
3. Parafollicular cells are seen between basal lamina and epithelium of two follicles.

-POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR PARATHYROID GLAND

1. Surrounded by thin connective tissue capsule which radiate septa and provide
demarcation between thyroid and parathyroid gland.
2. Have two types of cells; OXYPHIL and CHIEF CELLS (principle cells).Cells are
arranged in anastomosing cords and clumps.

-POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR ADRENAL GLAND.

1. It consists of an outer cortex and inner medulla, surrounded by thick connective tissue
capsule that contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
2. Cortex has three parts ; Zona Glomerulosa-cells arranged in ovoid groups.
Zona Fasiculata-cells arranged in radial plates
Zona Reticularis-cells form anastomosing cords surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries.
3. Cells of medulla stains with chromium salts and are called chromaffin cells.Mdulla also
contain sympathetic neurons that are present in small groups.

POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR TESTIS

1. Thick connective tissue tunica albuginea surrounds testis and form mediastinal
testis from where the thin connective tissue separates testis into testicular lobule
which contain coiled seminiferous tubules lined with germinal epithelium.
2. Germinal epithelium contains spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells (supportive cells).
Between seminiferous tubules are interstitial cells (cells of leydig).

POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR EPIDIDYMIS

1. It is surrounded by connective tissue and a thin smooth muscle layer.It is lined by
pseudostratified epithelium.
2. The epithelium consists of tall columnar (principle) cells with long non motile stereo
cilia and small Basal cells.
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR VAS DEFERENS
1. It exhibit narrow, irregular lumen with longitudinal mucosal folds.It is lined by
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium. Below epithelium, lamina propria is present.
2. Thick muscularis layer consist of thin inner longitudinal, thick middle circular layer,
thin outer longitudinal layer. The muscularis is surrounded by adventitia.
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION OF SEMINAL VESICLE
1. It exhibit highly convoluted and irregular lumina. Lined by pseudo stratified and low
columnar epithelium.
2. The muscularis contain inner circular and outer longitudinal layer. The muscularis is
surrounded by Adventitia.
POINTS OF IDENTIDICATION OF PROSTATE GLAND
1. Characterized by fibromuscular stroma and prostatic concretions in gland.
 2. Has 3 parts in males Prostatic part, Membranous part and Penil part.Transitional
epithelium lines the protatic part of urethra.

URINARY SYSTEM
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR KIDNEY
1. It has 2 parts;(A) Outer cortex- gives granular appearance due to the presence of
corpuscles (part of nephron)
2. (B) Inner Medulla – gives striated appearance because it lodges partially arranged
blood vessels and loops of henle.

POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION OF URETER

1. The wall of ureter consists of mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia. The ureter mucosa
consists of Trasitional epithelium below which lamina propria is present.
2. Muscularis contain inner longitudinal smooth muscle and outer circular smooth
muscle. Muscularis is surrounded by adventitia
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR URINARY BLADDER
1. It consists of transitional epithelium. In empty bladder it consists of 6 to 8 layers
Basal layer-cuboidal cells
Middle layer-polygonal cells
When bladder gets distended, epithelium shows 2 to 3 layers
2. The lamina propria contain venule and arteriole and Muscularis contain 3 indistinct
layers as smooth muscle bundle.
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR INACTIVE MAMMARY GLAND.
1. Characterized by abundance of connective tissue and by a scarcity of glandular
element.
2. The glandular lobule contain ducts and they are surrounded by Myoepithelial cells.
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR LACTATING MAMMARY GLAND
1. They exhibit large number of distended alveoli filled with secretions and
vacuoles.The active alveoli are lined with low epithelium and filled with milk.
2. Surrounding the alveoli in mammary gland are myoepithelial cells, present between
alveolar cells and basal lamina.
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR OVARY
1. Germinal epithelium overlies connective tissue tunica albuginea. It consists of outer
cortex and inner medulla without distinct boundaries. Cortex contains follicles,
fibrocytes, collagenous and reticular fibers.
 Medulla is contious with mesovarium.
2. Its primordial cells exhibit simple cuboidal layer .
3. Secondary follicle exhibit liquid accumulations between granulosa cells or antrum.

POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION OF UTERINE TUBE.

1. Extend from ovaries into the uterus and exhibit infundibulum with fimbrae,
ampulla, isthmus, intramural region. Its mucosa contain extensive folds and form
irregular lumen.
2. Epithelium is simple columnar with ciliated and non ciliated secretory (peg) cells.
Ciliated cells create current towards uterus and become predominant in
proliferative phase. Secretory cells provide nutrition for oocyte, fertilized ovum, and
developing embryo.

IDENTIFICATION POINT OF UTERUS

1. Consists of body, fundus, and cervix.
2. Wall consists of outer perimetrium, middle myometrium, and inner endometrium.
3. Endometrium is divided into stratum functionalis which sheds with menstrual flow
and sratium basalis.
IDENTIFICATION POINTS FOR VAGINA
1. The vaginal mucosa is irregular and shows mucosal folds. It does not have glands
and is lined by non cornified stratified squamous epithelium.