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AMATEKA YA KILIZIYA

INTANGIRIRO

Uko ibihe bihora bisimburana, muntu arushaho kugenda yunguka ubwenge mu

gutunganya aho atuye. Urwo ruhererekane rw‟ibikorwa bya muntu ku isi ni yo mateka
yacu. Ni umusingi-fatizo w‟ibikorwa muri iki gihe n‟igipimo mbonera cy‟ejo hazaza.
Kumenya no gusobanukirwa ibigize amateka muri rusange, bidusangiza ku bukungu
bw‟ibihe turimo bityo tugategura ejo hazaza heza.

Amateka ya Kiliziya ntabwo atandukanye rwose n‟amateka y‟isi muri rusange.

None se Kilizaya ntigizwe n‟abantu, igakorera abantu? Ni yo mpamvu ayo mateka yombi
ahuriye kuri byinshi, kandi akuzuzanya. Kuva kera na kare ubukristu bwagiye bucengera
ndetse bukanayobora imibereho y‟abantu ku isi (imico n‟imyitwarire, imitekerereze,
amazina, ibikoresho, imyubakire, imiyoborere, ubuhanzi, ubusizi, kalendari, ibyerekeye
ukuvuka n‟amaherezo bya muntu byose bigendeye kenshi ku iyobokamana). Ibigaragara
mu mateka ya Kiliziya ni uko ubukristu butera imbere cyangwa bukadindira bitewe
n‟imibereho, imyumvire n‟imikorere y‟abantu babwakiriye.

Muri iri somo, „Amateka ya Kiliziya’ yose tuzayiga dukurikije ibihe bine
by‟ingenzi byayaranze kuva Kiliziya yashingwa na Yezu Kirisitu kugeza ubu, ndetse
tuzarebera hamwe muri make amateka y „Iyogezabutumwa mu Rwanda.

- Igice cya mbere: Ibihe by‟ ikubitiro (Antiquité)

Kuva kuri Yezu Kristu kugeza muri 476 (kugeza ku isenyuka

ry‟ingoma y‟abaroma y‟iburengerazuba).

- Igice cya kabiri: Ibihe byo hagati (Moyen -Age)

476-1453 (isenyuka ry‟ingoma y‟abaroma y‟I Burasirazuba)

- Igice cya gatatu: Ibihe bishya (Temps modernes)

1453-1789 (impinduramatwara y‟abafransa)

- Igice cya kane: Ibihe tugezemo (Epoque contemporaine) 1789- kugeza ubu.

- Umugereka : Amateka y‟iyogezabutumwa mu Rwanda (1900 – kugeza ubu)

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AKAMARO KO KUMENYA KILIZIYA:

Kiliziya ni umuryango ubumbye isi yose kuva kera; Kiliziya yashinzwe na Yezu
Kristu igamije ikintu ndengakamere aricyo umukiro wa roho z‟abantu. Nyamara ariko ni
umuryango ugaragara ufatika ufite abayobozi ukaba warasakaye ku isi hose, hashize
ibinyejana birenga 20. Ifite rero amateka yayo kandi umuntu wese yagombye kumenya.

Kiliziya yagiye ihindura imyumvire n‟imico y‟abantu uko ibihe biha ibindi.
Ntabwo bishoboka gusobanukirwa amateka y‟isi kuva Yezu Kristu abayeho udafatiye ku
mateka ya Kiliziya. Ni Kiliziya yazanye umuco wa gikristu wagiye urandura buhoro
buhoro umuco wa gipagani ku isi. Kiliziya ntiyahinduye gusa ibitekerezo n‟imyitwarire
by‟abantu, ahubwo yanahinduye ubuzima bw‟umuryango (urugo), imibanire hagati
y‟abantu ndetse na za Leta; yanacengeye mu nzego zose (umuco, ubugeni….). Amateka
menshi y‟isi Kiliziya yagiye iyagiramo uruhare rukomeye, ntabwo ari mu byerekeranye
n‟ubukristu gusa.

Kiliziya ni umubyeyi wa buri mukristu. Umukristu ni umwana wa Kiliziya. Afite

rero inshingano yihariye yo kumenya amateka ya Kiliziya umubyeyi wacu kugira ngo
abashe kuyikunda kurushaho, kuyirwanirira ishyaka no kuyitangira igihe icyo ari cyo
cyose.

YEZU KRISTU NI WE WASHINZE KILIZIYA

a. Impamvu Yezu yashinze Kiliziya:

Yezu yemera kwigira umuntu kugira ngo ashobore gukiza abantu urupfu anabahishurire
amabanga (amayobera) y‟iyobokamana nyaryo (ritagatifu). Yashinze Kiliziya kugira ngo
igikorwa cyo gukiza abantu agisakaze hose kandi agikomeze.

b. Kiliziya nk‟uko Yezu Kristu yayishinze:

Yezu Kristu yashinze Kiliziya ku ntumwa ze cumi n‟ebyiri aziha ubutumwa

bw‟inyabutatu:

1. Kwigisha amahanga yose: abigishijwe bose bagomba kwemera

2. Kuyobora umuryango w‟Imana, Abakristu: Abayoborwa bagomba kubaha abakuru ba

Kiliziya

3. Gutagatifuza abayoboke b‟Imana babaha amasakramentu: Abayoboke b‟Imana

(Abakristu) bagomba guhora bavoma kuri iyo soko y‟ubutagatifu. Mutagatifu Petero
niwe Yezu yahisemo muri ba cumi na babiri amugira urutare Kiliziya yubatseho. Ni
we yabwiye ati “Ragira abana b‟intama zanjye”.
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c. Kiliziya yatangiye ku mugaragaro ku munsi mukuru wa Penekosti:

Intumwa zimaze guhabwa imbaraga za Roho Mutagatifu ku munsi mukuru wa

Pentekositi zakwiriye mu mahanga zamamaza Inkuru nziza.

UMUTWE WA MBERE: IBIHE BY’IKUBITIRO (Antiquité): (30-476)

Iki gice cya mbere gitangirana n‟ivuka rya Kiliziya ku munsi mukuru wa Penekosti
kikarangirana n‟isenyuka ry‟ingoma y‟Abanyaromani y‟ I Burengerazuba (476)

Iki gice kigizwe n‟ibihe bibiri by‟ingenzi.

1. 30-313: Kiliziya yasakaye hose n‟ubwo bwose hari mu gihe cy‟itotezwa rikomeye
ry‟abakristu ku ngoma y‟Abanyaroma.

2. 313- 476: Kiliziya yakomeje gusakara hose ndetse n‟abami barayishyigikira kandi
barayirinda. Nyamara muri iki gihe havutse muri Kiliziya inyigisho z‟ubuyobe
zikomeye. Kiliziya ariko yarazirwanyije yifashishije abakuru mu nama nkuru za
Kiliziya (conciles …)

Itangazo ry‟ i Milano (313) ryahaye ubukristu uburenganzira mu iyobokamana

rigabanyamo kabiri amateka ya Kiliziya yo mu bihe by‟ikubitiro.

I.1: UGUSAKARA KW‟UBUKRISTU (30-313)

Ibintu by‟ ingenzi byaranze iki gihe:

Ibirebana n‟ibyo hanze ya Kiliziya (c.à.d Eglise/ Etat; Eglise/ individus):

i. Gusakara k‟ubukristu mu isi y‟Abayahudi no mu y‟ Abaromani

ii. Ugutotezwa kw‟Abakristu byagirwaga n‟Abaromani bitewe n‟isakara

ry‟ubukristu ndetse n‟ukutumvikana hagati y‟ idini y‟abakristu n‟amadini
y‟abapagani.

Ibirebana na Kiliziya ubwayo cg se ubuzima bw‟imbere muri Kiliziya:

iii. Ugushyirwaho no kunozwa kw‟inzego nyobozi muri Kiliziya ndetse

n‟igabanywa ry‟uturere( diyosezi,….) : *ububasha bwo kuyobora
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Kunoza inyigisho za Kiliziya. Nibwo ibitabo by‟Isezerano Rishya byongerewe ku

by‟Isezerano rya Kera. Ibyanditswe bitagatifu n‟uruhererekane rw‟inyigisho za Kiliziya
ni byo byonyine byemewe nk‟isoko y‟ibyo Kiliziya yigisha.

Amahame menshi ya Kiliziya yakubiwe mu “Ndangakwemera y‟intumwa” (symbole des

Apôtres):*ububasha bwo kwigisha.

iv. Inozwa ry‟uburyo bwo gusenga n‟ubuyoboke muri Kiliziya : * ububasha

bwo gutagatifuza

Aho ubukristu bwabanje: Ingoma y‟Abanyaroma

Idini y‟Abakiristu yakomotse mu idini y‟Abayahudi. I Yerusalemu ni ho

ubukristu bwahereye bwogera hose. Abayahudi bahindutse Abakristu ni bo bagiye
basakaza ubukristu hirya no hino aho bari baratataniye mu bihugu by‟abapagani
byigaruriwe n‟ingoma y‟Abanyaroma. Muri ibyo bihugu ni ho ubukirisitu bwabanje
gusakara, buhura n‟inzitizi nyinshi ariko abakristu ntibacika intege.

I .1 .1 Mu bayahudi

Idini y‟Abayahudi ni yo yonyine yasengaga Imana y‟ukuri. Bari bafite ibitabo

bitagatifu cyane cyane iby‟amategeko (ya Musa) kandi bategereje Umukiza (Messie).
Abayahudi bari barakwiriye hirya no hino mu bihugu by‟ingoma y‟Abanyaroma. Ingoro
ikomeye basengeragamo yari yubatse I Yeruzalemu ariko bari bafite n‟insengero hirya no
hino aho bahuriraga bagasenga, kandi bagasoma Bibiliya bayizirikanaho. Mu bayahudi
bakomeye, Abafarizayi ni bo bemeye Ivanjili kurusha abandi. Abasaduseyi bo bari
intagondwa kandi ni bo barwanyije Yezu n‟Intumwa ze cyane. Hari n‟abapagani
bahindutse bemera idini y‟abayahudi, abo bitwaga abatinya Imana, twavuga nk‟uwitwa
Coroneli waje no guhinduka akemera Ivanjili akabatizwa na Petero.

Mu mwaka wa 70 Abayahudi bivumbagatanyije ku Baromani bibaviramo

gusenywa kw‟ingoro y‟ i Yeruzaremu, igihugu kirarimburwa, ngayo amaherezo
y‟igihugu ubwoko bw‟Abayahudi bwari butuyemo. Mu mwaka w‟130 umwami w‟abami
Adiriyani yahinduye Yeruzalemu umugi wa gipagani, ahasengerwaga Imana bahazana
ibigirwamana (venusi)

I. 1. 2 Abapagani

Muri icyo gihe abapagani basengaga ibigirwamana byinshi (imana z‟abagereki,

iz‟abaromani…) ndetse n‟umwami w‟abami (empereur Auguste) na we yasengwaga
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nk‟Imana ikimenyetso cy‟ubumwe bw‟ingoma y‟Abaromani. Ariko n‟ubwo bwose hari

hariho imana nyinshi ubuhakanyi n‟ingeso mbi byari ibyorezo cyane cyane mu bantu
bakomeye.

I .1 3 Inyigisho za gikristu

Ubukristu bukimara kuvuka bwasakaye ku buryo butangaje ni igikorwa cy‟Imana

ubwayo, kirangwa n‟ukuri, intumwa zaragitangije zigisha imigenzo myiza ya gikristu
ndetse benshi bameneye amaraso yabo icyo gikorwa. Mu isi y‟icyo gihe hari ibyafashije
ubukristu gusakara vuba vuba nk‟uko twabibonye. Abayahudi basengaga imana zimwe,
abapagani bahindutse Abayahudi, indimi z‟ikilatini n‟ikigereki ndetse n‟umuco wabo
wari warakwiriye hose, imihanda myinshi, umutekano w‟abaturage, abapagani bari
bararambiwe no gusenga ibigirwamana, ubucakara ndetse n‟izindi mpamvu nyinshi
byatumye ubukristu bwakirwa vuba.

Ariko habaye n‟inzitizi nyinshi. Abayahudi barwanyije cyane ubukristu nk‟idini

ry‟inyaduka (ingirwa dini), abapagani basuzuguraga abayahudi aribo Yezu n‟intumwa ze,
bakomotsemo ingeso mbi z‟abapagani, ubugome bwabo, ubwirasi, ubwibone bwabo
ndetse n‟ibindi byinshi.

I. 1 4 Abogezabutumwa

Abongezabutumwa b‟Imana babaye mbere na mbere Intumwa za Yezu. Kugeza

mu wa 42 bibanze cyane cyane I Yeruzalemu, Pawulo Mutagatifu ni we uzwi cyane mu
bagiye kwamamaza Ivanjili mu banyamahanga (Abapagani). Petero Mutagatifu
umutware w‟Intumwa, ikicaro cye yagishinze i Roma, nyuma ye Yohani Mutagatifu na
we yabaye umuntu ukomeye muri Kiliziya.

Intumwa i Yeruzalemu (30-42)

Abantu benshi bahinduka bakaba Abakristu

Ku munsi mukuru wa Penekosti inyigisho ya Petero yahinduye benshi hahita

habatizwa abagera ku bihumbi bitatu, ndetse nyuma y‟igitangaza cyo gukiza ikirema uwo
mubare warazamutse ugera ku bihumbi bitanu. Abo bayahudi b‟abakristu bajyaga
gusenga mu Ngoro y‟ i Yeruzalemu hamwe na bene wabo b‟abayahudi. Aho bari
bataniye ni uko abakristu bo bemeraga Yezu Kristu:

- Umwana w‟Imana, Umukiza w‟abantu

- Kandi bategereje ihindukira rye

- Babatizwaga mu izina ry‟ubutatu butagatifu
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- Baturaga igitambo cy‟ukaristiya

- Bari bagize umubiri umwe n‟umutima umwe bagashyira hamwe ibyo bari batunze
- Bubahaga Intumwa zafashwaga n‟Inama y‟abakuru b‟umuryango (…)
n‟abadiyakoni 7 (7 Diacres).

Itotezwa rya mbere

Inama nkuru y‟Abayahudi (Sanhédrin) yashengurwaga n‟iyo mbaga y‟Abayahudi

yahubukaga ikemera Yezu Kristu. Ni bwo rero yihanangirije Intumwa kutazongera
kwigisha mu izina rya Yezu ariko noneho zirushaho zishize amanga. Ibyo byatumye
abemera Kristu batangira gutotezwa n‟abagize inama nkuru y‟Abayahudi. Umukristu
wishwe ku ikubitiro ahowe Yezu ni Sitefano yicishijwe amabuye. Nyuma gato Yakobo
Intumwa acibwa umutwe, Patero we yarafunzwe ariko umumalayika aramubohora.
Ng‟uko uko Intumwa noneho zakwiriye imishwaro zigenda zigisha mu mahanga yose
(Int. 1, 8) hari mu mwaka wa 42.

a. Pawulo Intumwa

Ihinduka rye:

Izina rye rya Kiyahudi ryari Sawuli ariko kuko yavukiye mu mahanga i Taro yaje
kwitwa Pawulo (mu rurimi rw‟Abagereki n‟Abaromani). Ishyaka yari afitiye idini ye ya
kiyahudi ryatumye na we afatanya n‟abandi gutoteza abakristu kugira ngo harandurwe
iyo dini y‟icyaduka. Mu nzira ajya i Damasi yumva ijwi rya Yezu rimuhamagara n‟uko
arahinduka kandi arabatinzwa hari mu mwaka wa 36.

Ubutumwa n‟ingendo bya Pawulo:

Pawulo yamaze imyaka 9 yigisha mbere yo gukora ingendo ze eshatu za gitumwa.

- Yagiye kureba Petero i Yeruzalemu

- Yamamaje Ivanjili i Damasi no muri Silisiya

- Yafashije Barnaba kwigisha Antiyokiya. Muri uyu mugi bahinduye abapagani

benshi kandi ni ho abemeye Yezu Kristu bafatiye izina ryo kwitwa Abakristu.

Ingendo ndende za gitumwa:

- Urugendo rwa mbere (45-49)

- Urugendo rwa kabiri (50-52)

- Urugendo rwa gatatu (53-57)

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Ifungwa n‟urupfu bya Pawulo :

I Yeruzalemu (muri Palestine) Abayahudi bivumbuye kuri Pawulo arafatwa

afungwa imyaka ibiri i Karizariya, yajuririye umwami kuko na we yari afite
ubwenegihugu bw‟Abaromani n‟uko yoherezwa i Roma. Yahamaze imyaka ibiri afite
umusirikari umurinda ariko ashobora kwigisha. Yarekuwe muri 62 ajya muri Hispaniya.
Ibyo aribyo byose agarutse i Burasirazuba (iwabo, Palestine vraisemblablent) arongera
arafatwa ajyanwa i Roma aho yapfiriye ahowe Yezu. Yaciwe umutwe ku ngoma
y‟umwami Neroni muri 67.

Uko yari ateye:

- Pawulo yari umuhanga, yari yarize akamenya kwigisha no gusobanura ibintu

- Yamenyaga gufata icyemezo kandi akagikomeraho atitaye ku bitotezo

- Yagiraga ishyaka rikomeye ry‟umwongezaabutumwa

- Yari afitiye Yezu urukundo rukomeye

(Cfr igitabo cy‟ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa amabaruwa ya 14).

b. Petero Intumwa

1. Umukuru mu Ntumwa za Yezu:

- Ni we rutare Yezu yubatseho Kiliziya

- Ni we wabaye bwa mbere umukuru wa Kiliziya y‟i Yeruzalemu

- Ni we wayoboye itorwa rya Matiyasi

- Ni we watanze inyigisho ya mbere (Pentecote)

- Ni we wakoze igitangaza cya mbere

- Ni we wafashe ijambo rya mbere mu nama nkuru ya mbere ya Kiliziya i

Yeruzalemu (50)

Petero i Roma:

Petero yagiye i Roma mu myaka ye yanyuma, ni ho yapfiriye ahowe Yezu, abambwe

ndetse ku musaraba muri 67. Roma yabaye nkuru kuko Mutagatifu Petero yibereye
umwepiskopi wa mbere kandi akaba ariho ibisiganzwa by‟umubiri we bishyinguye.
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Imiterere ya Kiliziya y‟ i Roma (cfr Cercle St Paul, amateka ya Kiliziya, 38 +quimanté de

Roma)

c. Yohani Intumwa

Yaramenyekanye cyane mu zindi ntumwa

Yanditse Ivanjili ya 4, ibyahishuwe, amabaruwa atatu

Uwitwa Terituliyani (II ème siècle) atubwira ko Yohani yaroshywe mu ngunguru

y‟amavuta yatuye ariko avamo ari mutaraga n‟uko aracibwa yoherezwa ku kirwa cya
Patmos (81-96).

Yabaye i Efezi igihe kirekire, ni naho yaguye ageze mu zabukuru.

d. Abandi bogezabutumwa

- Abayobozi mu nzego za Kiliziya, abalayiki (abagabo+abagore) Luka, Mariko,

Tito, Aquilo n‟umugore we Prisila,..

- Abacuruzi, abasirikari,..

Ishyaka ry‟abakristu n‟imyitwarire mishya byose byafashije mu gusakaza Ivanjili…

NB: Ubukristu bwakiriwe n‟abantu b‟ingeri zose

- Abapagani b‟abakene n‟abacakara

- Abantu bakomeye: abize, abategetsi, abo mu miryango ikomeye…

 Abategetsi (Procurateur Sergius…)

 Abo mu miryango ikomeye (annea, …)

I. 1. 5 Igikorwa cy‟ iyogezabutumwa kugeza mu ntangiriro z‟ ikinyejana cya IV

- Mu binyejana 3 bya mbere ubukristu bwakomeje gusakara

- Hari ibihe byagiye biba byiza kurushaho.

Urugero: Hagati ya 206-303: abakristu bagize umutekano ubwo ni hagati y

‟ingoma z‟abami 2 b‟abanyaroma batoteje Kiliziya cyane (Valeriyani na
Domisiyani).
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- Mu ntangiriro z‟ikinyejana cya 4 ubukristu bwari bwarakiriwe n‟igice kinini

cy‟abaturage cyane cyane mu mujyi.

I .2 KILIZIYA ITOTEZWA N‟ABANYAROMA

I.2.1 Impamvu z „itotezwa ry „Abakirisitu
i. Urwango abantu bari bafitiye Abakirisitu:

Abapagani bangaga Abakirisitu urunuka kurusha uko bangaga Abayahudi

Ibyaha byose babyegekaga ku bakirisitu: Ubwicanyi, kurya abantu mu nama za

rwihishwa (Misa)

Abakirisitu ni ababuramana kuko badasenga ibigirwamana by‟Abanyaroma

Kuroga amariba…
N. B: Ibyo byose byatumaga abakirisitu bangwa cyane, amarimbi yabo akangizwa,
bagatotezwa ku buryo bunyuranye
- Urwango ubutegetsi bwari bufitiye abakirisitu:
- Abakirisitu ntabwo bakunda ingoma y‟Abanyaroma
- Abakirisitu ntabwo bakunda umco w‟ Abanyaroma (ibitambo, ibigirwamana,
kwishimisha…)
- Abakirisitu ntabwo bitabira ibikorwa rusange niyo mpamvu Leta igomba kubarwanya
naho ubundi bagandisha rubanda kandi bagatera amacakubiri.
- Urwango rw‟ abami ku giti cyabo (Neroni, Domisiyani, Magisime…)

I. 2 .2 Itegeko ryo gutoteza Abakirisitu

Mu binyejana bibiri bya mbere ubukirisitu bwari bubujijwe. Umwami w‟abami

Neroni yaciye iteka ribuza kuyoboka idini y‟Abakirisitu. Abategetsi bo mu ntara nabo
bishyiriragaho amategeko arwanya ubukirisitu banagendeye cyane ku rwango abaturage
b‟ababapagani bari bafitiye Abakirisitu. Abami uko bagiye basimburana ku ngoma
y‟Abanyaroma bose bakomeje uwo murongo wo gutoteza abakirisitu (Mariko, Awureli,
Tarajani …). Mu kinyejana cya kabiri uburyo bwo gutoteza abakirisitu bwarahindutse.
Hashyirwaho itegeko ryo gutoteza abakirisitu n‟abagomba kugirirwa nabi abo ari bo
n‟ibihano bagombaga guhabwa ku buryo buboneye atari mu kajagari.
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I. 2. 3 Imanza z‟Abahowe Imana

i. Igifungo:

Mu mategeko y‟Abanyaroma, igifungo cyari kibereyeho kugira ngo ugihawe

ashyirwe aho atabangamiye abantu. Abakirisitu benshi bapfiriye mu nzu z‟imbohe
batagira urumuri, ahantu hakonje cyane kandi hari umwanda mwinshi, bicishijwe inzara
baziritse iminyururu … Ariko hari ubwo bagenzi babo bashoboraga kubagemurira
Ukarisitiya.

ii. Kwicwa urubozo:

Abakirisitu bishwe urubozo hagamijwe kubatesha ukwemera no guhakana. Barakubiswe,

batwitswe ari bazima …

iii. Gukatirwa ibihano:

Abakirisitu benshi bahanishijwe gukora imirimo y „agahato. Abo nyine babaga

baharanguye nta musatsi, bafite icyasha mu mutwe, ijisho rimwe ryaranogowemo,
bazirikanyije… Ababaga bakatiwe urwo gupfa, babambwaga ku musaraba (abacakara),
hari abacibwaga umutwe, (abafite ubwenegihugu bw‟Abanyaroma), abandi batwikwaga
babona (abatari Abanyaroma ariko bigenga). Ariko hagiye habaho n‟ibindi bibabarisho
byinshi nko gutwikishwa amavuta yatuye, kurohwa mu mazi…

Mu gihe cy‟itotezwa ry‟ abakirisitu, abapfuye bahowe Imana ni benshi cyane

umubare wabo ntabwo uzwi. Ku ngoma ya Domisiyani mu Misiri honyine hapfuye
abagera ku bihumbi icumi, umugi witwa Furujiya wo waratsembwe ntihagira n‟uwo
kubara inkuru usigara. Habayeho intwari nyinshi muri ibyo bihe (Inyasi wa Antiyokiya,
Polikarupo w‟ i Simirine, Bulandina…). Itotezwa ryabaye simusiga ku ngoma y‟umwami
Dese (249-251), ariko noneho riza kuba rurangiza hagati y‟umwaka wa 303 na 313 (ku
ngoma ya Diyokelesiyani, Galere …)

I. 2. 4 Iherezo ry‟itotezwa

Muri 311 umwami Galere yaje gufatwa n‟indwara iteye isoni cyane (yaje no
kumuhitana) ni bwo atangiye kugarukira abakirisitu ngo bamusabire ndetse asinya n‟iteka
riha abakirisitu agahenge: iteka ry‟ubworoherane (Edit de tolérance). Ariko iteka
ryahaye abakirisitu ubwigenge n‟ubwisanzure ni iryasinywe n‟umwami
KONSITANTINI Luciniyusi muri 313: Iteka rya Milano (Edit de Milan). Ng‟uko uko
idini isenga Imana imwe y‟ukuri yatsinze abasenga ibigirwamana, ubwisanzure bwa buri
wese n‟ubw‟umryango butsinda ubucakara n‟imico ya gipagani.
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I. 3 GUSHIMANGIRA INZEGO NYOBOZI ZA KILIZIYA

Ubutumwa Kristu yahaye Kiliziya bwo kuyobora bwashyizwe mu bikorwa

n‟abayobozi ba Kiliziya ku nzego zitandukanye: Papa, Abepisikopi, Abapadiri
n‟Abadiyakoni bose bakomoka ku Ntumwa. Mu binyejana bitatu bya mbere kandi
havutse Abasudiyakoni n‟abandi bafasha (Ordres mineurs). Habayeho kandi ishyirwaho
ry‟inzego za Kiliziya: Diyosezi, Paruwasi…

I. 4 GUSHIMANGIRA INYIGISHO ZA KILIZIYA

Amasoko abiri y‟inyigisho za Kiliziya yabaye: Ibyanditswe Bitagatifu (Bibiliya)

n‟ Uruhererekane rw‟inyigisho za Kliziya (Tradition). Indangakwemera y‟Intumwa yari
ikubiyemo amenshi mu mahame y‟ukwemera. Abavugizi ba Kiliziya (Apologistes)
n‟Abahanga (Théologiens) baritanze cyane mu kwigisha, no guhagarara ku nyigisho za
Kiliziya. Nyamara usibye abapagani n‟abayahudi, habayeho n‟abantu muri Kiliziya
bashatse kuzana inyigisho z‟ubuyobe (Modalistes , adoptianistes , Ebionistes ,
Gnostiques , Millénaristes , … ) Muri iki gihe kandi ibikorwa by‟abakirisitu bigaragaza
ubuyoboke no kwitagatifuza byarushijeho gukomera ( Isengesho,Igitambo cy‟Ukarisitiya,
Guhimbaza no guhabwa neza amasakaramentu…).

UMUTWE WA KABIRI: INGOMA Y’ ABANYAROMA IHINDUKA NKIRISITU

(313-476)

II. 1 AMATEKA YA KILIZIYA N‟ABANDI (HISTOIRE EXTERNE)

Iki gihe cyaranzwe no kwiganza kwa Kiliziya: Iki gihe kandi cyaranzwe
n„ugusakara k‟ubukirisitu ndetse no kugeza hirya y‟ imbibi z‟ingoma y‟ Abanyaroma no
mu byaro byayo, mu gihe mu binyejana bitatu bya mbere ubukirisitu bwari buzwi gusa n‟
abatuye mu migi. Mu kinyejana cya kane Kiliziya yashyizwe ku ibere isimbura
abapagani bari baratoneshejwe ku ngoma y‟Abanyaroma. Ubutegetsi bwaje gutonesha
Kiliziya, ubupagani bwamaganirwa Kure.

II. 1.1 Inyungu zabaye mu gutoneshwa kwa Kiliziya:

- Kiliziya yarushijeho gushimangira inzego zayo, Ubucakara bwaraciwe

- Igihano cyo kubambwa ku musaraba cyavanyweho, kwica abana no gukuramo inda

byaragabanutse. Ibikorwa by‟urukundo byabonye ubwisanzure.
 12

II. 1 2 Ingaruka mbi zabaye mu gutonesha Kiliziya

Abategetsi bagiye bivanga cyane mu bibazo by‟iyobokamana bibwira ko bahagarariye

Imana (Césaropapisme) kugeza naho biha gutumiza inama nkuru za Kiliziya, ariko hari
benshi babirwanyije twavuga nka Papa Liberi, Mutagatifu Atanazi, Bazili, Hilari, …

II. 2 AMATEKA YA KILIZIYA UBWAYO (Histoire interne)

Papa Lewo w‟ ikirangirire ndetse n‟abayobozi bakuru ba Kiliziya

(Abepisikopi…) bafashije cyane mu guhashya ibitekerezo by‟Abanyamusozi (les
Barbares).

Habayeho inyigisho z‟ubuyobe (Hérésies), twavuga nka Ariyanisimi,

Masedoniyanisimi, Nesitoriyanisimi, Monofizisimi…Ariko habayeho inama nkuru za
Kiliziya zagiye zikosora ubwo buyobe.

Hubatswe za Kiliziya zikomeye zitwa za “Bazilika “aho abakirisitu basengeraga

bamaze kubona amahoro asesuye.

Hatangiye ubuzima bw‟Abamonaki: Abakirisitu benshi bakomeye bagiye bava

mu buzima busanzwe bakajya kwiha Imana mu Bamonaki kugira ngo barusheho
kwitagatifuza.

II. 3 IMPERA Y‟ IBIHE BY‟ IKUBITIRO

II. 3 1 Ikwirakwira ry‟ ibitero by‟ Abanyamusozi (les Barbares)

Hari hashize ibinyejana bitatu Abanyamusozi baracengeye ibihugu by „Abanyaroma

bashaka ibyabatunga. Bakomokaga mu moko menshi : Abagerimani, Abahuni,
Abawizigoti, Abavandali, Abasikiri,…

Muri 406-407 Abagerimani batijwe umurindi n‟Abahuni bateye muri Goli. Muri
451 Papa Lewo Ikirangirire yabashije kumvisha Abawizigoti ko bagomba kuva mu
Butaliyani. Muri 455 Abavandali basahuye Roma. Muri 476 Odowakeri, umwami w‟
Abaskiri yanyaze Romulusi Ogusituli umwami w „ i Roma nuko ingoma Y‟ Abanyaroma
isenyuka ityo.

II. 3 2 Kiliziya ihangana n‟Abanyamusozi

Muri iki kinyejana cya gatanu cy‟ umwijima Kiliziya yahanganye

n‟Abanyamusozi ku buryo bugaragara. Kililziya yagize abantu benshi b‟ ibihangange
maze bagira uruhare rukomeye mu kurwanya akajagari kari kariho kandi bakora
n‟imirimo yabo ya gitumwa : Agusitini, Nikezi i Reyimusi, Egisuperi i Tuluze, Pawulini i
 13

Noli, Abamonaki n‟abandi bagize uruhare rukomeye mu gushyigikira amajyambere,

kurengera umuco,…

Nyuma y‟isenywa ry‟ingoma y‟Abanyaroma, Abanyamusozi biremeye ibihugu

byagaragaje intege nke mu mitegekere yabyo.Imitegekere yabo yakomeje gusa
nk‟iy‟abanyaroma. Mu gihe gito ingoma y‟abanyaroma yarazimanganye. Abakirisitu
benshi batangiye kwemera ibimenyetso by‟ibihe babona ko n‟iyogezabutumwa rishya
ryagombaga gutangira muri Kiliziya cyane cyane mu guhindura Abanyamusozi.
Iyogezabutumwa mu Banyamusozi ryibanze mu kwamagana ibitekerezo bya Ariyusi
kuko abenshi bari barabatijwe n‟abayoboke be batemeraga kamere mana ya Kirisitu
kandi badafite n‟umuco ukomeye.

UMUTWE WA GATATU: IBIHE BYO HAGATI (Ubukirisitu bwiganza)

III. 1 INTANGIRIRO Z‟IBIHE BYO HAGATI M‟UBURENGERAZUBA:

UBUKIRISITU KU NGOMA Y‟ABAKAROLENJIYANI

(Ibinyejana VIII-IX)

Nyuma y‟ubutegetsi bw‟akajagari bwaranze impera z‟ ikinyejana cya VII

n‟intangiriro z‟ikinyejana cya VIII, Abakorolenjiyani bimye ingoma mu gihugu
cy‟abafaranki, ni bwo hatangiye igihe cyaranzwe n‟umutuzo n‟amahoro, ari cyo cyahaye
Kiliziya uburyo bwo kongera kwisuganya, yongera kubyutsa iyogezabutumwa haba mu
gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga. Mu by‟ukuri, icyo gihe cyabaye intangiriro y‟ubukirisitu
bwo mu bihe byo hagati y‟ikinyejana cya V n‟icya XV.

Intsinzi umwami Karoli yavanye i Puwatsiye amaze gutsinda abarabu mu mwaka

wa 732, yamuhaye kuba ikirangirire mu byerekeye intambara maze ahabwa izina
ry‟akabyiniriro rya Moriteli. Nyuma umwami Pepini amaze kwimikwa na Papa Bonifasi
muri 752 ndetse na Papa Sitefano wa II muri 754, yeguriye Papa ubutegetsi busesuye
bwa Roma n‟Ubutaliyani bwo hagati. Utwo turere twitiriwe Mutagatifu Petero tuba ari
two tuba Leta ya mbere ya Papa, guhera icyo gihe haba umubano n‟ubumwe bikomeye
hagati y‟umwami w‟Abafaranki na Papa w‟i Roma.

Umwami Pepini, yatangiye gutunganya Kiliziya, atumiza inama za Konsili

zigenewe kuvugurura Kiliziya, aca iteka ry‟ikiruhuko cyo ku cyumweru n‟iryo gutanga
kimwe cya cumi cy‟umutungo kigenewe gutunga Abasaseridoti. Umuhungu we
Sharilemanye ni we wakoze ivugurura rikomeye rya Kiliziya mu gihe kitari gito yamaze
ku ngoma (768-814); yihatiye kunoza imibereho y‟Abasaseridoti, Abamonaki
 14

n‟Abalayiki. Yitaye ku mahugurwa y‟Abapadiri kwandikisha ibitabo byiza bya Liturijiya

ahereye ku by‟ i Roma. Yasabye Alikwini gusohora Bibiliya ikosoye neza ahereye ku ya
Mutagatifu Yeronimo yari yarahinduye mu kilatini. Abapadiri batangiye kwigisha ku
cyumweru kugira ngo bahugure abalayiki batize. Bose bagombaga gufata mu mutwe
isengesho rya Dawe uri mu ijuru n‟Indangakwemera. Iyobokamana gatolika ni ryo
ryahuzaga abantu bose. Abaturage bose bagombaga kuba abakirisitu kandi bagakurikiza
amategeko ya Kiliziya. Icyo gihe ubukirisitu bwafashe umurongo uboneye, igihugu
kigendera ku mategeko y‟ubukirisitu. Ni we wategetse ko mu Ndangakwemera ya
Kiliziya hongerwamo ko Roho Mutagatifu aturuka ku Mana no kuri Mwana.

Ku munsi mukuru wa Noheli yo mu mwaka wa 800, Papa Lewo III (795-818)

yambitse Sharilemanye ikamba ryo kuba umwami w‟abami, bityo aba yongeye
gusubizaho ingoma yo mu Burengerazuba yari yarasenyutse mu wa 476.

Mu mpera z‟ikinyejana cya XI ubutegetsi bw‟Abakarolenjiyani bwasaga n‟aho

busigaye ku izina gusa. Ubumenyi n‟iyobokamana byo byari bikomeje kuvugururwa.
Hashyizweho amategeko agenga isakaramentu ry‟Ugushyingirwa. Uburyo bwo kwicuza
ibyaha k‟umusaseridoti bwatangiye gukoreshwa icyo gihe busimbura ubwa kera bwo
kwicuza mu ruhame.

III. 2 KILIZIYA YA BIZANSE: UBUKIRISITU MU GICE CY‟ I

BURASIRAZUBA

Igihe mug ice cy‟i Burengerazuba harimo kuvuka uduhugu tw‟Abanyamusozi, mu

Burasirazuba ingoma y‟Abanyaroma yari igishinze imizi yagendaga yivugurura
yihagararaho hashira hafi imyaka igihumbi itaratsindwa. Bose basubizwaga inyuma
n‟inkuta za Konsitantipule, wari umurwa mukuru, ari na wo bitaga Bizanse, izina ryawo
rya kera. Bavugaga ururimi rw‟ikigereki mu gihe abo mu Burengerazuba bavugaga
ikilatini.

Ingoma ya Bizanse yagize ibice by‟uburumbuke ariko yahoraga mu ntambara zo

kurinda ubusugire bwayo no kurengera ukwemera kwayo kugizwe n‟ubukirisitu
bwihariye, kandi bushinze imizi ku kwemera gukomoka ku ntumwa. Mu ntangiriro
z‟ibihe byo hagati akarere k‟uburasirazuba kari gafite ubukirisitu buhamye kurusha
akarere k‟uburengerazuba, kari karigaruriwe n‟Abanyamusozi. Ariko rero, uwo murego
mu iyobokamana wajyanaga n‟ubushake bwo kujya impaka ku byerekeye ubumenyi
bw‟Imana. Habonetse umubare ukabije w‟inyigisho z‟ubuyobe.
 15

Akenshi kandi invururu zaterwaga no kunyuranya mu byerekeye amahame

y‟ukwemera zazaga ziyongera ku ntugunda zishingiye kuri politiki. Ukwivanga mu bya
Kiliziya k‟umwami w‟abami kwatumaga rimwe na rimwe hemezwa ibintu
by‟agahomamunwa. Aho twavuga nk‟icyemezo cyo kurwanya ukubaha amashusho ya
Yezu, aya Bikira Mariya n‟ay‟Abatagatifu cya Lewo wa III (Icônocrastes) (675-741).
Byakururaga kandi n‟amakimbirane hagati ya Roma na Bizanse, bikanateza intambara
zeruye hagati y‟ibihugu yategekaga. Ndetse zimwe muri za Kiliziya z‟uturere zacanye
umubano na Roma na Konsitantinopule icyarimwe, zihitamo kwigenga.

Hagati aho Konsitantinopule yibasiwe n‟Abarabu mu kinyejana cya VII no mu

ntangiriro y‟icya VIII. Abarabu bazanye idini rishya ya Isilamu yemera Imana imwe
yashinzwe na Muhamedi (570-632). Nyuma y‟imyaka 10 gusa Muhamedi apfuye,
Isilamu yari imaze gucengera ibihugu byose biyikikije no kujegeza ingoma zose
zikomeye zo mugice cy‟i Burasirazuba. Bidatinze ariko ibyo bitero byaje gutuza bitewe
n‟ukutumvikana kw‟Abayisilamu ubwabo kubyerekeye inyigisho zabo na politiki
bagenderagaho, bitewe kandi n‟ukwihagararaho kw‟abami ba Bizanse kwabafungiye
inzira igana mu Burayi.

Abarabu bazinutswe ibyo kwigarurira umujyi wa Konsitantinopule. N‟ubwo

Bizanse yashoboye guhashya abo Barabu, yahatakarije igice kinini cy‟igihugu,
wongeyeho gutakaza inyanja ya Mediterane, umushyikirano hagati y‟abakirisitu
bagendera kuri Roma n‟aba Bizanse uragorana kugeza ubwo batandukanye burundu mu
mwaka w‟1054.

III. 3 UBUYOBOZI BUKURU BWA KILIZIYA YA ROMA BURWANYA

AKAJAGARI K‟ABATEGETSI B‟ABABALAYIKI

Nyuma y‟isenyuka ry‟Ingoma y‟Abakorolenjiyani i Burengerazuba, habaye

urugomo rukabije mu kinyejana cya x. Ibitero by‟urudaca by‟Abanyamusozi byatumye
Uburayi butagira agahenge, kuko hapfuye abantu benshi. Izo ntambara z‟urudaca
zatumye ibyo gutura mu mujyi bigabanuka ku buryo hari imijyi yafunzwe. Ibigo by‟
Abihayimana byinshi byarashenywe ndetse n‟amazu y‟ibitaro. Uburayi bwasigaye
bumeze nk‟ubutagira umuco. Muri rusange rero, intambara z‟urudaca, ibyorezo
by‟ubwoko bwose n‟ urugomo ni byo byaranze impera z‟icyo kinyagihumbi cya mbere.
 16

III. 4 KONSILI N‟INTAMBARA ZO KUBOHOZA UBUTAKA BUTAGATIFU

BYAKOMEJE UBUMWE BW‟ABAKIRISTU

Intsinzi ya Papa Gerigori wa VII yashimangiwe n‟abamusimbuye .Papa Karisiti

wa II (1124) nyuma y‟igihe kirekire atumvikana n‟umwami Heneriko wa V, bagiranye
amasezerano ahitwa i Worumusi mu 1122. .Ayo masezerano yatandukanyaga iyimikwa
ry‟Abepisikopi n‟abakuru b‟ibigo by‟Abamonaki ryakorwaga na Papa rikarangwa
n‟itangwa ry‟impeta n‟inkoni y‟ubushumba, hamwe n‟iyimikwa ry‟abami ryarangwaga
no kwambikwa ikamba no guhabwa inkoni ya cyami.

Abakaridinari bonyine ni bo bashoboraga gutora Papa. Ayo masezerano yabaye

rero intambwe ikomeye mu kubahiriza amategeko no kurwanya ubushyamirane n‟ubwo
impaka zitacikiye aho.

Kuva mu kinyejana cya XI Kiliziya yashyizeho umutwe w‟abasirikare

b‟abakiristu. Kurwanya abahakanyi no gupfira ku rugamba byari ishema ku buryo iyo
ntambara bayitabiriye ari benshi. Abo bajyaga kubohoza imva ya Kristu babanzaga
guhabwa na Papa Indulugensiya ishyitse ituma bakizwa byuzuye imibabaro yose bari
kuzagira muri Purugatori. Umukiristu wese wajyaga kuri urwo rugamba yumvaga
ashyikiriye umukiro w‟iteka .Intambara yo kwibohoza ya Hisipariya niyo yabaye
urugero.

Ifatwa rya Edesi mu 1144 ryaciye igikuba mu Bakirisitu bo mu Burengerazuba

rinatuma intambara ya kabiri yo kubohoza ubutaka butagatifu irota.Mutagatifu
Berinarudo abisabwe na Papa Ewujeni wa III yakanguriye abantu kuyitabira.

Mu kinyejana cya XII Umwami w‟Ubufaransa Ludoviko wa IX, wagizwe

Umutagatifu yitabiriye byimazeyo iyo ntambara ntagatifu. Yabaye intwari ku rugamba,
arengera ubutabera kandi arangwa n‟imigenzo ya gikirisitu. Yamariye imbaraga ze zose
mu kurwanira kubohoza imva ya Kiristu. Mutagatifu Ludoviko yarwanye intambara
ntagatifu ebyiri maze atanga arasanira ubukiristu mu mwaka w‟I 1270 nk‟uko buri
musirikare wese warwanaga iyo ntambara yabyifuzaga. Izindi ntambara Abakiristu
barazitsinzwe. Abakiristu b‟inkwakuzi bakomeje guterwa agahinda no gutakaza ubutaka
Butagatifu ndetse mu kinyejana cya XV Papa Piyo wa II yashatse gushoza indi ntambara
simusiga yo kubohoza ubutaka butagatifu ariko bihera mu magambo.

Izo ntambara zagize akamaro gakomeye, haba mu by‟iyobokamana, mu bya Politiki

ndetse no mu by‟ubukungu mu bihugu by‟Iburengerazuba, zinatuma birushaho kumva
byunze ubumwe.
 17

III.5 MU KINYEJANA CYA XIII, UBURAYI BWAGEZE KU BUKIRISITU

BUHAMYE.

Mu ngorane nyinshi, abogezabutumwa bashoboye guhindura buhorobuhoro

ibihugu byo mu Burayi bw‟Amajyaruguru mu kinyejana cya XII n‟icya XIII. Inkuru
nziza yageze muri Rumaniya, muri Purise no mu bihugu bya Balite. Mu mpera z
„ikinyejana cya XIII, Sikandinaviya n‟Uburayi bw‟Ababaliti byari byarakiriye inkuru
nzinza uretse uturere tumwe natumwe.

Mu kinyejana cya XII ni bwo hemejwe burundu ko Amasakaramentu ari arindwi

gusa, hanagenwa ibisobanuro byayo. Usibye kubahiriza icyumweru, amategeko ya
Kiliziya yashyizeho izindi nshingano ebyiri z‟ingirakamaro: guhabwa ukarisitiya mu gihe
cya Pasika no guhabwa Isakaramentu ry‟ Imbabazi uko umwaka utashye. Abakirisitu
bari bafite ubundi buryo bwo kwitagatifuza. Habayeho igihe cyagenerwaga amasengesho
rusange n‟ubundi buryo bwihariye bwo gusenga buhoraho. Ubwo buryo bwo
kwitagatifuza wasangaga ari bumwe hose mu Burayi: ingendo nyobokamana ni zo zari
uburyo busumbye ubundi. I Roma n‟i Yeruzalemu ni ho hibanzweho cyane n‟abakoraga
ingendo-nyobokamana. Mu Bufaransa, iTuru, ni ho hasurwaga cyane. Muri Hisipaniya
ahitiriwe Mutagatifu Yakobo w‟i Kompositeli, Galise na ho haje kugendwa cyane

Ubundi buryo bwo kwitagatifuza bwaranze icyo gihe bwabaye ubwo kwiyambaza
Abatagatifu no kubaha ibisigazwa byabo. Nyuma y‟intambara zo kubohaza ubutaka
butagatifu, ariko cyane cyane nyuma y‟isahurwa ry‟umujyi wa Konsitantinopule mu
1024, ibisigazwa byinshi by‟Abatagatifu byakwiriye mu Burayi bw‟Uburengerazuba.
Buri Kiliziya yaharaniraga kugira ibyayo.

Ubundi buryo bwo kwitagatifuza bwabaye ubwo kubaha no kuramya Umusaraba

mutagatifu. Uburyo bwihariye bwo gusenga mu kinyejana cya XIII bwibanze kuri Yezu
Kirisitu no kuri Bikira Mariya. Kuvuga ishapule ya Bikira Mariya byatangiye mu
kinyejana cya XII kimwe n‟udukino twerekanaga ingingo z‟ingenzi z‟Ivanjili ndetse
n‟ubuzima bw‟Abatagatifu, twakinwaga ku minsi mikuru. Muri icyo kinyejana cya XIII
habaye intambara ntagatifu zo kurwanya ubuyobe bw‟Abavoduwa n‟Abakatali
(Abalubijuwa).Izo ntambara zatsembye imbaga y‟abantu. Papa Inosenti yarabyamaganye
ariko arabareka barakomeza. Intambara yarangijwe n‟amasezerano yabereye i Parisi mu
1229.

Nyuma yayo masezerano Konsili y ‟i Tuluze yateranye mu 1229 yashyizeho

urukiko rushinzwe gukurikirana no guhana abayobe .Muri buri Paruwasi hari akanama
gashinzwe gushaka abayobe no kubageza imbere y‟ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya.
Umwepisikopi wenyine cyangwa umuhagarariye ni bo bari bafite ububasha bwo guca
urubanza. Abayobe bangaga kugaruka mu nzira iboneye, babatwikaga babona, Imitungo
 18

yabo yarafatirwaga, n‟ibyitso byabo bigacirwa ishyanga. Bitewe n‟Abepisikopi

bajenjekaga mu gutanga ibyo bihano bikakaye, Papa Geregori wa IX yafashe icyemezo
cyo gushyira urwo rukiko mu mabokoy‟umuryango w‟ Abadominikani washinzwe na
Dominiko wa Guzumani mu 1215 i Tuluze. Mu 1255, Papa Inosenti yemeye ko
hakoreshwa uburyo bwo kubabaza abayobe kugira ngo bemere ibyo baregwa: icyemezo
kinyuranye n‟ubworoherane twigishwa n‟Ivanjili ndetse n‟Uruhererekane rw‟ inyigisho
za Kiliziya, ariko ibyo byemezo byari bihuje n‟igihe bari barimo.

Ubwo buryo bwo guhashya ubuyobe bakoresheje urukiko, bwarwanyijwe

n‟Abepisikopi. Ibikomangoma ndetse na Mutagatifu Ludoviko ubwe yaharitse ishyaka
ryabari babishishikayemo, baca urwo rukiko mu Majyepfo y‟ Uburayi mu 1241.
Ishingwa rya Kaminuza Gatolika y‟I Tuluze ryarangije burundu iyo ntambara y‟
inyigisho. Ndetse rwa rukiko rwagiye rusibangana buhoro buhoro, uretse muri Hisipaniya
aho rwaje kuba urukiko rwa cyami kugeza ubwo ubutegetsi buvuyeho. Amateka yarwo
mabi yagiye akurura intambara irwanya abakuru ba Kiliziya. Kugera ku bworoherane
byafashe igihe kirekire.

III. 6 Imiryango isabiriza: abogezabutumwa bashya b‟ Uburayi

Nta gikorwa gishya gihambaye kigeze kigaragara mu Iyobokamama nyuma y‟urupfu rwa
Muttagatifu Berinarudo. Ivugururwa mu Iyobokamana cyabaye igikorwa cy‟imiryango y‟
Abihayimana basabiriza, abogezabutumwa bashya bashyigikiwe na Papa.

III. 6 1. Mutagatifu Dominiko n‟Abadominikani

Imyaka icumi yamaze mu iyogezabutumwa yamufashije gushinga umuryango

w‟Abapadiri bagombaga kwitangira kwigisha ukwemera n‟imyifatire myiza bigana
ubuzima bw‟intumwa bwarangwaga no kwigisha bagenda, n‟ubukene. Mu mwaka 1215
Papa Inosenti wa III yemeye uwo muryango mushya w‟abigisha bagombaga kuba
barigishijwe cyane no kuba Abapadiri kugira ngo bashobore gutanga inyigisho isobanutse
kandi bayobore neza roho zabantu. Kuva mu w‟ 1217 kugeza mu w‟1221 umwaka
Dominiko Yapfuyemo, umuryango wasesekaye mu Burayi bwose , ugira abanyabwenge
batagereranywa .Ishami ryawo ry‟igitsina-gore ryari ryabanjirije iry „abagabo abalayiki
bashishikariye iby‟Imana bifatanyaga na bo mumatsinda ya kivandimwe.
 19

III. 6. 2. Mutagatifu Farasisiko n‟Abafaransisikani

Mu ntangiriro z‟ikinyejana cya XIII, biturutse kuri Faransisiko w‟ Asizi (1182-

1226), hadutse umuryango wita ku bya Roho ushingiye by‟ukuri ku Ivanjiri. Faransisiko
w‟Asizi yifuzaga gukorera Kiliziya n‟abavandimwe be bose b‟abantu, yigana Kristu mu
gukurikiza ubukene nyabwo. Yasohozaga ubutumwa mu cyubahiro cyinshi yagiriraga
ubuyobozi bwa Kiliziya. Mutagatifu Farasisiko yaduhaye uburyo bushya bwo kubaho
gikirisitu, utiheba, ugahora wishimye, ugakunda ibidukikije, ugahora wibanda ku gutanga
urugero n‟ubuhamya kurusha gukoresha ubwenge. Ishyaka ry‟Abafarasisikani mu
kwitangira Ivanjili ryazanye amaraso mashyashya mu murimo w‟iyogezabutumwa.

III. 7 ABAPAPA BATURA AVINYO MU BUFARANSA (1314-1376)

N‟ubwo ubukristu bwo mu bihe byo hagati bwari bukomeye, bwashojwe n‟igihe
cy‟ ingorane zinyuranye. Inyigisho za Tomasi w‟Akwini zari zarashyizwe imbere
zatangiye guhinyurwa Abalayiki barahagurutse, abakuru b‟igihugu ntibaba bakemera
ubutegetsi bwa Papa, hirya no hino havuka inkubiri y‟ironda gihugu yazengereje
Kiliziya, igatera n‟umwuka mubi watumye ibintu bitangira kuzamba. Byari integuza
y‟irangira ry‟Ibihe byo hagati. Icyo gihe igihugu cy‟Ubufaransa cyari gifite ijambo
rikomeye i Roma kuko cyari igihugu gihamye ugereranyije n‟ibindi. Abapapa bimutse
kubera amahane yabirukanye i Roma bajya gutura i Avinyo mu Bufaransa.

Abapapa b‟ Avinyo bashoboye gushinga ubutegetsi bwahinduye cyane uburyo

bwo kuyobora Kiliziya. Batumye Kiliziya igwiza umutungo kandi batuma amategeko
yabo ashinga imizi. Uko kwimuka bava i Roma ntibyabujije kugira ingaruka mbi
kubyerekeye ubuyobozi bwa Kiliziya no ku bapapa ubwabo. Aho Avinyo Papa yari
atekanye akagira ubushobozi bwo kwakira abantu benshi. Abo bapapa bose bari
abafaransa, bakaba abahanga mu mategeko no mu buyobozi, ariko ibyerekeye politiki
ntibyakunze kubahira .Bakomeje guhangana n‟Ubudage kugeza mu 1356, ntibashoboye
gukoma imbere amakimbirane hagati y‟ Ubufaransa n‟Ubwongereza.

Papa Benedigito yavuguruye imiryango y, Abihayimana kandi ateza imbere inyigisho za

Kiliziya .Aho Avinyo hakoraniraga abanyabwenge n‟abanyabugeni benshi.

III. 8 ABAPAPA BAGARUKA I ROMA

Mu gihe Abapapa bari batuye Avinyo bari hagati nk‟ururimi: bifuzaga gutunganya
imitegekere yabo bigumiye Avinyo, ku rundi ruhande ariko, abantu benshi babasabaga
kugaruka i Roma mu maguru mashya. Papa Inosenti wa V yategetse mu gihe
 20

cy‟amahoro, agwiza umudendezo mu ntara za Papa, asa n‟utegura atyo ibyo gusubira i
Roma kw‟Abapapa. Papa Urubano wa V we yagerageje ibyo gusubira i Roma, ariko
mubyara we wamusimbuye ni we wabigezeho.Uwo ni Papa Gerigori wa XI, abisabwe
n‟imbaga y‟Abanyaroma n‟amasengesho ya Mutagatifu Gatarina w‟I Siyeni. Papa
Gerigoriwa XI yasubiye i Roma mu 1376. Papa Gerigori wa XI yongeye kugaruka i
Roma tariki ya 17 Mutarama 1377 yakiriwe mu byishimo byinshi maze guhera ubwo
Abapapa bagaruka gutura ahari imva za mutagatifu Petero na Pawuro. Ageze i Roma
yasanze ingoro y‟i Latarani yarangiritse cyane, maze Papa Gerigori wa XI ahitamo gutura
i Vatikani ahari imva ya Mutagifu Petero. Nyamara agahenge Papa yazanye i Roma
kamaze igihe gito cyane, imyivumbagatanyo ntiyatinze kongera kuvuka mu mugi wa
Roma.

III. 9 UBWITANDUKANYE N‟AMAKIMBIRANE MURI KILIZIYA MU MPERA

Z‟IGIHE CYO HAGATI (IBINYEJANA XIV-XV)

Akajagari katewe no kwimurira icyicaro cya Papa Avinyo karangiye, kugaruka i

Roma byagize inkurikizi mbi. Abaromani bamaze kongera kubona Umupapa wabo
bahise bongera kubura ingeso mbi zabo. Mu mezi ya nyuma y‟ingoma ya Papa Gerigori
XI, bateye imyivumbagatanyo birenze uko byari bisanzwe, urupfu rwe rwo ku wa 27
Werurwe rwatumye hacika igikuba gikabije, bimara imyaka 40 kandi bigira ingaruka ku
buzima bw‟ iyobokamana.

Abanyaroma bamaze kurambirwa kubona Kiliziya iyoborwa n‟Umupapa

w‟Umufaransa, bakaba bari bahangayikishijwe n‟uko hatorwa Umupapa wakongera
kugira igitekerezo cyo gusubira Avinyo, bateje imidugararo igihe cy‟itorwa rya Papa
mushya muri Mata 1378. Mu guhosha uwo mwuka mubi abakaridinari bashyizeho Papa
Urubano wa VI bemeragaho kuba yababera umuhuza. Ntiyatinze kunaniranwa na bose
kuko uburyo yatoweho budafututse bwabaye intandaro yo guteza imvururu ku batari
bamwishimiye, maze batoro Papa Kirimenti wa VII wasubiye kwibera Avinyo.

Kuva ubwo ubwitandukanye bwari buhawe intebe buza kumara imyaka 40,
burenza kure ubukana andi macakubiri y‟abarwanyaga Papa yagiye akururwa n‟abami
b‟Abadage, mu gihe bari bahanganye na Papa mu binyejana byabanje. Amacakubiri
yariyongereye mu bukirisitu. Byari bikomeye kwemeza umupapa nyakuri kuko ibihugu
byishyiraga hamwe bikurikije inyungu zabyo.

Gatarina w‟i Siyeni yagiye ku ruhande rwa Urubano wa VI wari i Roma n‟ubwo
kumushyigikira bitamubuzaga kwamagana amakosa ye yose. Handitswe inyandiko
zitagira ingano zerekanaga uburyo bwo kugabanya ubwo bwitandukanye. I Sorubone (mu
Bufaransa) bateguye itora ryo kumara impaka. Icyifuzo cyo gutumiza Konsili y‟isi yose
yo gukuraho abo bapapa bombi igatora undi ni cyo cyakiriwe neza kurusha ibindi.
 21

Konsili y‟i Konsitanse (1414) igarura ubumwe

Igitekerezo cyo gukoresha Konsili ihuriweho n‟impande zombi cyashyizwe mu

bikorwa mu 1409 i Pize. Abepisikopi bari bayigize bakuyeho abapapa bombi bariho muri
icyo gihe, Gerigori wa XII na Benedigito wa XIII.

Hatowe Papa Alegisanderi wa V waje gusimburwa na Yohani wa XXII. Igice

kinini cy‟abakirisitu b‟i Burayi bw‟iburengerazuba bayobotse Alegisanderi wa V ariko
ibihugu nka Hisipaniya n‟Ubufaransa bikomeza gutsimbarara kuri Papa Benedigito wa
XIII wari Avinyo. Ab‟i Baviyeri, Venizi na Rimini bakomera kuri Papa Gerigori wa XII
wari i Roma.

Ubwo hariho abapapa batatu. Aho kugira ngo ikibazo cy‟ubwitandukanye gikemuke,
cyasubiye irudubi.

Byari ngombwa gushimangira byihutirwa ubutegetsi bwa papa w‟i Roma:

amacakubiri muri Kiliziya no guhangana hagati y‟abapapa byari igisebo gikabije kandi
bigashegesha bikomeye abakirisitu. Umwami w‟abaromani ariwe waje kuba umwami
w‟abami Sigisimundi, kubera kutavugirwamo, yahatiye Papa Yohani wa XXIII
gutumiza indi konsili i Konsitansi, kandi abasha kwemeza Papa Gerigori wa XII w‟ i
Roma gushishikarira ubwiyunge.

Iyo konsili y‟i Konsitansi yabaye mu 1414 yari itandukanye n‟izindi zabaye mu
bihe byo hagati. Umwami w‟abami ni we wafashe iya mbere mu gutumiza iyo konsili.
Papa Yohani wa XXIII washyiriweho i Pize yavanyweho, na Papa Gerigori wa XII
aregura. Benedigito wa XIII w‟Avinyo na we avanwaho nyuma y‟uko ahungiye muri
Hisipaniya. Ku wa 11 Ugushyingo 1417 hatowe Papa Maritini wa V.

Mu mateka ya Kiliziya, bwari ubwa mbere hashira imyaka ine Kiliziya iyoborwa
na Konsili . Bityo igitekerezo cy‟uko konsili ariyo yayobora Kiliziya cyari gishyizwe mu
bikorwa abari muri konsili badasobanukiwe.

Konsili yo guhigika Papa i Bale (1431-1449)

Mu 1431 Papa Maritini wa V yahamagaje Konsili i Bale. Ariko uwamusimbuye

ariwe Papa Ewujeni wa IV ntibyamworoheye guhamagaza Abepisikopi muri iyo konsili,
kuko binubiraga gusiga Diyosezi zabo mu gihe kirekire cyane. Yiyemeje kuyisesa kugira
ngo ayimurire hafi ye i Boronye. Konsili y‟i Bale yasuzuguye Papa ikomeza imirimo
yayo. Mu Ukuboza 1433, Papa amaze kurembywa n‟amakimbirane yemera ko iyo konsili
yisubiraho ku cyemezo yari yafashe cyo kuyisesa ikurikije amategeko.
 22

Abami bari bashyigikiye ko konsili isumba Papa ni bo bacyuye umuhigo. Cyakora

konsili yahubukiye gufata ibyemezo binyuranyije n‟inyungu za Papa. Papa yamaganye
iyo konsili, hanyuma ayimurira i Ferare. Aho kumvira Papa abenshi mu bari muri konsili
y‟i Bale bitandukanyije na we, ndetse batangira kumucira urubanza hakurikijwe
amategeko ya Kiliziya. N‟uko mu 1439 batora umupapa mushya wafashe izina rya
Feligisi wa V. Papa Ewujeni wa IV yahise aca muri Kiliziya abari baritabiriye Konsili y‟i
Bale bose, maze abari bayirimo bagenda batatana buhoro buhoro, baribagirana.

Ubumwe hagati ya Roma na Bizanse

Konsili yimuriwe i Ferare yashishikariye kugirana ubumwe n‟Abagereki. Mu

1434 ab‟i Bizanse bari batangiye imishyikirano. Muri Werurwe 1448, intumwa
z‟Abagereki zigera i Ferare ziri kumwe n‟umwami w‟abami w‟ iburasirazuba n‟umukuru
wa Kiliziya y‟i Konsitantinopule ashagawe n‟abapadiri benshi. Muri Mutarama 1439
konsili yimuriwe i Foloranse. Imbogamizi ikomeye yari isigaye ibangamiye ubwiyunge
yari urwikekwe rwiyongeraga ku mpande zombi. Icyakora imyumvire y‟ibintu yari
yarahindutse.

Hari hakiri ingingo enye ziteye ikibazo: impaka ku cyiswe “Filioque”, imiterere
ya Purugatori, ubukuru bwa Roma ku zindi Kiliziya, kimwe n‟impaka ku byerekeye
imigati idasembuye. Umwami w‟abami wa Bizanse yifuzaga kugirana ubumwe na Roma
kuko yari akeneye ko ibihugu gatorika by‟i Burayi bw‟Iburengerazuba byamufasha
guhagarika Abanyaturikiya bari bamwugarije. Kuba imyigire y‟ikibazo yarateguwe neza,
byatumye haboneka inzira zo kugera kuri ubwo bwiyunge.

Muri Kamena, muri Katedarali y‟i Foloransi, Abagereki bakiriye neza imyanzuro
iganisha ku bwiyunge. Ubwo bwiyunge bwari bugezweho hagati ya Kiliziya zombi
ntibwigeze bushyirwa mu bikorwa ngo bushinge imizi. Ab „Iburengerazuba batari bafite
akamenyero ko gutabarana n‟ab‟ Iburasirazuba b‟Abarutodogisi bimye amatwi impuruza
ya Papa Ewujeni wa IV watabarizaga Bizanse yari yagoswe. Ku wa 29 Gicurasi 1453,
umugi wa Konsitantinopule wigaruriwe n‟Abanyaturikiya. N‟uko ugutsinda
kw‟Abayisilamu gutuma umugambi w‟ubwiyunge unanirana hashira igihe. Uyu mwaka
ni wo urangiza igihe cyo hagati.

Ubwiyongere bwa za Kiliziya z‟ibihugu

Mu 1450 Papa Nikola wa V yizihirije i Roma yubile ikomeye kubera ubumwe bwa
Kiliziya bwari bwongeye kugerwaho. Hashize imyaka ibiri bimika Feredariko wa III aba
umwami w‟abami w‟Ubudage. Havutse ubundi bufatanye. Ibikorwa by‟iyogezabutumwa
byagejejwe muri Afulika no mu gihugu cya Porutigali, byatumye uwabitangije ariwe
 23

Igikomangoma Heneriko wiswe “Rwoganyanja” (1394-1460) bamuhimba “uwanyuma

mu batabariye Kiliziya”, nyamara wasangaga inyungu za politiki niz‟ubukungu arizo
ziganje muri ibyo bikorwa. Hafi ya hose mu Burayi hagaragaraga ubukirisitu bushingiye
ku bihugu.

Ivuka rya Galikanisimi

Mu gihe cy‟ubwitandukanye bukomeye bwa Kiliziya, mu Bufaransa hashyizweho

umisoro ya cyami ireba n‟abapadiri. Icyo cyemezo bagikwije hose bitabaye ngombwa ko
Papa abanza kubyemera. Kuva mu mpera z‟ikinyejana cya XIV ibibazo byose birebana
na Paruwasi byatangiye gukemurwa n‟ubucumanza bwa cyami, aho gukemurirwa muri
Kiliziya nk‟uko byahoze. Ubutegetsi bw‟umwami bwarahazamukiye bitewe n‟uko
ibyegera bye byakoraga ku buryo Kiliziya n‟abapadiri bagengwa n‟itegeko rusange rya
cyami. Ibyo byabaye mu Bufaransa byitwa “Galikanisimi”, biza gukwira hose haba mu
butegetsi bwa Leta cyangwa mu bapadiri. Urebye ni byo byaje kuvamo icyo
bise:”Ubwigenge bwa Kiliziya y‟Ubufaransa itagengwa na Roma.

Uko gushyira imbere inyungu z‟ibihugu ni byo byanaranze amateka y‟ubukirisitu

mu Bwongereza. Kiliziya y‟igihugu ikurikira umurongo wayo bwite ukagenda buhoro
buhoro ushingira ku wa cyami. Guhera ubwo, umwami ni we wari ufite ubushobozi bwo
guhuza Kiliziya ye na Roma. Mu Burayi bw‟Uburengerazuba, Hisipaniya ni yo yonyine
yakomeje kubangikanya gushyira imbere inyungu z‟igihugu no gukurikira umurongo wa
Roma.

Mu Burayi bwo hagati n‟ubw‟Amajyaruguru

Ibintu byagiye bijya mu buryo

Ivugururwa muri Kiliziya ryakozwe riyobowe n‟imiryango y‟Abamonaki.

Umuryango ugendera ku mategeko ntavuguruzwa ya Mutagatifu Buruno wongereye
umubare w‟Abamonaki mu Bwongereza. Abamonaki b‟i Shalitere, Ababenedigitini,
Abasisterisiyani, Abadominikani n‟Abafaransisikani bagize uruhare rukomeye. Icyakora
kuba hatarabaga ivugururwa mu rwego rw „Abapadiri ba Diyosezi, byatumaga Kiliziya
ikomeza gukemangwa bikomeye. Abantu bamwe nka Yohani Wikilifu na Yohani Husi
muri Boheme bangisha abakirisitu Kiliziya. Babaye nk‟abaca amarenga y‟ubwigomeke
bukomeye kandi bubabaje cyane bwashegeshe ubumwe bwa Kiliziya ya Kristu, ari
nabwo bwaje kwibyaramo Ivugurura ry‟Abaporotesitanti.
 24

UMUTWE WA KANE: IBIHE BISHYA

Iki gihe twakigereranya n‟inkubi y‟umuyaga muri KILIZIYA GATOLIKA

IV. 1 ISUBIRAMUCO N‟IVUGURURA

Twibukiranye ko, umujyi wa Konsitantinople wari warafashwe; abakristu bo mu

Burasirazuba baritandukanyije na Kiliziya ya Roma; ni bo bitwa Aborutodogisi. Kiliziya
y‟i Burayi yarishishikajwe n‟imitekerereze ihanitse ndetse n‟ubukorikori (arts).
Umuhanga Giyome wa Okamu yari yadukanye inyigisho zitwa Nominalisimi zafashije
gutandukanya Ukwemera (foi et connaissance) n‟imitekerereze ya muntu. Ariko hari
hasigaye ibisigisisigi by‟ ibitekerezo by‟abitwa Yohani Husi na Wikilifu, babonaga ko
byateguraga ivugurura (Réforme). Koko ngo “ikizaba imbwa ukibona nyina
ikikibwegetse”Kndi ngo ” Mbona igihuru nkabona kizabyara igihunyira”.

IMITEKEREREZE NYIMIKA-MUNTU N‟ISUBIRAMUCO

BYAKIRWA NEZA MURI KILIZIYA GATOLIKA YA ROMA

Ubutegetsi bwa Vaticani bwakiriye neza imitekerereze mishya nyimika-muntu,

yibanda ku nyandiko za kera z‟Abagereki. Bongeye kugaruka ku buhanga bwa Pulatoni
kimwe n‟umuco w‟Abagereki.

Imitekerereze nyimika-muntu yahugiraga mu guha muntu agaciro karenze ku

buryo yagengaga isi atitaye ku Mana, abikesha gusa ubwenge bwe n‟ubutwari bwe.
Kandi urebye neza ubuhakanyi no guta umuco akenshi byajyanaga n‟iterambere mu
mitekerereze kimwe n‟ubukorikori bunononsoye. Haje kubaho abapapa batwawe
n‟ubukire nka Alegisanderi wa VI BORUGIYA (1492-1503) ku buryo imyitwarire yabo
mibi yasenyaga inyigisho batanga, maze bituma abarwanya Kiliziya babona urwaho.

Haje no gukurikiraho abapapa badashishikajwe cyane n‟IVUGURURA

(REFORME), twavuga nka Yuhi wa II (1503-1513), umupapa w‟umusirikare uyu
ntiyarashishikajwe n‟uko KILIZIYA yivugurura mu nzira y‟Ubusabaniramana.
Yashyigikiye imitekerereze nyimika-muntu, irishyira irizana, ashyigikira ibikorwa
by‟ubuhanzi. Yashinze ibuye ry‟ifatizo rya BAZILIKA nshya ya Mutagatifu Petero, iya
konsitantini imaze gusenyuka. Kugira ngo haboneke amafaranga yo kuyubaka
yashyizeho”Indulugensiya”: abantu bose batangaga amafaranga yo kubaka baronkaga
indulugensiya, ni ukuvuga ko bakurirwagaho ibihano byo muri Porugatori, bo ku giti
cyabo, ndetse n‟ababo bitabye Imana.
 25

Uwamusimbuye ari we Lewo X, yakomeje uwo murongo w‟indulugensiya ibyo

bihungabanya ukwemera kw‟abakristu benshi! Bituma umumonaki w‟umudage witwa
Luteri amurwanya bikomeye. Kugeza icyo gihe, imitekerereze nyimika-muntu yari
yarateje amacakubiri mu banyabwenge bari mu duce twiganjemo Abagatolika
tw‟Uburayi, bitagombye ko barwanya inzego za Kiliziya. Ivugurura ryahagurikiye cyane
kunenga abayobozi ba Kiliziya n‟Abapadiri ndetse n‟inyigisho za Kiliziya y‟ i Roma,
rigera no ku ishingiro ryazo ndetse no mu mizi y‟UKWEMERA.

IV. 1. 1 Ivugurura hanze ya Kiliziya

Kiliziya yakomeje kudohoka mu nzego zose, kuva ku bapapa kugera ku bapadiri

no mu miryango y‟abihayimana. Harimo imyifatire iteye isoni, ubujiji n‟ubukene
bikabije. Ariko ikibazo cy‟indulugensiya ni cyo cyaje kuba intandaro y‟uguhungabana
Kwa Kiliziya.

Ku munsi w‟Abatagatifu bose mu 1517 ku rugi rwa Kiliziya y‟i Witemberigi

hamanitswe itangazo ryamaganaga indulugensiya, ryanditswe na Maritini Luteri,
umumonaki wo mu muryango wa Agusitini, wari uzwi cyane muri ako karere. Luteri
yemezaga ko : “Niba kwicuza nta buryarya bironkesha imbabazi n‟ineza bya Yezu
Kristu, nta na hamwe Kiliziya ifite ububasha bwo gukiza ibyaha. Si ibikorwa byiza bikiza,
ahubwo ni ineza ya Yezu Kristu gusa!”

IV. 1. 2 Luteri, imbarutso y‟Ivugurura

Luteri, yiyumvishaga ko ashyigikiwe na rubanda, yanze kujya i Roma kwa Papa

gusobanura iby‟inyandiko ze. Mu 1520, yasohoye ibitabo bitatu bivuga:

1 Ubwisanzure mu gusobanura Ibyanditswe Bitagatifu hakurikijwe uko buri wese ku

giti cye abihawe na Roho Mutagatifu.
2 Ubusaseridoti rusange bw‟abakristu bose n‟ukudashaka abagore kw‟Abapadiri.
3 Ububasha bw‟Ubutegetsi bwa Leta bwo kubuza imisoro yose yakwaga na Roma
ndetse n‟ubwo kugenzura Abepisikopi.

Luteri yaje gutwika ku mugaragaro urwandiko yari yohererejwe na Papa.Aza

gusubika yandika inyandiko yise”Namaganye urwandiko rwa Nyamurwanyakristu”
(Contre la Bulle de l‟Antichrist). Ku wa 3/01/1521, Luteri yaraciwe hamwe n‟imijyi
yamwakiriye. Luteri yaje gukora igikorwa gikomeye cyo guhindura Bibiliya mu
KIDAGE.
 26

Luteri yavuye mu bupadiri mu Kwakira 1524, hanyuma ashaka umugore, Cathérine Bora
wari umubikira. Inyungu mu bya Politiki no gushaka kwigabiza umutungo wa Kiliziya
byatumye inyigisho nshya za Luteri zisakara vuba.

IV.1 .3 Indanga-kwemera y‟i Ogisiburu: ishingwa rya Kiliziya igendera ku matwara

ya Luteri

Melangitoni umwigishwa n‟inshuti ya Luteri yahinduye ya Kiliziya itaboneka

y‟abemera (Eglise invisible-divine), iba Kiliziya ishingiye ku nzego z‟ubutegetsi,
ikayoborwa n‟ubutegetsi, Kiliziya y‟igihugu. Uyu Melangitoni yashyize ahagaragara
inyandiko ikubiyemo ingingo z‟ukwemera. Ntiyemera umurimo wa Kiliziya wo kuba
umuhuza ndetse n‟uwa Bikira Mariya cyangwa Abatagatifu wo kudutakambira.

IV. 1. 4 Ivugurura rikabije rya Kaluvini

Mu Bufaransa, umwami Fransisiko wa I yarwanyije ubwisanzure bw‟Ivugurura,

nyuma Kaluvini umwigisha w‟umusore warangwaga n‟ishyaka mu Ivugurura arahunga
yerekeza i Burasirazuba. Mu 1536 yasohoye igitabo cye cya mbere cyitwa”Ishingiro
ry‟inyigisho za gikristu”.Ni cyo cyahindutse nka gatigisimu nyayo y‟Abaporotesitanti.
Ageze i Jeneve, yabashije kwigisha afatanyije n‟abashakaga Ivugurura, maze ariganza,
agera aho Kiliziya azihindura isengero azikuramo imitako, amashusho n‟imisaraba; Misa
Ntagatifu ayihindura IGITERANE cy‟amasengesho asanzwe, cy‟inyigisho n‟indirimbo.
Ndetse, urebye no mu Bufaransa, Ivugurura ryahakwiriye rishingiye ku nyigisho za
Kaluvini.

IV.2 KWIVUGURURA KWA KILIZIYA GATOLIKA N‟IGIHE

CY‟AMAKIMBIRANE (1540-1620)

IV. 2. 1 Ikanguka rya Kiliziya Gatolika: Igikorwa cya Konsili ya Taranti

Abantu benshi bahagurukiye icyarimwe basaba ko Kiliziya yakwivugurura. Mu

bihugu byose no mu Bantu bose, haba mu bayobozi ba Kiliziya cyangwa mu Balayiki,
havutse amakoraniro yo gusenga no gusoma Ijambo ry‟Imana, bakaganira ibyerekeye
tewologiya n‟ubucengera-Mana (La mystique). Ibyo bikorwa by‟Abepisikopi byajyanye
no kwitabira ivugurura mu miryango ikomeye y‟Abihayimana no gushinga imiryango
mishya. Konsili ya Taranti yaje ishimangira amahame y’ukwemera, yagize akamaro
kanini mu kwivugurura.
 27

Ibibazo byinshi byari byaratewe n‟Ivugurura byarizwe neza kandi bibonerwa ibisaubizo
bihamye.

Twavuga nk’ ibijyanye na: Ukaristiya n‟andi masakaramentu, Missa, Imihango yerekeye
abatagatifu, Purugatori, Ibyanditswe Bitagatifu (Biblia), Uruhererekane (Tradition)

Uko kongera gusobanura amahame kwaherekejwe no kuvugurura imyifatire ngo Kiliziya

ive mu makosa no mu ruvugo rw‟amenyo y‟abasetsi n‟urw‟abayinnyegaga.

Konsili yibukije Abepisikopi inshingano yo kuguma muri za Diyosezi zabo kandi

inarondora imirimo bashinzwe, ku bapadiri, Konsili yasabye ko hashyirwaho muri buri
Diyosezi, ibigo byo kwihugura, AMASEMINARI, n‟ibindi byatuma umurimo wabo
ugenda neza.

Konsili yongeye gutunganya amategeko y‟abamonaki, inashyiraho Misa itegetswe

buri cyumweru no ku minsi mikuru ikomeye ndetse yemeza ko handikwa agatabo k‟
inyigisho kakoreshwa n‟Abapadiri mu kwigisha iyobokamana (GATIGISIMU).

Umusimbura wa Papa Piyo wa IV, umudomonikani Piyo wa V (1566-1572),

yibanze cyane ku gushyira mu bikorwa inzandiko z‟amahame n‟iz‟imyifatire zavuye
muri Konsili. Uwo mupapa yandikishije Bureviyari ikoreshwa n‟Abapadiri, na
gatigisimu.

IV. 2. 2 Itotezwa n‟intambara z‟amadini

Mu mwaka w‟1560, Abaporotestanti bagumye gutera imbere mu Burayi. Muri icyo

gihe kandi ibitekerezo bya Kaluvini, byari byarihaye intebe mu Bufaransa no mu
Busuwisi. Abayoboke ba Luteri na Kaluvini barushanwaga gushaka abayoboke.

 Ivuka ry‟Abangilikani

Ubwongereza na bwo bwinjiye muri iyo nkubiri y‟Ivugurura biturutse ku mwami

wabwo Heneriko wa VIII (1509-1547), Roma yari yarangiye gusenda umugore we w‟
isezerano Ana Boleyini, kubera ko yari ingumba. Mu mwaka w‟1532, nibwo
yitandukanije na Roma maze ahita atangaza ko ari umutware wa Kiliziya
y‟Ubwongereza.

Igihugu cya Hisipaniya cyabaye imena mu kurwanirira ukwemera Kwa Kiliziya

Gatolika; igihe irwanye n‟Abanyaturukiya ikabatsindira ahitwa i Lepante mu 1571.
 28

Mu gihugu cy‟ Ubufaransa na ho hakomeje kurwanya abayobe ku ngoma ya Heneriko wa

II n‟iy‟umuhungu we Fransisiko wa II.

Abaporotesitanti baje kwinjira mu ntambara irwanya umwami w‟Ubufaransa.

Imbarusto yabaye ko umwami wari ukiri muto Karoli wa IX, abihatiwe na Heneriko wa
Gize, yahubutse igihe afashe icyemezo cyo kurimbura Abaporotesitanti bose.ku wa 24
Kanama 1572. Muri icyo gihe, haje no kuvuka Abagatolika b‟intavugirwamo baremye
umutwe wo gucubya Ivugurura.

IV.2. 3 Kiliziya ishingiye ku matwara ya Konsili ya Taranti (XIVII Siècle)

Nyuma ya Konsili ya Taranti Kiliziya yagaragaje isura nshya, kuva mu 1572

kugera ku ngoma ya Papa Gerigori wa XV, abapapa icyenda basimburanye bagerageje
gushyira mu ngiro imyanzuro ya Konsili.

Icyo gihe cyose cyaranzwe no guharanira ko Kiliziya yakongera kwisuganya.

Abagatolika bagiye mu butumwa mu bihugu byari byariganjemo Abaporotesitanti. Uretse
abahanga batagira ingano muri Tewolojiya, Kiliziya ishingiye ku matwara ya Konsili ya
Taranti yibarutse n‟abatagatifu benshi.

Ikinyejana cya XVII gitangiye, Kiliziya yabonye imbaraga nshya maze irongera
ishinga imizi, ihamya ibirindiro. Umuryango w‟Abayezuwiti wakoze umurimo ukomeye
mu kwigisha no gutanga urugero rwiza mu myifatire ikwiye. Abatagatifu nka Tereza w‟
Avila na Yohani w‟Umusaraba bagize uruhare rukomeye mu gushimangira ubukristu mu
kinyejana cya XVII.

Iki kinyejana cya XVII ni ikinyejana gihambaye, kerekanye abantu b‟intwari. Mu

Burayi igice cya mbere cy‟iki kinyejana cyaranzwe n‟imidugararo. Mu mwaka w‟1620,
mu mirwano yabereye ku musozi bavuga ko wererana (Mont blanc), ingabo z‟umwami
w‟abami zatsembye inyeshyamba zari zitsimbaraye ku nyigisho za Kaluvini z‟i Boheme,
maze bituma intambara y‟amadini ikwira mu Burayi hose bidatinze. Nyuma, iyo
ntambara yaje guhinduka iya Politiki maze bibagirwa ukwemera n‟ iyobokamana,
bashyira inyungu za buri gihugu imbere. Mu bihugu binyuranye: Ubudage, Hisipaniya,
Otirishiya, Ubuhorandi hakomeje kuba intambara hagati y‟ibikomangoma; bamwe
batsimbaraye kuri Kiliziya Gatolika, abandi kuri Luteri, abandi kuri Kaluvini.

Muri buri gihugu idini y‟umwami ni yo yagombaga kuyobokwa n‟abaturage, buri mwami
yari yemerewe gushyiraho idini ye kandi igakurikizwa mu gihugu hose (IRIVUZE
UMWAMI, Curius region, illius religio).
 29

Muri icyo gihe havutse ibitekerezo bishya byagendaga byerekana ko ubutegatsi

bwa Leta bufite uburenganzira bwo kugenzura no kuyobora iby‟iyobokamana. Nyamara,
ibyo byarwanyijwe n‟Abayezuwiti bemezaga ko Papa afite ububasha ku bami. Abapapa
bo muri iki gihe bakomeje kuvugurura Kiliziya, ariko ubutegetsi bwabo bakoreshaga
icyenewabo. Papa Gregori wa XV yashyizeho amabwiriza mashya yerekanye n‟itorwa
rya Papa kugira ngo ibitekerezo bya politiki bitivanga mu matora.

Ivugurura rya Kiliziya Gatorika ryageze no mu Burayi bwose kuko hose

hagombaga gukangura amaparuwasi yari yarahwekereye, kubyutsa abapadiri
n‟abihayimana bari batagifite imigambi ihamye. Mu Budage, ibikomangoma by‟i
Baviyeri n‟abami, bagize uruhare rukomeye mu gukangura Abepisikopi ndetse
n‟imiryango y‟abamonaki iravugururwa byimazeyo. Abayezuwiti bashishikarije abantu
guhabwa Ukaristiya kenshi. Ni muri icyo gihe amakoraniro y’abasenga yatangiye
kwiyongera. Kwiyambaza Bikira Mariya, gukora ingendo ntagatifu, kuvuga Rozari
y’Umubyeyi Maria. Ibyo byose byarangaga umwanya ugaragara Bikira Mariya yari afite
mu buzima bw‟umukristu.

Ubufaransa bwabaye imena mu bukristu. Nta gihugu cyerekanye ubuzima bwa

Kiliziya bushingiye ku myanzuro ya Konsili ya Taranti nk‟Ubufaransa mu kinyejana cya
XVII.

IV.2. 4 Ubukristu bwo mu kinyejana cya XVII

Ikinyejana cya XVII kigeze hagati, ingingo ivuga ngo:”Buri karere n’idini yako”
ni yo yari yiganje, maze mu Burayi bwose hakwira umuco; bigera ndetsse no mu
matorero y‟Abaporotestanti hagati yabo ubwabo. Kiliziya Gatolika irakandamizwa,
iratotezwa mu bihugu nko mu Bwongereza mu Buholandi, muri Suwedi, muri Sirilande
n‟ahandi. Ibihugu bituwe n‟Abagatolika kuva kera, na byo ntabwo byari byoroshye.
Umujyi wa Viyeru warwanyije wivuye inyuma Abaceki n‟Abanyahongiriya bayobotse
itorero rya Kaluvini. Mu bihugu by‟Abanyahisipaniya hakoreshejwe uburyo buhutaza mu
kurwanya abayobotse Kaluvini.

Ariko, rero bamwe birinze iyo nzira y‟urwango n‟amakimbirane, ku ruhande

rw‟Abagatolika twavuga bamwe mu bikomangoma nka Adamu wa Shuvaritsemberi,
umwami wa Polonye Vuladisilasi wa IV, abayobozi bakuru ba Kiliziya
nk‟Abarikiyepisikopi ba Purage,…

Naho ku ruhande rw‟Abaporotestanti; twavuga umuholandi Gorotiyusi (1583-1645)

wagize uruhare runini mu guharanira uburenganzira mpuzamahanga bw‟ikiremwamuntu
akaba n‟integuza y‟ubusabane mpuzamatorero bwo mu “Bihe Bishya”, hari na Joriji
 30

Kalisiti (1586-1656) wumvaga ko ihuriro ry‟amadini yose y‟abakristu rishoboka,

ahamagarira abantu kubana mu mahoro.

IV. 3 ISHYAKA MU IYOGEZABUTUMWA RYO

MUKINYEJANA CYA XVI KUGEZA MU CYA XVIII

IV.3. 1 Iyogezabutumwa ryo mu kinyejana cya XVI

Kuva mu mwaka w‟1410, Karidinali wa Ayi yahamyaga ko isi ari umubumbe,

kandi ko byashobokaga kugera mu Buhinde uciye mu nyanja ya Atalantika. Igitekerezo
cyo gushakashaka inzira nshya zerekeza mu Burasirazuba uciye mu nyanja gitangira
gityo. Heneriko wo muri Porutugali yafashe iya mbere mu kohereza amato ku nkombe za
Afurika, mu rwego rwo guhiganwa n‟igihugu cya Porutugali, Hispaniya yohereje
Kiristofori Kolombe (1451-1506) anyuze muri Atlantika.

Ibijyanye n‟ iyogezabutumwa byari bishishikaje Uburayi kuva mu kinyejana cya

XII, igihe Fransisiko w‟Asizi yohereje abantu bakaza guhorwa Imana mu bihugu
by‟Abayisilamu. Abafaransisikani bakomeje uwo mugambi wabo maze bagenda ari
benshi bagera muri Aziya rwagati kwa Kami, ikirangirire, umwami w‟Abashinwa, hagati
y‟ibinyejana XIII-XIV. Ni bo babaye nk‟integuza z‟ikirangirire Mariko Polo.
Abadominikani na bo bakurikiyeho berekeza muri Arameniya no mu Buhinde.

IV.3.2 Iyogezabutumwa mu bihugu byiswe “Isi nshya”

Mu ntangiriro z‟ikinyejana cya XVI amavugururwa akomeye n‟ingendo zo mu

bihugu bya kure byongeye kubyutsa ibikorwa by‟iyogezabutumwa.

Abapadiri b‟Abafaransisikani n‟Abadominikani ndetse n‟abatari mu miryango ntibatinye

ingorane bashoboraga guhura na zo mu nyanja, ahubwo bagiye kogeza Ivanjili mu
bihugu byari bimenyekanye vuba: Congo, Brezili, Ubuhinde, Antiye, Peru, Ekwateri,
Arigentina,….Twavuga intwari nka Ludoviko Beritarandi, Mutagatifu Rosa wa Lima,
Alufonsi wa Montereguro,…
 31

IV.3.3 Kwegurira ibihugu umurimo w‟ iyogezabutumwa n‟ingaruka zabyo.

Politiki yo kwegurira ibihugu umurimo w‟ iyogezabutumwa yatumye utagenda

neza. Umwami wenyine ni we wari ufite ububasha bwo kwemera cyangwa kwanga
abogezabutumwa n‟abakuru b‟imiryango y‟Abihayimana ku butaka yari yareguriwe ngo
abukolonize. Ni ko bari barabyumvikanye na Papa. Umwami yari afite kandi n‟ububasha
bwo gushinga za misiyoni n‟ ubwo gutangaza cyangwa kwanga gutangaza inyandiko za
Papa mu bwatsi bwe.

IV.3. 4 Iyogezabutumwa ry‟Abayezuwiti

Muri icyo kinyejana cya XVI, iyogezabutumwa ryongeye gukomera bitewe

n’Abayezuwiti. Mu 1541, Faransisiko Saveri yoherejwe na Papa Pawulo III mu ntara
z‟Uburasirazuba bwa kure (Exrême-Orient): Ubuyapani, Ubushinwa. Abayeziwiti bagiye
mu Buhinde, bagera muri Afurika cyane cyane muri Etiyopiya. Nyuma y‟aho, ubutumwa
bwabo bwogeye no muri Amerika y‟epfo.

IV. 3. 5 IYOGEZABUTUMWA RYA KILIZIYA GATOLIKA IVUGURUYE

MU BINYEJANA XVII-XVIII

Uretse amakimbirane hagati y‟imiryango y‟abogezabutumwa itandukanye,

amakosa n‟akajagari na byo byariyongereye bikuruwe no gukorera mu kwaha
k‟ubutegetsi kwa Kiliziya. Mu ntangiriro y‟ikinyejana cya XVII, ubutegetsi bwa Papa
bwafashe icyemezo cyo kwigenzurira ubwabwo iyogezabutumwa. Papa Gerigori wa XV
(1621-1623) yashyizeho urwego rushinzwe gukurikirana iyamamazwa ry’ukwemera.

Abayezuwiti bagiye kwamamaza Inkuru Nziza mu gihugu cya Paragwe, ikintu cya
mbere cyari kibashishikaje ni uguca icuruzwa ry‟abacakara b‟Abamendiye
b‟Abagwarani no kubakura ku buretwa bw‟abakoloni.

Kiliziya yagize abagabo b‟intwari babashije kwamagana no kurwanya ibitekerezo

byemezaga ubucakara no gufata abapagani nk‟ibisimba. Intwari cyane ni Barutolomayo
wa Lasi, Kazasi na Mutagatifu Petero Kalaveri. Imyifatire yabo ntiyashimishije
abakoloni.
 32

UMUTWE WA GATANU: KILIZIYA MU BIHE BYA VUBA

Muri iki gihe, Kiliziya yakomeje guhangana n‟ibitekerezo byo mu “Bihe Bishya”, yahuje
n‟impinduka z‟ibihe, z‟imyumvire n‟ iterambere.

V. 1 IBITEKEREZO BYA GIHANGA BIHABWA INTEBE

V. 1. 1 Icumbagira ry‟ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya Gatolika

Mu kinyejana cya XVII, ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya bwaragabanutse mu nzego zose.

Nyuma y‟ingoma ikomeye ya Papa Benedigito wa XIV (1740-1758), umwe mu
banyamategeko b‟ibirangirire mu mateka ya Kiliziya, abamusimbuye ntibashoboye
kurengera umuryango w‟Abayezuwiti, ngo babakize ababarwanyaga. Ntibashoboye no
gucubya inkubiri y‟abahanga muri Filosofiya n‟iy‟abashakashatsi banyuranye, kuko
kubaca muri Kiliziya ntacyo byari bikibabwiye.

Abapapa bo mu kinyejana cya XVIII, nta jambo bari bagifite mu mitegekere

y‟ibihugu. Ndetse abami bamwe bagiye biha ubutaka bwa Roma ku ngufu, uretse n‟ako
gasuzuguro, nta Leta n‟imwe igendera ku matwara y‟idini Gatolika itari ifitanye
amakimbirane n‟ubutegetsi bwa Papa.

Muri Otirishiya, umwami w’abami Yozefu wa II yahinduye Kiliziya yo muri icyo

gihugu akarima ke.Yashakaga guhangana na Kiliziya yihariye ya Otirishiya maze Papa
agasigarana gusa ubuyobozi mu byerekeye amahame ya Kiliziya, bityo ntabe agifite
n‟ubuyobozi mu byerekeye imyitwarire y‟abantu n‟imitegekere. Ibitekerezo by‟uyu
mwami byaje guta agaciro, ariko kwivanga k‟ubutegetsi mu bireba Kiliziya byarakomeje
kugeza mu kinyejana cya XIX ndetse no mu marembera y‟ingoma y‟Abahabusiburu.

V. 1 .2. Ugukaza umurego kw‟ibitekerezo birwanya Ukwemera

Ikinyejana cya XVII n‟ubwo cyabaye icy‟ibikorwa bya roho mu mateka,

ntibyakibujije, n‟ubwo bitagaragaraga cyane, no kuba icy‟ubwiyongere bwo guhakana
iby‟Imana no kuba icy‟iterambere ry‟ubumenyi bw‟ibintu bifatika. Ibyo bitekerezo
byakwiriye mu banyabwenge bivuga ko ubumenyi bwonyine bushobora gusobanura
ibintu byose, bityo bakerekana ko Imana atari ngombwa mu byerekeye imyumvire y‟isi.
Ariko, muri ibyo bitekerezo hari ibyagize uruhare rugaragara mu gutandukanya ubwenge
bwa muntu n‟Ukwemera. (“Foi et Science”Faransisiko Bakoni).
 33

Abahanga muri iyo mitekerereze mishya barwanyije bikomeye Ukwemera n‟Amahame

y‟Ukwemera, barwanyije ubukristu kugeza n‟aho babugereranya n‟ubucucu, n‟ubusazi.
Kugira ngo iyo nkubiri y‟abanyabwenge ikomwe imbere, hari abantu bishyize hamwe
ngo barengere Ukwemera, twavuga, ku ruhande rwa Gatolika, nka Bosuwe na Feneloni;
ndetse na Nikola Maleburanshe (1638-1715) wagendeye ku byo azi ku muhanga
Dekarite, maze agasobanura neza ko:”Ubwenge n’ Ukwemera bigomba kuzuzanya mu
mibereho ya muntu, kugira ngo agere ku butungane”. Ku ruhande rw‟Abaporotesitanti,
Leyibirizi na Niyutoni bagerageje guhuza ubumenyi n‟ukwemera.

V. 1. 3 Kumenya Imana no kutayemera mu bahanga ba Filozofiya

bo mu kinyejana cya XVIII

Urupfu rw‟umwami Ludoviko wa XVI mu mwaka w‟1715 rwabohoye abantu ku

bwoba bw‟ibihano by‟umwami, maze ibitekerezo bishya bikwirakwizwa mu Bufaransa
bikuruwe no kohoka ku bigezweho ndetse n‟ibiteye amatsiko. Ibitekerrzo bya Filozofiya
byo mu kinyejana cya XVIII byahuriraga ku kwemeza ko ubukristu ari ntacyo bumaze,
ko ahubwo ari uruhurirane rw‟ubucucu, kandi abantu b‟abanyabwenge biyubashye
bakaba bagomba gukoresha imbaraga zose bakabwamagana kugira ngo Imana
y‟abahanga ihabwe intebe. Abandi bemezaga ko nta Mana ibaho.

Impamvu yatumye abayobozi ba Kiliziya barwanywa

V. 1. 4 Ibitekerezo bishya bya Politiki

Kubera ko Kiliziya yari ishyigikiye ubutegetsi bwa cyami, bwarangwaga n‟akarengane

no kwikanyiza, intambara yo kurwanya ubwo bwikanyize yajyanye no kwanga Kiliziya
Gatolika.Niko abahanga muri Filozofiya babibonaga.

Kiliziya yari ifite ibyo ijorwa

Voluteri yitaga Kiliziya”Ishyano” kubera ko yari indiririzi y‟ubutegetsi bwa ruvumwa

kandi ikanaburengera. Kiliziya yagaragaje intege nke zari zikwiye kurwanywa no
kujorwa n‟abayirwanyaga. Kiliziya yanyuze mu icuraburindi kuko yari ifite ingorane
zituruka ku nyigisho ndetse no kubyemezo, ubutegetsi bwa hano ku isi bwivangagamo.
Amakosa ya cyera yongeye kwigaragaza mu nzego zose z‟ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya. Abari
ibyegera by‟Abapapa ntibabagiraga inama zubaka. Icyenewabo cyongeye kugaruka, maze
hashyirwaho n‟Abakaridinali bamwe na bamwe wabonaga batabikwiye.
 34

Mu Bufaransa, hari Abepisikopi bake b‟ ingwizamurongo bikururiraga uruvugo.

Inyota y‟ubukungu n‟ iy‟ ukwikubira yatumye abantu babifitiye ipfa binjira muri
Kiliziya. Iyo mibereho igayitse y‟abayobozi ba Kiliziya bo mu rwego rwo hejuru (haut
clergé) yajyanaga akenshi n‟ubukene bw‟Abapadiri bo mu rwego rwo hasi (bas clergé).
Impinduka zikomeye n‟ ingaruka z‟ iyi mibereho byagaragaje ubukana mu
mpinduramatwara y‟Abafaransa (Révolution Française (1789-1799), aho Kiliziya
yambuwe imitungo n‟ubutaka, aho abepisikopi n‟abapadiri batangiye gufatwa nk‟abakozi
basanzwe, bahembwa na Leta kandi bakagomba kurahira muri aya
magambo:”Sinzahemukira igihugu n‟umwami kandi nzubahiriza itegeko rishya ryatowe
n‟Inama nkuru y‟igihugu rikemezwa n‟umwami ubwe”.

Inkubi y‟ibitekerezo n‟ibikorwa bigamije itandukanywa rya Kiliziya na Leta,

biturutse ku baturage benshi bari bakomeye ku kwemera, yasakaye mu Burayi hose, maze
haba ihindura byinshi mu mateka ya Kiliziya n‟ay‟isi yose. Guhera icyo gihe Kiliziya na
Leta byatangiye kuvangura umurongo w‟imikorere, maze Kiliziya yita ku buzima bwa
roho na Leta yita ku bikorwa by’imiyoborere rusange y’abaturage.

 Ubukristu nyabwo ntibwazimiye

V. 1. 5 Iyobokamana rishinga imizi

Umwete mu buzima bwa roho ntabwo wabuze muri iyo mpera y‟ikinyejana cya
XVIII. Mu Bufaransa, Ubwepisikopi, n‟ ubwo bwari bushingiye ku miryango (familles);
muri rusange ntabwo bwose bwakoze nabi. Abakaridinali nk‟uw‟i Fuleri, i La Roshe
Ayimoni, cyangwa Karidinali w‟i Marubefu babaye intangarugero.

Abepisikopi bamwe bamaze igihe kirekire mu madiyosezi yabo nka Musenyeri

Roshefuko i Ruweni na Levi i Pamiye. Ibikorwa byabo byinshi byerekeye imibanire
y‟abantu n‟ubuhanga biracyariho; ubuntu bwabo na bwo buracyibukwa. Hari nka
Kiristofori wa Bomonti wagobotse abantu i Parisi mu bihe by‟amapfa Musenyeri wa
Belisunze i Mariseye wabagobotse mu gihe cy‟icyorezo cy‟ubushita, na Karidinali wa
Jene, Umwepisikopi wa Alibi wemeye gufata imyenda ngo agoboke abari basizwe
iheruheru n‟ imyuzure yabaye mu 1766.

N‟ubwo hariho Abihayimana batitangiraga umurimo wabo, hari abandi

bawitangiye, babagaho mu bwiyoroshye kandi ari n‟inyangamugayo. Ibitabo byigisha
gusenga byabaye byinshi cyane n‟ubucengeramana (mystique) busubirana agaciro kabwo
bitewe n‟abantu beza kandi b‟ intwari bo mu Bayezuwiti no mu Bafaransisikani, abo bose
batumye mu 1765, hatangizwa umugenzo mwiza wo gushengerera Umutima Mutagatifu
 35

wa Yezu; mu gihe i Roma ho hashyirwagaho umunsi mukuru w‟Umutima Mutagatifu wa

Yezu.

Mu gihe abamonaki n‟ababikira bavugwaga nabi n‟inyandiko zo mu kinyejana cya

XVIII, abapadiri bo mu maparuwasi bari bashishikajwe no gushinga imiryango yita ku
burezi n‟ibikorwa by‟urukundo. Muri Hisipaniya, Abapadiri 70.000 bo mu madiyosezi
n‟abandi 80.000 bo mu miryango y‟Abihayimana bari inkingi y‟Ukwemera kwa
Hisipaniya.

Abami baho bari bakomeye ku kwemera Gatolika n‟ubwo batari bashyigikiye

ubutegetsi bwa Papa. Iyobokamana Gatolika mu Banyaburayi baciye buguf,i ryagumanye
uburanga. N‟ubwo muri iki kinyejana cya XVIII, Kiliziya itarebwaga neza, ntabwo
yaganijwe burundu n‟ibitekerezo byayirwanyaga.

V. 1. 6 Abapapa bahagurukiye gusubiza ibintu mu buryo

N‟ ubwo uruhare rw‟ubutegetsi bwa Papa mu mitegekere y‟ isi bwagabanuwe

cyane mu kinyejana cya XVIII, ntabwo byabujije abapapa kurangiza neza umurimo
wabo. Papa Kilimenti wa XII na Benedigito wa XIV bamaganye ibitekerezo by‟ ihuriro
ry‟ imiryango yakoraga rwihishwa igamije gufashanya mu guharanira no kuzahura
umuntu mu mibereho ye, ariko kenshi na kenshi mu mitekerereze yayo ikarangwa no
kurwanya ubukristu.

Abapapa bavuguruye inzego z‟Abihayimana, amaseminari, batoza abapadiri

umugenzo mwiza wo kutita ku by‟ isi. Ku byerekeranye n‟inyigisho za Kiliziya, Papa
Benedigito wa XIV (1740-1758) yabaye integuza y‟Abapapa b‟amatwara mashya ari bo
Lewo wa XIII, Piyo wa XII, aba bakaba barabaye inkingi zikomeye za Kiliziya, kandi
batanze ibisubizo binoze ku bibazo abakristu bo mu bihe byabo bibazaga. Imwe n‟ imwe
mu migenzo y‟ubusabaniramana nko kwibuka urupfu rwa Kristu ku wa Gatanu
Mutagatifu saa cyenda, inzira y‟umusaraba, cyangwa kuramya Umutima Mutagatifu wa
Yezu, yatangiye icyo gihe.
 36

V. 2 IYOGEZABUTUMWA RISAKARA KU ISI HOSE (IKINYEJANA CYA XIX)

Mu gihe Kiliziya Gatolika yari yugarijwe n‟ubugome bwariho icyo gihe,ni nako
ubukristu bwagendaga bukwira ku isi hose.

Papa Gerigori XIV(1831-1846) yitaye ku migambi y‟ iyogezabutumwa, atanga

amabwiriza menshi ajyana n‟ iryo yogezabutumwa hirya no hino. Abepisikopi, Abapadiri
n‟Abarayiki bakiriye neza uwo murongo w‟Iyogezabutumwa.

Ibikorwa byose byajyanaga n‟ iyogezabutumwa ndetse no gutegura

abogezabutumwa byarashyigikirwaga, bigakwirakwizwa hose n‟ imiryango
y‟Abihayimana myinshi yari imaze igihe: mu bagabo, twavuga Abayezuwiti;
Abafaransisikani; Abakapusini; Abalazarisiti Abafurere b‟Amashuli ya Gikristu;
Abasaleziyani ba Mutagatifu Yohani Bosiko bashinzwe mu 1841; Abamisiyoneri ba
Roho Mutagatifu ba Padiri Liberimani cyangwa Abapadiri Bera b‟Afurika. Ku
ruhande rw‟abagore, twavuga nk‟Ababikira ba Mutagatifu Yozefu wa Kuluni.

Mu ngorane nyinshi ziturutse ku mpamvu za Politiki n‟ intambara hagati y‟

Ubwongereza n‟Ubufaransa, ubukristu bwakomeje gutera imbere no gushinga imizi muri
Amerika, Kanada, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z‟Amerika no kugera muri Amerika y‟ Epfo.

Mu bihugu bya kure, nko mu Burasirazuba: Ubuhinde n‟Ubushinwa, Iraki na

Libani, Indoshine, Koreya abogezabutumwa babisakayemo. Abapapa bakomeje kubatera
inkunga ndetse hatangazwa ibikorwa bikomeye byo kubaka amashuli n‟amavuriro,
bituma abaturage babikunda. Mu by‟ ukuri mu 1870, ibyari bimaze kugerwaho byari
bishimishije. Icengera ry‟ubukristu mu Burasirazuba bwa Kure (Etrême-Orient) ryagiye
rihura n‟ ibikorwa by‟urugomo no kwanga abanyamahanga, bituma abenshi mu
bogezabutumwa bahorwa Imana. Iryo toteza ryabaye ndetse no ku rwego rwa
kinyamanswa, nko mu Bushinwa.

Muri Koreya na ho, Kiliziya yari yaravutse mu mpera z‟ ikinyejana cya XVIII
yahise itangira gutotezwa. Umupadiri w‟ umushinwa Yakobo Isiyewu yaciwe umutwe
mu 1801, Mu Buyapani, guhera mu ntango z‟ ikinyejana cya XVIII, abakristu ntibari
bagikorera ku mugaragaro. Muri Pasifika, uretse ibirwa bya Filipine byari byarigishijwe
Ivanjili kuva muri 1515 kandi hafi ya byose bikaba byari bifite Ukwemera Gatolika
n‟ubwo haje kuba ikibazo cyo kurwanya Asaseridoti mu 1860, iyo nyanja yuzuyemo
ibirwa byinshi ntiyari yarigeze imenya Inkuru Nziza.

Mu majyepfo, muri Ositaraliya, ubukristu Gatolika butyaye bwarahogeye,

bwamamajwe n‟Abanyayirilande bari baroherejwe gukora imirimo y‟agahato n‟umwami
 37

w‟Abongereza. Izina ryaje gusigara mu mateka y‟ iyogezabutumwa ni irya Padiri

Damiyani, umugabo wazengurutse inyanja ya Pasifika avura ababembe. Kubera
urukundo rwe, yabaye urugero rw‟ iyogezabutumwa mu bihe bikomeye.

Muri Afurika y‟Abirabura: mu ntangiriro z‟ ikinyejana cya XIX, Afurika

y‟abirabura yasaga n‟aho itazwi bitewe n‟ imiterere y‟ ibihe bibi ndetse n‟ indwara zo mu
karera k‟Afurika yo hagati n‟ izindi ngorane nyinshi zinyuranye,

abogezabutumwa babonaga ko igihe cyose bashoboraga gutungurwa n‟ urupfu; ariko

ibyo ntibyababujije kujyayo.

Muri Afurika y‟amajyaruguru: Abafaransa bamaze kugera muri Alijeriya mu 1830,

byahaye Kiliziya icyizere ko ishobora kongera kugaragaza Ukwemera kwa Gikristu
nk‟uko byari bimeze mu gihe cya Mutagatifu Ogustini wari umunyafurika. Hari abantu
batakwibagirana mu gukwiza inkuru nziza: Lavigeri, abihayimana bo mu muryango wa
Roho Mutagatifu, Musenyeri Besiye, Padiri Horuneri.

V. 3 KILIZIYA MU GICE CYA KABIRI CY‟IKINYEJANA CYA XIV

V. 3. 1 Iyogezabutumwa ryarakomeje

Kuri Kiliziya, iki kinyejana cya XIX, twagishyira kuva mu 1815, igihe Napolewo avuye
ku butegetsi kugeza mu 1914, intamabra ya mbere y‟isi itangiye. Muri iki gihe, Kiliziya
yagize abapapa bagize uruhare rukomeye muri Kiliziya kandi baranga ibihe bikomeye
by‟amateka yayo: Papa Piyo wa IX (1846-1878), Papa Lewo XIII (1878-1903) na Papa
Piyo wa X (1903-1914).

Iyogezabutumwa ryaranzwe n‟ ubwitange ku ngoma ya Papa Gerigori wa XVI

bwakomeje gutera intambwe ihamye mu gihe cya Papa Piyo wa IX. Abagatolika bacye
bo mu bihugu by‟Abangolosagisoni bari basanzwe barebwa nabi batangiye noneho
kugira imbaraga. Papa Piyo wa IX, yasubijeho ubuyobozi bwa Kiliziya mu Bwongereza
mu 1850, n‟ uko Abangirikani bagarukira Kiliziya Gatolika. Umwe muri bo ni Yohani
Niyumani waje kuba umukaridinali muri Leta zunze ubumwe z‟Amerika, Abagatolika
bari batangiye kumva neza ubutumwa bwabo.

Mu migabane yose y‟ isi, iyogezabutumwa ryakomeje gutera imbere muri Amerika

y‟epfo n‟ubwo bwose abaturage bari benshi, abapadiri na bo bakaba bake, abantu hafi ya
bose bari barabatijwe.

Ubushinwa na bwo bwakiriye inyigisho z‟ ubukristu ku buryo habonetse Abepisikopi

b‟Abashinwa muri Konsili Vatikani ya I mu 1870. Muri Afurika y‟Abirabura,
 38

abogezabutumwa bamamaje Ivanjili hose. Abapadiri bera ba Karidinali Lavijeri

bakwirakwije ubukristu mu bihugu byiganjemo Abayisilamu ni na bo bagejeje Ivanjuli
mu Rwanda.

V. 3. 2 Ingoma irambye ya Papa Piyo wa Ix (1846-1878)

Mu Burayi, kuva mu 1848, ibintu ntibyagendaga neza. Impinduramatwara y‟

Ubufaransa yari yarageze no mu ntara zagengwaga na Papa. Papa Piyo wa IX yagombye
guhunga umujyi wa Roma, Bamuregaga kubangamira ubumwe bw‟Abataliyani.Yagize
ingorane nyinshi, yamburwa intara zagengwaga na we, asigarana gusa akarere ka Roma.

Mu 1854, Papa Piyo wa IX yari yaratangaje ihame ry‟ Ubutasamanywe icyaha

bwa Bikira Mariya. Iryo hame ry‟ Ukwemera ryemeza ko Bikira Mariya nta cyaha cy‟
inkomoko yavukanye, ryakiriwe neza n‟Abagatolika bo mu Butaliyani no muri
Hisipaniya. Mu Bufaransa, Abaporotesitanti, bo barabinnyeze ndetse birabarakaza

V. 3. 3 Konsili ya Vatikani I itangaza ko Papa adashobora kwibeshya

Papa Piyo wa IX, mu kurwanya ibitekerezo bishingiye ku bwigenge bukabije

muri Politiki n‟ibitekerezo bya gihanga bishingira ubumenyi bwose ku bifatika gusa no
mu guhangana n‟abategetsi b‟ ibihugu by‟i Burayi bashakaga kwigarurira Abasaseridoti,
yaciye nta kuvangura ibyo bitekerezo byose n‟ubwo atari abihugukiwemo. Papa Piyo wa
IX yatumije Konsili ya Vatikani ya I ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1870, mu nyandiko
yiswe”Paster aeternus” (umushumba uhoraho) hemejwe ko Papa adashobora kwibeshya
igihe atangaza amahame y‟ Ukwemera cyangwa ibijyanye n‟imyifatire mboneza-muco
ari ku ntebe y‟amahame.

V. 3. 4 Papa Lewo wa XIII atangira guhuza Kiliziya n‟igihe yari igezemo

Yari umuntu uzi kubana n‟amahanga kandi abona neza imihindagurikire ikomeye
yabaye muri Politiki n‟imibanire y‟abantu, yihatiye kumva abantu b‟ icyo gihe no
gufasha Kiliziya kugera ku bwumvikane hamwe na bo. Yakanguriye abantu kwiga no
gusobanukirwa na Bibiliya.

Ku byerekeye imibereho y‟abantu Papa Lewo wa XIII yakurikiriye hafi intangiriro

y‟ ubukristu bwita ku mibereho y‟abantu (vie sociale). Byagaragaye cyane igihe asohoye
urwandiko rukuru rwe”Rerum Novarum” (Ibintu bishya) rwamamaye cyane. Mu myaka
 39

yakurikiyeho, amahuriro y‟ abakozi Gatolika, amashyirahamwe afashanya n‟andi

makoraniro agamije kwita ku mibereho myiza y‟abaturage byariyongereye.

V. 3. 4 PAPA PIYO WA X N‟UBURYO BWO KWITAGATIFUZA

Papa Piyo wa X yavuguruye byinshi muri Liturijiya no mu mirimo

y‟iyogezabutumwa: yari umuntu utuje kandi ukunda amahoro yari ashishikajwe no
guteza imbere ubuzima bwa roho z‟abakristu.

Mu byavuguruwe twavuga: 1) Uburyo bwo guhabwa ukaristiya

2) Uburere bw‟abitegura ubusaseridoti

3) Imikorere y‟icyicaro gikuru cya Kiliziya Gatolika

4) Kunoza amategeko agenga KILIZIYA

V. 4 KILIZIYA MU BIHE BY‟UBUTEGETSI – RUKUSANYA

Kuva mu bihe by‟Intambara ya I y‟isi yose, mu Burayi no mu isi hose hadutse

abantu bafite ibitekerezo bivuguruzanya ariko bigendera kuri Politiki ya mpatsibihugu
kandi bigendera ku butegetsi bukubiye mu maboko y‟umuntu umwe.

Kiliziya igengwa na Roho n‟ imiryango y‟Abagatolika ku isi byagize akaga kenshi

biterwe n‟ ibyabaga icyo gihe n‟ ubwo habonetse Abapapa beza muri icyo gihe nka
Benedigito wa XV, Piyo wa XI na Piyo wa XII. Abo bapapa baharaniraga amahoro,
bakarengera ikiremwamuntu, ariko kenshi abantu bakabima amatwi ndetse bakabasebya.

V. 4. 1 Kiliziya mu gihe cy‟intambara ya i y‟isi yose (1914-1918)

Intambara ya I y‟ isi yose igitangira, yahise ishora abaturage mu bugizi bwa nabi
no mu nzangano, maze Roma ntibyayorohera guhitisha ijambo ry‟ amahoro. Buri
 40

Kiliziya y‟ igihugu yahaga umugisha abasirikare bajyaga kurwana kandi ikagerageza no

gukomeza akanyabugabo mu baturage. Papa Benedigito wa XV yabaye intwari cyane,
akomeza no kwita ku Iyogezabutumwa.

V. 4. 2 Hagati y‟intambara zombi

Papa Piyo wa XI, amaze gutorwa ku wa 7 Gashyantare 1922, hatangiye igihe cyaranzwe
n‟amahindura akomeye mu bya Politiki no muri Kiliziya hatangizwa ibindi bikorwa
byinshi. Uwo mwaka nibwo Musolini yatowemo aza ari umuntu ufite amatwara
adasanzwe kandi y‟ igitugu.

Ku wa 11 Gashyantare 1929 i Latarani, nibwo imishyikirano hagati y‟Ubutaliyani

na Roma.yarangiye, maze hashyirwa umukono ku masezerano yacyemuraga
burundu”ikibazo cya Roma”. Ayo masezerano yashyizweho na Leta yigenga ya Vatikani
iyoborwa na Papa, wemerewe n‟amategeko icyubahiro nk‟icy‟umwami w‟Ubutaliyani.

Vatikani ntigomba kuvogerwa kandi igomba kutivanga mu makimbirane y’izindi

ntara. Ayo masezerano yabohoye burundu ubutegetsi bwa Papa ntiyongera kugengwa
n‟ubutegetsi na bumwe bwa Politiki. Kuva ubwo ibihugu byinshi byagiranye umubano na
Vatikani, bikomeza kwiyongera kandi ntibongera kugira imbogamizi mu guhana
ababahagararira (Ambassadeur).

Igikorwa gihambaye cy‟ubukristu cya Papa Piyo wa XI ni uko yatangije akanateza

imbere Agisiyo Gatolika: ni ukuvuga guhamagarira buri mugatolika wese gushishikarira
kwigisha Ivanjili aho atuye. Papa Piyo wa XI bitaga “Papa w‟iyogezabutumwa” mu
gushyigikira ibikorwa by‟iyogezabutumwa ku isi, yasohoye urwandiko Rukuru”Rerum
Ecclesiae” mu 1929.

V. 4. 3 Kiliziya mu ntambara ya ii y‟isi yose na nyuma yayo (1939-1958)

Ku wa 10 Werurwe 1939 nibwo Karidinali Ewujeni Paceli yatorewe kuba Papa mu

nama ngufi mu zabayeho zose mu itora ry‟abapapa afata izina rya Papa Piyo wa XII.Icyo
gihe intambara yaratutumbaga.

Papa Piyo wa XII, mu mezi make yabanjirije intambara yakoze uko ashoboye
kugira ngo itarota.Yagerageje kenshi guhuza abari bashyamiranye mu nama yabereye i
 41

Vatikani ariko biba iby‟ubusa. Ku wa 24 Kanama 1939 yakanguriye ibihugu byose

amahoro agira ati: “Amahoro atanga byose, naho intambara igasenya byose” Hitileri
yashakaga intambara kugira ngo agere ku mugambi we wo gushyira hejuru ubwoko bwe
na Politiki ye ya mpatsibihugu.

Ku wa 1 Nzeri 1939, atangiza intambara, atera igihugu cya Polonye. Ku wa 3 Nzeri,

Ubufaransa n‟ubwongereza byiyemeje kurwanya Ubudage, ubwo intambara yahitanye
abantu batagira ingano mu mateka y‟isi itangira ityo.

Kuba Papa yari azi neza ko ingabo za Hitileri zitazakomwa imbere n‟ubuyobozi
bwa Kiliziya, ahubwo ko zakaza umurego, Kiliziya iramutse ibyivanzemo ku
mugaragaro, byatumye yifata mu myaka ine intambara yamaze. Ikinyamakuru cya
Kiliziya” Osservatore Romano” na Radiyo ya Vatikani byamaganye ibikorwa bibi
by‟ingabo za Hitileri. Nyuma y‟urupfu rwa Papa Piyo wa XII, abagome bashatse
kumuharabika ko yifashe kandi ko yaba yarashyigikiye Hitileri.

UMUTWE WA VI : KILIZIYA GATOLIKA KU VA KURI KONSILI YA

VATIKANI YA II

VI. 1 Kiliziya mu gihe cya Konsili

Konsili ya Vatikani ya II yahinduye cyane isura ya Kiliziya Gatolika

n‟imigendekere y‟amateka yayo. Abantu ariko ntibari babyiteze. Papa YOHANI wa
XXIII ni we watangije uwo mugambi wa Konsili, waje gushyirwa mu bikorwa kandi
ugasohozwa na Papa PAWULO wa VI.

Muri iki gihe cyacu, inyigisho za Konsili zinjiye rwose mu buzima bwite bwa
Kiliziya ndetse zahaye isura nshya amakoraniro Gatolika mu isi yose, zinahindura ku
buryo bugaragara imibanire y‟abakristu hagati yabo ubwabo no hagati yabo b‟abandi
bantu batuye isi.

VII. 1. 1 Gutumiza no gutangiza Konsili ya Vatikani ya II

Ku wa 25 Mutarama 1959, Papa Yohani wa XXIII yamenyesheje Abakaridinali ko

agiye gutumiza Konsili ya Kiliziya yose. Yifuzaga guhuza Kiliziya n‟ibihe tugezemo.
Hashize amezi make iteguranwa umuhate, Konsili yaratangiye. Hari ku wa 11 Ukwakira
1962. Byari ibirori by‟akataraboneka kuko byakoranyije Abapadiri 2500.Urupfu rwa
Papa Yohani wa XXIII rwatumye Konsili isubikwa. Papa Pawulo wa VI, yaraye atowe
ku wa 22 Kamena 1963, yatangaje ibi bikurikira: Ingufu zacu zose tuzazikoresha mu
 42

gukomeza iyi Konsili ya Vatikani II. Yatangaje ko icyiciro gishya kizatangira ku wa 29

Nzeli, atanga n‟umurongo mushya uzagenderwaho: kongerera Kiliziya imbaraga,
gushyira amaraso mashya mu mikorere yayo no kuyihuza n‟ibihe tugezemo.

VI. 1. 2 Ibyo Konsili yagezeho

1) Ivugurura rya Liturijiya: yahinduye bumwe mu buryo bwo gutura Igitambo

cya Misa no gutanga amasakaramentu. Hemejwe ko Misa zizajya zisomwa
mu ndimi z‟uturere, imihango ikagabanywaho ibyari byarongeweho uko
igihe cyari cyaragiye gihita, Padiri akazajya asoma Misa arebana n‟imbaga
y‟abakristu. Hemejwe kandi ko rimwe na rimwe Abasaseredoti bashobora
gusangira ku mubiri n‟amaraso bya Kristu, urugero nk'abageni umunsi
bashyingiwe1.

2) Inyandiko yerekeranye na Kiliziya “Lumen Gentium “, yemejwe na Papa

ku wa 21 Ugushyingo 1964. Yasobanuraga ko urugaga rw‟Abepisikopi
rushingiye ku rugaga rw‟Intumwa rukaba ari rwo ruyobora Kiriziya y‟isi
yose, rufatanyije n‟umukuru warwo PAPA, nta na rimwe rwitandukanyije
na we. Kiliziya yasobanuwe nk‟Imbaga y‟Imana, abarayiki bakaba bafite
ubusaseridoti bwa rusange, ubwa gihanuzi n‟ubwa cyami. Ubwo
busaseredoti butandukanye n‟ubwa Padiri utanga amasakaramentu.

3) Inyandiko zindi: urugero, Kiliziya mu bihe tugezemo (Gaudium et spes)

yatowe ku wa 7 Ukuboza 1965. Iyi nyandiko ishimangira ko Kiliziya
ifatanye urunana n‟imbaga y‟abatuye isi: “Ibyishimo n‟amizero, ishavu
n‟agahinda by‟abantu b‟iki gihe, n‟iby‟abakene n‟abandi bose bari mu
mibabaro, ni byo byishimo n‟amizero, ishavu n‟agahinda by‟abigiswa ba
Kristu; nta na kimwe mu mibereho y‟abantu kitabagera ku mutima”. Mu
kurwanya bimwe na bimwe mu byo imico y‟abantu igenda iteshukaho, iyo
nyandiko ishimangira icyubahiro cy‟isakaramentu ry „Ugushyingirwa
n‟icy‟umuryango, ikanasobanura urukundo rw‟abashakanye.

4) Uburenganzira bwa buri wese bwo guhitamo iyobokamana ashaka,

n‟umubano wa Kiliziya n‟andi madini. Kiliziya yasobanuye mu nyandiko

1
ITORERO RYA MUTAGATIFU PAWURO, ISHAMI RY‟AMATEKA, Seminari Nkuru ya
Nyakibanda, Pallotti Presse 2003, pp.283-284
 43

umubano wayo n‟andi madini. Twavuga nk‟inyandiko yiswe Icyubahiro

cya muntu (Dignitatis Humanae), guhitamo no gukurikira iyobokamana
umuntu ashaka ari uburenganzira bw‟ibanze bwa buri muntu.

Indi nyandiko yiswe Igihe tugezemo (Nostra Aetate), yo isobanura

imibanire ya Kiliziya n‟amadini adashingiye kuri Kristu. Iyi nyandiko
yanamaganye urwango, itotezwa n‟ivangura ryakorewe Abayahudi.

Izindi nyandiko zibanze ku murimo w‟Abepisikopi: “basabwe kujya begura ku mirimo

yabo igihe bujuje imyaka 75. Ku birebana n‟umubano hagati ya Kiliziya na Leta, Leta
yasabwe kureka gushyiraho Abepisikopi kabone n‟iyo haba hari amasezerano
abizemerera ari mu bijyanye no kuvugurura ubuzima bw‟Abihayimana, mu murimo wa
gitumwa wa Kiliziya, mu butumwa bw‟abasaseridoti n‟ibindi”2.
Inyandiko cumi n‟esheshatu zinyuranye za Konsili zavuguruye ibintu byinshi mu buzima
bwa buri munsi bw‟Imbaga y‟Imana.

Inama ikirangira, byose byahise bitangira.Papa Pawulo wa VI akoresha umutwe

n‟imbaraga ze zose kugira ngo ishyirwe mu bikorwa.Za Kiliziya z‟ibihugu na Diyosezi
na zo zihatiye kuyicengeza mu mikorere n‟imyunvire y‟amakoraniro y‟abakristu.

Abadashaka ko ibintu byahinduka batangiye gushinja no kwijujutira Papa Pawulo

wa VI, ndetse buhoro buhoro havuka n‟ intagondwa zarwanyaga ku mugaragaro iyo
Konsili ya Kiliziya, ndetse n‟ ubutegetsi bwe bwite. Musenyeri Mariseli Lofevure, umwe
mu bari bagize Konsili, akaba no muri bake barwanyaga ko hagira ibihinduka, yahise
akoranya akanama k‟ abumvaga ibintu nka we ahitwa Ekone bamagana Misa ya Papa
Pawulo wa VI bayita ko ari nk‟ iy‟Abaporotestanti, bananga inyigisho z‟ iyo Konsili
cyane cyane ku birebana n‟ umushyikirano mpuzamatorero n‟ uburenganzira bwo
guhitamo idini umuntu yishakiye. Ibyo birego byazahaje cyane Papa Pawulo wa VI.

Papa Pawulo wa VI yakomeje kugaragaza ubutwari n‟ ubushake bwo kwakira

abantu bose no gufungura imiryango ya Kiliziya. Icyiciro cya kabiri cya Konsili
kirangiye yagiye gusura Ubutaka Butagatifu (muri Palestina) kuva ku wa 4 kugeza ku wa
6 Mutarama 1964 Ni we Papa wa mbere wakandagiye ku butaka butagatifu nyuma ya
Yezu n‟Intumwa ze. Yakoze kandi urugendo i Jeneve, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za
Amerika, muri Afurika (Uganda na Zaire). Muri rusange Papa Pawulo wa VI yakoze
ingendo umunani za gitumwa.

Mu nama y‟Umuryango w‟Abibumbye yagize ati: « Intambara nicike». Papa

Pawulo wa VI, kugira ngo ahe ingufu umugambi we w‟amahoro utari ufite aho uhuriye

2
Idem p.286
 44

n‟ibya politiki, yagiye yikuraho buhoro buhoro ibimenyetso byose byatumaga Papa
agaragara nk‟ igihangange. Yigomwe ingofero ya zahabu yari ikimenyetso cy‟ uko ari
umutegetsi ku rwego rw‟ isi yose.3

VI. 2 KILIZIYA N‟ UBUKRISTU MU MYITEGURO Y‟ IKINYAGIHUMBI CYA

GATATU

VI. 2. 1 Uko Kiliziya zifashe ku isi

Mu Burayi, muri Amerika no mu gice kinini cy‟Afurika, imibereho y‟abantu

igendera ahanini ku mitekerereze ya gikristu. Nyamara ukugendera ku matwara ya
gikristu mu mibereho y‟abantu nk‟uko byagendaga mu gihe cyo hagati (Epoque
médiévale) mu bihugu by‟ Uburengerazuba no muri Bizanse kugeza mu 1453, byagiye
bikendera cyane kugeza mu kinyejana cya XIX; none ubu bisa nk‟aho bitakiriho. Mu
bihugu byari bifite ubutegetsi bushingiye ku idini rya Gikristu, ibyo byavuyeho, maze
bisimbuzwa uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo idini umuntu ashaka.

Isenyuka ry‟ ubukomunisti ryatumye ibihugu by‟ Uburasirazuba bw‟ Uburayi

bugira ubwisanzure mu by‟ Iyobokamana na za Kiliziya zibona uburenganzira bwo
gutunganya ubutumwa bwazo.

Uruhare rw‟ Iyobokamana rwari ingirakamaro ku bantu benshi kugeza nyuma y‟

intambara ya II y‟ isi yose, rwagiye rugabanuka mu buzima bwa buri munsi, mu mashuri
no mu myidagaduro. Ubu abantu bashishikajwe n‟ ubukungu bw‟isi kurusha ubukristu.
Ubujiji mu by‟ iyobokamana bwariyongereye kuva mu 1960 mu bihugu byashyize
imbere ubukungu bw‟ isi. Mbese, turi mu ikendera ry‟ umurage wa gikristu.

VI. 2. 2 Imiterere y‟ ubukristu muri iki gihe.

Mu matorero y‟abakristu, Kiliziya Gatolika ni yo ifite abayoboke benshi ndetse n‟

inzego zihamye. Igizwe n‟ababatijwe hafi miliyari imwe, Abepisikopi 4.300, Abapadiri
400.000, Abaseminari 100.000 n‟Abihayimana miliyoni. Abaporotestanti ni miliyoni hafi
400 za Kiliziya z‟ i Burasirazuba zigeza ku bayoboke miliyoni 130.

3
Idem p. 290
 45

VI. 2. 3 Amateka ya vuba ya Kiliziya Gatolika

Kwitegereza ibiba ubu nkabihinduramo amateka ni ibintu bitoroshye Ariko ni

ngombwa kwandika amateka kuko twebwe turiho none n‟ ibyo dukora, n‟ ibyo tuvuga n‟
ibyo tubamo.ejo bizaba ari amateka. Ni byiza ko tubigaragaza, bityo tukagerageza
gusobanukirwa n‟ igihe tugezemo tumurikiwe n‟ umurage wa Gikristu.

a. Imiterere y‟ ingenzi y‟ Ingoma ya Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II

Nyuma y‟ iminsi 30 gusa Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II bitaga”Papa w‟ inseko nziza

yamaze ku buyobozi bwa Kiliziya Gatolika, itorwa ry‟ umunyapolonye, Arikiyepisikopi
wa Karakoviya witwa Karoli Woyitila ku ntebe ya Petero ryatunguye benshi. Ni we
mupapa wa mbere utari umutaliyani wari utowe ku va mu 1522.

Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II atorwa ku wa 16 Ukuboza 1978 yari mutoya

ugereranyije n‟abamubanjirije.Yari afite imyaka 58 y‟ amavuko.Yari umugabo
utajegajega, ufite ubuzima buzira umuze ufite ingufu n‟umuhate kandi agakorana ibakwe.
Rugikubita Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II yanze ko ubupapa buba umurimo wo mu biro
cyangwa se ubuyobozi bukorerwa mu bitabo gusa. Umurimo we w‟ ubuyobozi bwa
Kiliziya yawukoze neza. Ibibazo byose bamugezagaho yabifatiraga ibyemezo,
akabikemura.Yakiraga abantu benshi ndetse no ku meza; kandi agakunda kubaza
amakuru yo hirya no hino.

Ni we mupapa wa mbere wakoze ingendo nyinshi. Mu maso ye, umurimo w‟

ubupapa ni umurimo w‟ intumwa. Yakundaga kugenda. Mu bitekerezo bye mo mu
buzima bwe ni ho yavomye ingufu zo kugera ku mugambi: kubohoza igihugu cye
kavukire n‟ ibihugu by‟ i Burayi bw‟ i Burasirazuba ku ngoyi ya gikomunisti no
gutsindisha ibitekerezo bigendera kuri Marigisi uburyo bwo kumva ko umuntu afite roho
n‟ uburenganzira busesuye.

Papa yujuje iyo nshingano yo kubohora muntu atabikoze nk‟ umunyapolitiki ahubwo nk‟
umuyobozi wa roho. Abenshi mu bakurikiraniraga hafi babonaga ko Papa Yohani Pawulo
wa II atumvagwa na bose mu rwego rw‟ imyifatire. Yabaye umupapa wakunzwe cyane
n‟abakristu gatolika, n‟abo mu yandi matorero ndetse n‟andi madini.Yitabye Imana ku
wa 2 Mata 2005 ku myaka 84 y‟amavuko.

Asimburwa na Karidinali Yozefu Ratsingeri, wafashe izina rya Benedigito wa XVI, ku

wa 19 Mata 2005.

b. Kwigisha Ivanjili bundi bushya

Mu mugambi we, Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II,yumvaga ko muri iki gihe

turimo,kwigisha Ivanjili bigomba gukorwa mu bihugu byose kuko hakiri ibihugu
 46

bigitegereje kumenya Inkuru Nziza,n‟ibyayimenye kuva kera,ubu bikaba byaratatiye

amasezerano,Batisimu,bikeneye kongera kwigishwa Ivanjili bundi bushya.

Kwigisha Ivanjili bundi bushya birasaba kuba igisubizo kigera ku nyota

y‟ibyerekeye Imana.Ni ngombwa ko abakristu babera Yezu –Kristu abahamya mu
mibereho yabo ya buri munsi, bafasha abagabo n‟abagore bo mu bihugu byabo kuvoma
ku isoko y‟umurage wa gikristu.Twese hamwe dusubire ku isoko y‟ubukristu, kandi
turangamire Kristu kugeza igihe azazira mu Ikuzo.

 UMWANZURO

Amateka y‟abantu ni menshi kandi ni urusobe rw‟ibyiza n‟ibibi.N‟amateka ya

KILIZIYA GATOLIKA ni uko.Ibi byombi:IBIHE BISHYA(époque moderne) n‟IBIHE
BYA VUBA(Epoque Contemporaine) byagaragayemo ibintu byinshi,ibyiza
n‟ibibi,ihumure n‟ibigeragezo,abagabo n‟abagore b‟intwari n‟abibigande,intungane
n‟inkorashyano,abatera abandi akanyabugabo n‟ibicantege,abunvira
n‟intagondwa.Kiliziya yahanganye n‟IVUGURURA imbere muri yo ubwayo(Réforme
interne) n‟iryo hanze(Réforme protestante).Yahanganye n‟abashakaga
impinduramatwara,ihangana n‟imitekerereze irwanya ukwemera.Yahungabanyijwe
n‟intambara z‟ibihugu n‟iz‟amadini,izahazwa na Politiki zinyuranye z‟ibihugu.Kiliziya
ntiyazuyaje kwisuganya ngo irebere hamwe ibisubizo bikwiye bya buri gihe na buri
bibazo.Habayeho Inama Nkuru za Kiliziya z‟ingirakamaro,twavuga Konsili ya Taranti na
Konsili Vatikani ya II.Uyu munsi nit we tugezweho ngo dutange umuganda wacu.Ese,ejo
tuzavugwa dute? Ejo, tuzavugwaho iki? Kristu, akomeze imibereho yacu n‟imirimo yacu
ayihe umugisha maze “tuzabe intungane nk‟uko Data wo mu Ijuru ari intungane.”
 47

UMUGEREKA: AMATEKA Y‟ IYOGEZABUTUMWA MU RWANDA

INTANGIRIRO

Mu kinyejana cya 19 havutse muri Kiliziya Gatolika inkubiri yo kwitabira

iyogezabutumwa hirya no hino ku isi. Mu mpera z‟ ikinyejana (1878) ibiro bya Papa
bishinzwe iyogezabutumwa byahaye umuryango w‟abamisiyoneri b‟Afurika (ari wo
Muryango w‟Abapadiri Bera) ubutumwa bwo kujya kwamamaza Inkuru Nziza y‟ Ivanjili
ya Yezu Kristu muri Afurika yo hagati. Igihugu cy‟ u Rwanda nacyo giherereye muri
Afurika yo hagati cyakiriye Abogezabutumwa ba mbere b‟Abamisiyoneri mu mwaka
w‟1900 baje barangajwe imbere Musenyeri Yohani Yozefu HIRITI.

Icyo gihe u Rwanda rwabarizaga muri Vikariyati Apostoliki ya Nyanza

y‟amajyepfo kuva mu 1894 nubwo bwose ari nta mu Misiyoneri wari wakagera mu
Rwanda. Icyo gihe Umuryango w‟ Abamisiyoneri b‟Afurika wayoborwaga na Karidinali
Karoli LAVIJERI atuye muri Alijeriya. Karidinali LAVIJERI yari yarahaye
abamisiyoneri be amabwiriza yo kubanza guhindura umwami n‟ abatware, hanyuma na
rubanda rukaboneraho guhinduka no kuba-tizwa. Amisiyoneri ba Afurika ni bo bagize
uruhare rukomeye mu iyogezabutumwa no mu gushinga Kiliziya mu Rwanda. Amateka
ya kiliziya mu Rwanda turayarebera mu bice bitanu by‟ ingenzi n‟ ubwo hari ubundi
buryo bwinshi umuntu yayareberamo. Twe turifashisha uburyo bukurikira:

1. U Rwanda muri Vikariyati Apostoliki ya Nyanza y‟Amajyepfo: 1900-1912

2. U Rwanda muri Vikariyati Apostoliki ya Kivu: 1912-1922

3. Vikariyati Apostolilki y‟ u Rwanda: 1922-1952

4. Kiliziya y‟u Rwanda muri Vikariyati Apostoliki ebyiri Kabgayi na Nyundo: 1952-1959

5 Kiliziya y‟U Rwanda ihabwa ubuyobozi bwite: Ivuka rya za Diyosezi kugeza ubu:
1959 kugeza ubu.
 48

UMUTWE WA MBERE: U RWANDA MURI VIKARIYATI APOSTOLIKI YA

NYANZA Y‟AMAJYEPFO (1900-1912)

Kugeza mu mwaka w‟ 1899 nta mu Misiyoneri wari warageze mu Rwanda. Ku

wa 2/2/1900 nibwo Musenyeri HIRTH wari ushinzwe Vikariyati Apostoliki ya Nyanza
y‟amajyepfo u Rwanda rwari ruherereyemo yageze mu Rwanda. Yaje aturutse i Kamoga
muri Tanzaniya aho icyicaro cye cyari giherereye.Yageze mu Rwanda arikumwe n‟
Abapadiri bera babiri Alufonsi BURARI (TEREBURA) na Pawulo BARITELEMI,
hamwe na Furere ANSELIMI.

I. 1 Uko Abamisiyoneri bakiriwe n‟ubutegetsi

Abamisiyoneri bavuye muri Tanzaniya, banyura i Bujumbura (Burundi) binjirira i

Shangi, banyura mu Kinyaga, barazamuka bagera i Nyanza (i Bwami). Ku wa 2/2/1900
babonanye n‟Umwami. Hari ku ngoma y‟ Umwami Musinga, ariko kuko umwami yari
akiri muto no kugira ngo abanyamahanga batamubona, abiru bemeza ko
MPAMARUGAMBA ari we wakira abo banyamahanga yiyita Umwami Yuhi wa 5
MUSINGA. Bamaze kubonana n‟Umwami Musenyeri Hiriti asubira muri Tanzaniya
ariko yemerewe gushinga Misiyoni. Ku wa 4/2/1900 padiri Burari (TEREBURA) na
bagenzi be bahitamo umusozi wa SAVE kuko hari mu gace gatuwe cyane. N‟uko ku wa
8/2/1900 bashinga Misiyoni ya mbere mu Rwanda.

I. 2 .Uko Iyobokamana ryari ryifashe mu Rwanda

Abamisiyoneri bakigera mu Rwanda basanze Abanyarwanda bemera „Imana

„nziza kandi yahanze byose. Ariko mu muco w‟ icyo gihe nta kintu na kimwe gihamya ko
haba hari imihango yakorerwaga Imana, nta hantu, nta bintu, nta n‟abantu baba bari
bareguriwe iyo Mana. Abandi bantu ahubwo ni bo bari biganje mu mihango y‟
Abanyarwanda: Guterekera abakurambere, kubandwa Lyangombe, kuyoboka Nyabingi,
imihango yo kuraguza n‟ibindi byinshi byari bigize imihango y‟ idini gakondo ry‟
Abanyarwanda. Muri icyo gihe umwami yari afite ububasha bwose ku bantu ayobora
ndetse no mu by‟ iyobokamana. Ubutegetsi bwe bwaturukaga ku Mana, umwami yari
ahagarariye Imana. Ng‟iryo iyobokamana Abamisiyoneri basanze mu Rwanda.
 49

I. 3. Ishingwa rya za Misiyoni za mbere

Abamisiyoneri bakigera mu Rwanda bahise batangira gushinga za Misiyoni

kugira ngo bashobore kwamamaza Ivanili ya Yezu Kristu. Mu guhitamo aho bubaka za
Misiyoni, abamisiyoneri bagenderaga ku bintu bibiri by‟ ingenzi aribyo: ahantu hatuwe
cyane no gutanguranwa n‟Amadini y‟Abaporotesitanti (babitaga abahamyabinyoma)
n‟Abayisilamu. Bityo rero Misiyoni nyinshi z‟Abagatolika zarashinzwe mu gihe gito
kandi mu mpande zose z‟igihugu:

-Save mu majyepfo (8/2/1900)

-Zaza mu burasirazuba (1/7/1900)

-Nyundo mu majyaruguru y‟Uburengerazuba (4/4/1901)

-Rwaza mu majyaruguru (20/11/1903)

-Mibilizi mu majyepfo y‟Uburengerazuba (20/12/1903)

-Kabgayi mu gihugu hagati (12/02/1905)

-Murunda mu nkengero z‟ikiyaga cya Kivu (1909)

-Rulindo (1909)

-Nyaruhengeri ariyo Kansi mu majyepfo (1910)

Mu mwaka w‟1912 ababatijwe bari bamaze kurenga umubare w‟abantu 6000.

Hagati aho mu mwaka w‟1907 Abaporotesitanti bashinze Misiyoni yabo I Kilinda
babifashijwemo n‟abamisiyoneri b‟Abaluteriyani baje gusimburwa n‟Abaperesibiteriyani
Kuva icyo gihe kandi no mu myaka yakurikiyeho bagiye bashinga misiyoni zabo nyinshi
bakagenda bakikiza misiyoni z‟Abagatolika kugira ngo babatware abayoboke kuko bo
bari barahageze mbere. Bityo n‟ubwo bwose nta ntambara zabaye hagati y‟Abagatolika
n‟Abaporotesitanti, nyamara nta bwo barebanaga neza.

I .4 Imibanire ya Kiliziya n‟ubutegetsi

Igihe Abamisiyoneri bageze mu Rwanda (1900) hari hashize imyaka ibiri

intambara yo ku Rucuncu yashyamiranyije abayobozi bo mu moko y‟Abanyiginya
n‟Abega irangiye. Iyo ntabara yakuyeho umwami Kigeri wa IV RUTARINDWA
bamusimbuza umwami YUHI wa 5 MUSINGA.
 50

Muri icyo gihe hagaragaraga ibisigisigi by‟iyo ntambara byari bibangamiye ubutegetsi.
Mu turere two ku nkiko z‟igihugu hagaragaraga ibikorwa byo kwigomeka ku butegetsi,
kuko bafataga umwami nk‟uwimye ingoma itari imugenewe. Byongeye kandi umwete
Abamisiyoneri bubakanaga za Misiyoni no kuba barumvikanaga n‟abategetsi b‟Abadage,
byateraga umwami impungenge yibwira ko bazamutwara igihugu.

Nyamara uretse ibyo, mu gihe cy‟imyivumbagatanyo y‟abarwanyaga Musinga mu

myaka y‟1911-1912, Abamisiyoneri n‟Abadage ntibashidikanyije kumushyigikira. Kuri
bo kurekera umwami ububasha bwo gukomeza gutegeka bwari uburyo bwo kwigarurira
mu cyayenge igihugu. Ni muri urwo rwego Padiri Lupiyasi yiciwe i Rwaza yagiye gukiza
urubanza rw‟inka uwitwa Rukara rwa Bishingwe yari yanyaze, yanze kuyoboka umwami.

Mu mwaka ukurikiyeho, ku wa 24/02/1912, umwanditsi w‟ibikorwa by‟ingenzi

byaberaga muri misiyoni ya Rwaza yanditse agira ati:”Dutegetse ko abakristu bose
ndetse n‟ abandi bose bitwa inshuti zacu bagomba gushyigikira Musinga”.

UMUTWE WA KABIRI: U RWANDA MURI VIKARIYATI APOSTOLIKI

YA KIVU (Rwanda + Burundi + Buha 1912-1922)

Ku wa 12/12/1912 Papa Piyo wa 10 yashyizeho Vikariyati Apostoliki nshyashya

ya Kivu yari igizwe n‟u Rwanda, u Burundi na Buha. U Rwanda rwari ruvanywe kuri
Vikariyati Apostoliki ya Nyanza y‟Amajyepfo, naho u Burundi buvanwa kuri Vikariyati
Apostoliki ya Unyangembe. Musenyeri HIRITI yabanje gukorera ku Nyundo, ariko muri
Kanama 1914 ashyira icyicaro cye i Kabgayi.

II. 1 Ibimenyetso by‟amizero

Mu Rwanda Kiliziya yakomeje gukura no kurushaho gushinga imizi. Mu mwaka

w‟1914 hashinzwe Misiyoni ya Rambura mu Bushiru, yaje gufungwa mu 1917 kubera
intambara hagati y‟Ababiligi n‟Abadage, ariko Abamisiyoneri bongera kugaruka mu
1933. Mu mwaka w‟1917 umwami Musinga bamuhatiye gusinya itegeko ritanga
uburenganzira bwo kwishyira ukizana mu bitekerezo: “Njyewe Musinga, umwami w‟u
Rwanda, kuva ubu nemeje ko buri Muntu mu gihugu cyanjye afite uburenganzira bwo
kujya mu idini yihitiyemo.
 51

Umushefu cyangwa umusushefu wese uzabuza abagaragu be n‟abo ayobora cyangwa

abana babo kuyoboka idini bumva ibanogeye, cyangwa gukurikira inyigisho mu mashuri;
azahanishwa igifungo kuva ku munsi umwe kugeza ku minsi 30, uko bisanzwe
bigendekera umutware wese wiyibagije ko agomba kunyubaha no kunyumvira”4.

Kuva icyo gihe abantu benshi, cyane, cyane urubyiruko bagana za Misiyoni, Rezida na
we arushaho gukora ibishoboka kugira ngo agire ijambo ku bikorerwa i Bwami.

Ku wa 07/10/1017 Kiliziya yabonye abapadiri bayo babiri ba mbere

b‟Abanyarwanda ,abo ni Donati REBERAHO wavukaga i Save na Balitazari
GAFUKU wavukaga i Zaza. Musenyeri HIRITI wari warabohereje kwiga Seminari i
Bukoba mu 1904 ni na we wabahaye ubusaseridoti. Ibyo birori bikomeye kandi
byahuriranye n‟ishingwa rya Misiyoni ya Rwamagana. Abo ba padiri b‟abenegihugu
batumye rubanda barushaho kwizera misiyoni.

Mu mwaka w‟1919 Umubikira wa mbere w‟umunyarwandakazi yakoze

amasezerano ye ya mbere mu muryango w‟Abenebikira washinzwe na Musenyeri
HIRITI mu 1913. Mu 1919 kandi Padiri BUGONDO Yozefu, umunyarwanda wa gatatu
yaherewe ubupadiri i Kabgayi n‟uko umwaka ukurikiyeho (1920) Isidori SEMIGABO na
Yovita MATABARO na bo bahabwa ubupadiri. Havutse kandi n‟umuryango
w‟Abayozefiti.

II .2. Ibikorwa bigamije imibereho myiza y‟abaturage

Muri iki gihe igihugu cyahuye n‟ingaruka zinyuranye z‟intambara hamwe

n‟ibyorezo by‟inzara, indwara…Abamisiyoneri bitangiye rwose kurushaho kuvura
abarwayi, gufasha abakene no kwigisha. Ishuri ryabaye ingirakamaro kuko ryateguraga
abazafasha mu iyogezabutumwa: Abakateshiste, abarimu n‟abapadiri; byagombaga na
none gutuma abatware bayoboka Kiliziya Gatolika. Abamisiyoneri bagaragaje ibikorwa
bikomeye by‟urukundo mu gihe cy‟inzara ya Rumanura (1916-1918) no mu gihe
cy‟ibyorezo by‟indwara z‟ubushita macinya, mugiga na muryamo y‟amatungo. Ibyo
bikorwa by‟urukundo byatumye bakundwa na rubanda.

4
ITORERO RYA MUTAGATIFU PAWURO, ISHAMI RY‟AMATEKA, Seminari Nkuru ya
Nyakibanda, Pallotti Presse 2003, p. 395
 52

Vikariyati Apostoliki ya Kivu yamaze gusa imyaka 10. Iyi Vikariyati yahuye
n‟ingorane z‟uko abamisiyoneri bo mu Burundi batari bishimiye ihuzwa ry‟akarere kabo
n‟u Rwanda ku buryo ubuyobozi bwa Musenyeri HIRITI batabwemeraga cyane. Na we
ku mpamvu z‟uburwayi n‟izabukuru ntiyari agishoboye kugera kure, n‟uko mu 1921
asaba Roma kwegura.

UMUTWE WA GATATU: VIKARIYATI APOSTOLIKI Y’U RWANDA

(1922-1952)

Nyuma y‟ukwegura kwa Musenyeri HIRITI ku buyobozi bwa Vikariyati

Apostoliki ya Kivu, ku wa 25/04/1922 Papa Piyo wa 11 yagabanyijemo kabiri
Vikariyati ya Kivu bityo ashinga Vikariyati ebyiri nshyashya arizo Vikariyati
Apostoliki y‟u Burundi yaragijwe Musenyeri GORJU na Vikariyati Apostoliki y‟u
Rwanda yaragijwe Musenyeri Leon Paul CLASSE wari usanzwe yungirije Musenyeri
Hiriti mu cyahoze ari Kivu. Ng‟uko uko u Rwanda rwabaye Vikariyati Apostoliki
ukwarwo, n‟u Burundi Vikariyati Apostoliki ukwabwo.

III. 1 Igihe cy‟ubuyobozi bwa Musenyeri Classe (1922-1945)

III. 1. 1 Tumenye Musenyeri Classe:

Musenyeri CLASSE yahawe ubusaseridoti mu 1900 i Karitaji mu muryango

w‟Abamisiyoneri b‟Afurika aribo bita Abapadiri bera. Yageze mu Rwnda ku wa
21/03/1901 yoherejwe kuba umufasha wa Musenyeri HIRITI. Padiri Classe yagize
uruhare mu ishingwa rya Misiyioni ya Nyundo n‟iya Rwaza, hanyuma aba umukuru wa
misiyoni ya Save. Yari umukozi utananirwa, agakurikiza amategeko y‟abamukuriye uko
yakabaye, bityo Musenyeri Hiriti aramwiyegereza. Abanyarwanda, abatware ndetse na
rubanda rwa giseseka baramukundaga cyane. Yari umugabo w‟ibikorwa ushishoza
agakora akurikije uko ibintu byifashe. Yakoze iyo bwabaga maze agaruza Gisaka,
akarere k‟i Burasirazuba bw‟u Rwanda, Ububiligi bwari bweguriye Ubwongereza bivuye
ku masezerano ya Orts-Miller yo ku wa 28/05/1919.

U Rwanda rumaze gusubirana Igisaka muri Mutarama 1924, Abanyarwanda barushijeho

kurata ibigwi Musenyeri Classe. Yageze no ku bindi bikorwa biruhanyije, twavuga
nk‟ihigikwa ry‟umwami Musinga wasimbujwe Rudahigwa bidakuruye imvururu mu
baturage.
 53

Uwo mugabo warangwaga no kubahana, akamenya igikwiye, akaba anazwiho

kudahubuka, ntiyabuze n‟abanzi. Ariko ubungubu abantu bose, baba inshuti ze cyangwa
abamurwanyaga, bemera ko umurava mu iyogezabutumwa no kutigiramo ubuhendanyi
na mba bya Classe byaranze Kiliziya ku buryo bugaragara. Mugihe yamaze ayobora
Vikariyati Apostoliki y‟u Rwanda (1922-1943), amateka ya Kiliziya yagendeye cyane ku
miterere y‟uyu mwogezabutumwa.

III. 1. 2 Uburumbuke bw’agatangaza:

Igihe Musenyeri Classe yamaze ayobora Vikariyati y‟u Rwanda cyabaye igihe
cy‟uburumbuke budasanzwe: Umubare w‟Abakristu gatolika babatijwe wavuye ku 20886
n‟abigishwa 4915 mu mwaka w‟1922 , ugera ku 359584 n‟abigishwa 41408 mu mwaka
w‟1943 . N‟ubwo Abanyarwanda benshi bashishikariye kujya mu ishuli no kwigira
kubatizwa, Umwami Musinga we yakomeje gukomera ku idini gakondo no
kudashyigikira abajya mu idini ya gikristu. Mu by‟ukuri n‟ubwo Musinga yari akunzwe
n‟abaturage cyane cyane abaciye bugufi, nyamara yagaragazaga kwishisha abanyaburayi,
agatambamira atyo abaturage na benshi mu bantu b‟i Bwami bashakaga amajyambere no
kubatizwa. Ibyo byatumye akurwa ku ngoma ndetse acibwa mu gihugu ku itegeko rya
guverineri VOISIN (soma VUWAZE) wa Rwanda-Urundi. Musenyeri Classe yagize
uruhare mu kugena no kwimika Rudahigwa , umuhungu wa Musinga , dore ko we yari
n‟umwigishwa yitegura Batisimu; yimye ingoma ku wa 16/11/1931 n‟uko afata izina
ry‟ubwami rya Mutara wa 3 .

a. Aho Roho Mutagatifu ahuha nk‟umuyaga wa Serwakira:

Igihe cyakurikiye ikurwaho rya Musinga n‟iyimikwa ry‟umuhungu we Rudahigwa ,

Abanyarwanda bahindutse ari benshi barabatizwa n‟abigishwa bariyongera baba benshi ,
abantu bakabisobanura bahereye k‟uguhinduka k‟umwami na benshi mu bari abasushefu
Icyo gihe Abanyarwanda bacyise “IRIVUZUMWAMI”. Bityo ukuzuzwa k‟umugambi
wa karidinali Lavijeri n‟abamisiyoneri wo kubanza guhindura abatware n‟abaturage
bagakurikiraho, babibonamo igikorwa cy‟ijuru:”Roho mutagatifu arahuha nk‟umuyaga
wa serwakira”.Nuko imigendakere y‟ibintu ihuza n‟uko Abamisiyoneri babitekerezaga.
Hagati y‟umwaka w‟1931 n‟1934 gusa umubare w‟ababatijwe wavuye ku 54061
ugera ku 142798.
 54

b. Impamvu z‟iryo hinduka:

-Mu by‟ukuri inkubiri y‟uguhinduka kw‟abantu yari yaratangiye mu 1928 naho ukugenda
kwa Musinga kwabaye nko korosora uwabyukaga.

-Guhinduka k‟umwami na benshi mu bari abashefu.

-Uruhare rwa Kiliziya mu guteza imbere abaturage mu nzego zose.

-Ubwiyongere bw‟abaturage.

-Impamvu nyamukuru ni imikorerer y‟Abamisiyoneri n‟umubare mwinshi w‟abari

bashinzwe umurimo w‟iyogezabutumwa kuva ku mukuru w‟inama y‟umurenge kugera
ku muyobozi wa Vikariyati. Iyogezabutumwa ry‟Abalayiki ryahaye abakristu uruhare mu
murimo wo gushaka abigishwa bashya no kubatoza Ukwemera Gatolika. Mu w‟1934
umubare w‟Abakateshiste wari ugeze ku 1162.

C. Ingaruka z‟iryo hinduka:

Uko kwiyongera cyane k‟umubare w‟abakristu kwagize ingaruka nyinshi:

-Kwibagirwa kureba no kugaya ibyaba byaragenze nabi mu mikorere y‟Abamisiyoneri

-Kudashakashaka icyatuma ubukristu bushimangirwa nyabyo kuko abamisiyoneri bari

barangajwe n‟ibyo bibwiraga ko bagezeho

-Umurava mu Bukristu wagiye ugabanuka bamwe baba akazuyazi kubagarura ku

bukristu nyabwo bikaba ikibazo cy‟ingutu

-Kiliziya yo mu Rwanda yegukanye agaciro gakomeye kubera umubare mwinshi

w‟abayoboke bayo. Bityo Kiliziya iba inkingi idatsimburwa mu mibereho
y‟Abanyarwanda.

III. 1. 3. MUTARA wa III RUDAHIGWA umwami w‟umukristu:

Umwami MUTARA wa III RUDAHIGWA yabatijwe ku wa 17/10/1943

nyuma y’imyaka 14 yamaze ari umwigishwa.Yahisemo kwitwa Karoli Lewo Petero.
Yahaye atyo icyubahiro Karoli w‟Umugwaneza, igikomangoma cy‟i Flandres (soma
FULANDERE); Lewo rikaba irya Musenyeri Classe , na Petero nk‟umubyeyi we wa
 55

batisimu ariwe Bwana RIJIKIMANSI , umutware mukuru watwaraga Kongo- Mbiligi na

Rwanda-Urundi. Umwami yabatirijwe rimwe na nyina, umugabekazi Nyiramavugo-
Kankazi wafashe izina rya Radegonda. Musenyeri Classe ni we wababatije.

Iyimikwa rya Rudahigwa mu 19321 ryabaye icyizere gikomeye ku Bamisiyoneri,

ibatizwa ryo riza ari akarusho. Abamisiyoneri benshi babonye muri uwo munsi imbarutso
y‟ugutsinda k‟ubukristu mu Rwanda. Icyo gikorwa n‟abari ku isonga y‟ubutegetsi
barakishimiye kuko babonye ko guhuza politiki n‟iyobokamana ari ntacyo bitwaye.

Ku wa 27/10/1946 Umwami Rudahigwa yeguriye igihugu cye Kristu Umwami

w’abantu bose n’amahanga yose.

NB: Musenyeri Classe yitabye Imana ku wa 31/01/1945 asimburwa na Musenyeri

Laurent DEPRIMOZ.

3. 2 Igihe cy‟ubuyobozi bwa Musenyeri Laurent DEPRIMOZ (1945-1952)

Musenyeri Classe amaze kwitaba Imana yasimbuwe na Musenyeri Laurent

DEPRIMOZ wari umufasha we. Igikorwa gikomeye cya Musenyeri Laurent DEPRIMOZ
cyabaye icyo kuvugurura Catéchuménat. Mu mwaka w‟1950 kandi Musenyeri Deprimoz
yakoresheje Sinodi ya Kabgayi, ategura neza umunsi wa yubile y‟imyaka 50 Ivanjili yari
imaze igeze mu Rwanda, yubile yabereye muri Astirida ariyo Butare y‟ubu. Muri uwo
mwaka amashusho 40 y‟umubyeyi Bikira Mariya yahawe umugisha n‟uko akwirakwizwa
muri za Misiyoni hose mu gihugu. Uwo mwaka wasigiye abakristu urwibutso
rutazibagirana, Mu w‟1951 Padiri Yozefu SIBOMANA yagizwe intumwa (Vicaire
dėlégué) ya Musenyeri Deprimoz.
 56

UMUTWE WA KANE: KILIZIYA MU RWANDA IGABANYWAMO

VIKARIYATI EBYIRI: KABGAYI NA NYUNDO (1952-1959)

Ku wa 14/01/1952 Papa Piyo wa 12 yagabanyijemo kabiri Vikariyati Apostoliki

y‟u Rwanda, bityo mu Rwanada havuka Vikariyati ebyiri ari zo Kabgayi na Nyundo.
Vikariyati ya Nyundo yaragijwe Musenyeri Aloyizi BIGIRUMWAMI, Umwepiskopi
w‟Umunyarwanda akaba n‟Umwepiskop wa mbere w‟umwirabura muri Afurika Mbiligi.
Vikariyati ya Kabgayi ari nayo nkuru yakomeje kuragizwa Musenyeri Deprimoz ariko
nyuma y‟imyaka ine, ku wa 18/12/1955, yasimbuwe na Musenyeri Andereya
PERRAUDIN wahawe ubwepiskopi na Musenyeri Bigirumwami.

Vikariyati ya Nyundo yari iherereye mu ntara za Gisenyi, Kibuye n‟agace ka Ruhengeri.

Vikariyati ya Kabgayi yo yari igizwe n‟ikindi gice cyose gisigaye cy‟ u Rwada.

UMUTWE WA GATANU: KILIZIYA MU RWANDA IHABWA UBUYOBOZI

BWITE: IVUKA RYA ZA DIYOSEZI (1959 kugeza ubu 2012)

V. 1. Ivuka rya za Diyosezi

Ku wa 10/11/1959 Papa Yohani wa 23 mu rwandiko rwe (Constitution

apostolique « Cum parvulum sinapis ») yatangaje ko Kiliziya ziri muri Kongo- Mbiligi
na Rwanda-Urundi zihawe ubuyobozi bwite , bityo ibyitwaga za Vikariyati Apostoliki
bihinduka za Diyosezi ndetse na za Misiyoni zihinduka za Paruwasi. Ibyo ariko byabaye
mu gihe mu Rwanda hariho impinduka mu bya Politiki n‟imibanire y‟Abanyarwanda.

Dore urutonde rwa za Diyosezi z‟u Rwanda n‟abaziyoboye kugeza ubu:

1. KABGAYI (1959): Mgr Andereya PERRAUDIN

Mgr Tadeyo NSENGIYUMVA
Mgr Anastazi MUTABAZI
Mgr Simaragidi MBONYINTEGE
2. NYUNDO (1959): Mgr Aloyizi BIGIRUMWAMI
Mgr Visenti NSENGIYUMVA
Mgr Wensesilasi KARIBUSHI
Mgr Alegisi HABIYAMBERE
 57

3. RUHENGERI (1960): Mgr Berenarudo MANYURANE (yitabye Imana atari yimikwa)

Mgr Yozefu SIBOMANA
Mgr Fokasi NIKWIGIZE
Mgr Kizito BAHUJIMIHIGO
Mgr Visenti HAROLIMANA
4. BUTARE (1961): Mgr Yohani Batista GAHAMANYI
Mgr Filipo RUKAMBA
5. KIBUNGO (1968): Mgr Yozefu SIBOMANA
Mgr Ferederiko RUBWEJANGA
Mgr Kizito BAHUJIMIHIGO
Mgr Antoine KAMBANDA
6. KIGALI (1976): Mgr Visenti NSENGIYUMVA
Mgr Tadeyo NTIHINYURWA
7. BYUMBA (1981): Mgr Yozefu RUZINDANA
Mgr Seriviliyani NZAKAMWITA
8. CYANGUGU (1981): Mgr Tadeyo NTIHINYURWA
Mgr Yohani Damasenti BIMENYIMANA
9. GIKONGORO (1992): Mgr agustini MISAGO
Mgr Célestin HAKIZIMANA

Uko za Diyosezi zagiye zivuka kandi zikiyubaka ni nako Kiliziya mu Rwanda

yagiye ibona Abepiskopi b‟abenegihugu. Paruwasi na zo zarushijeho kwiyongera ndetse
n‟umubare w‟Abapadiri b‟abenegihugu uriyongera ku buryo bugaragara. Imiryango
y‟Abihayimana na yo, yaba ikomoka mu bindi bihugu ndetse n‟iyashingiwe mu Rwanda
yariyongereye ndetse n‟Abihayimana b‟Abanyarwanda bariyongera. Umubare
w‟abagatolika babatijwe wariyongereye n‟ibikorwa bya Kiliziya Gatolika biba byinshi
cyane cyane mu bijyanye n‟iyobokamana ndetse n‟iterambere rya muntu (uburezi,
ubuvuzi,).
 58

Ntabwo twakwibagirwa kandi amabonekerwa ya Bikira Mariya “Nyina wa

Jambo” yatangiye ku wa 28/11/1981 i KIBEHO n‟urugendo rwa Papa Yohani Pawulo wa
2 mu Rwanda kuva ku wa 7 kugeza ku wa 09/09/1990. Ibyo byose byagiye bikomeza
Kiliziya Gatolika kandi bigatuma yubahwa mu gihugu.

V. 2 Igihe cy‟amakuba

Guhera mu mpera z‟umwaka w‟1990 u Rwanda rwinjiye mu ntambara n‟indi

midugararo byahitanye abantu benshi n‟ibintu byinshi, byose birundurira muri Jenoside
yakorewe Abatutsi n‟iyicwa ry‟abataravugaga rumwe n‟ubutegetsi mu 1994. Ingaruka
z‟ayo mahano kandi zagaragaye kuri Kiliziya zirayishegesha bikomeye. Bamwe mu bana
bayo biroshye mu bwicanyi bavutsa ubuzima abavandimwe babo ku maherere. Ubwo
bwicanyi bwakoze Kiliziya mu nda, buhitana abana bayo: Abepiskopi, Abapadiri,
Abihayimana bo mu miryango inyuranye n‟Abakristu benshi.

Ubugizi bwa nabi bwageze kandi mu gusahura, kwangiza, by‟umwihariko mu

gusenya no gutwika za Kiliziya basengeramo, ibigo by‟Abapadiri ku ma Paruwasi, ibigo
by‟imiryango y‟Abihayimana, bityo Kiliziya yatakaje Abepiskopi bane, batatu bishwe
n‟umwe waburiwe irengero. Kiliziya yapfushije kandi Abapadiri bagera ku 108,
Abafurere bagera kuri 40, Ababikira bagera kuri 70 n‟Abalayiki ibihumbi n‟ibihumbi.
Abandi benshi barahunze n‟abasigaye bacika intege, ibyo bishegesha Kiliziya cyane.

V. .3 Umuryangoremezo nk‟igicumbi cy‟ubuzima bwa gikirisitu

Inama nkuru ya Kiliziya ya Vatikani ya kabiri yashimangiye igitekerezo cy‟ uko

abakirisitu bagomba kwisuganya mu matsinda mato. Bityo abakirisitu bakegerezwa
ubuyobozi, ariko hanakenewe no kuvugurura ubukirisitu, hakaba urwego buri wese
yakwisanzuramo kandi n‟ abakirisitu bakarushaho gusangira ubuzima. Inkomoko y
„umuryangoremezo tuyisanga mu Byanditswe bitagatifu bitubwira imibereho y‟
abakiristu ba mbere bari bafite umutima umwe n‟amatwara amwe (Intu 2, 42-45).

Mu kinyejana cya IV nibwo Diyosezi zatangiye kugabanywamo Paruwasi, biba

itegeko hose mu Nama Nkuru y‟ i Taranti mu 1545. Icyo gihe Paruwasi niyo yari urwego
ruto rwa Kiliziya. Urwego rwo munsi ya Paruwasi ntirwabagaho. Bitewe n‟ubunini bwa
Paruwasi abakirisitu benshi bagumaga mu bwigunge, bituma Paruwasi zigabanywamo
Sikirisale n‟ ubwo bitakemuye ikibazo cyo kwegereza rwose ubutumwa buri mukirisitu.

Mu Rwanda abakirisitu bamaze kuba benshi, byabereye ubuyobozi bwa Kiliziya

ikibazo gikomeye cyo kubakurikirana no kubigisha. Ku italiki ya 10 Mutarama 1933
Musenyeri KALASE yandikiye abapadiri bose abasaba gushinga” Inama z „imirenge”.
 59

Kwari ukubahiriza ikifuzo cya Papa Piyo wa XI, no gushakira umuti ikibazo cyariho.
Inama z‟Abepisikopi bo mu Rwanda zakunze kuganira ku ishyirwaho ry
„Imiryangoremezo, ndetse mu 1978 habaye Sinodi yibanze cyane kuri iki kibazo.

Icyatunye, mu Rwanda, Kiliziya yishingikiriza imiryangoremezo mu buryo bwayo

bushya bwo kubaho, ni ukugira ngo Kiliziya ibeho nk‟uko Yezu yayifuje ayishinga.
Kiliziya ni umuryango w‟ abana b‟ Imana. Iwacu mu Muryangoremezo byose niho
bisangwa: ubuvandimwe, kubahana, gutabarana , gufashanya , gushyira hamwe mu
isengesho , ibikorwa by‟urukundo , kunga abantu , guhugurana mu kwemera , gukunda
Ijambo ry „ Imana , kugandura abaguye , kwita ku bakene, …

V. 4 Ukwisuganya n‟amizero mashya

Amakuba y‟intambara na Jenoside (1990-1994) yahinduye byinshi mu mibereho

n‟imyumvire ya benshi mu Banyarwanda no mu Bakristu. Ariko nubwo hari abacitse
intege mu kwemera , abenshi bagarukiye Imana badakebaguzwa , Kiliziya igerageza
kwisuganya buhoro buhoro maze itangira komora , gufasha no guhumuriza imitima
y‟Abanyarwanda bari barahungabanyijwe bikomeye n‟ibyari byarababayeho( imfubyi,
abapfakazi , imfungwa , impunzi zatahukaga , …) .

Kiliziya, mu butunwa bwayo, yitaye ku bikorwa by‟isanamitima bigamije

ubwiyunge, ubutabera n‟amahoro by‟Abanyarwanda. Kugeza mu mwaka w‟1998
Diyosezi zose zari zimaze kongera guhabwa abashumba ku zari zarabatakaje, abapadiri
n‟abihayimana bongeye kuboneka buhoro buhoro, abakristu bagarutse muri Kiliziya
kandi bumva kurushaho uruhare rw‟Abalayiki muri Kiliziya. ABakirisitu bahagurukiye
kubaka Kiliziya yabo kuko bamaze kumva ko Kiliziya ari umuryango umwe w „ abana
b‟Imana : Abakirisitu bakangukiye ubutumwa mu matsinda yabo mato uhereye mu
Miryango remezo , imiryango y „ Agisiyo gatolika , Amakoraniri y „abasenga

Mu mwaka wa 1998 kugeza mu wa 2001 Kiliziya Gatolika iri mu

Rwanda yakoze Sinodi idasanzwe; ni igikorwa gikomeye cyagaragaye nka “Gacaca

nkirisitu” mu kwiga ikibazo cy‟amoko gikomereye u Rwanda. Ni muri urwo rwego
Diyosezi ya Nyundo yafashe umwanzuro w‟uko “Ubukristu bugomba kutubyarira
ubuvandimwe nyabwo”.5 Mu gihe mu mwaka w‟2000 Kiliziya y‟isi yose yizihizaga

5
1. Mgr Alexis HABIYAMBERE; NYUMA Y‟IMYAKA ICUMI DUSHOJE SINODI
IDASANZWE ‫״‬Tubadukanye imbaraga imihigo yacu izira gucogora‫ ;״‬Nyundo Ugushyingo
2011
 60

Yubile y‟imyaka 2000 Kristu umuntu, Kiliziya yo mu Rwanda yabifatanyije no kwizihiza

Yubile y‟imyaka 100 Ivanjili yari imaze igeze mu Rwanda.

Imbuto z‟ubwitange bw‟Abayobozi ba Kiliziya bafatanyije n‟abakristu nyuma

y‟intambara na Jenoside byayogoje igihugu, imbuto za Sinodi idasanzwe, imbuto
z‟umwaka wa Yubile yo mu 2000 ni nyinshi kandi ziragaragara muri iki gihe:
ubwiyunge, ubumwe, ubutabera n‟amahoro mu Banyarwanda, Kiliziya yakomeje kandi
ibikorwa by‟urukundo n‟iby‟amajyambere, Abalayiki bagenda bumva kurushaho ko
Kiliziya ari iyabo, Abasaseridoti nAbihayimana bariyongera.

IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE

1. Mgr Alexis HABIYAMBERE; NYUMA Y‟IMYAKA ICUMI DUSHOJE SINODI

IDASANZWE ‫״‬Tubadukanye imbaraga imihigo yacu izira gucogora‫ ;״‬Nyundo
Ugushyingo 2011

2. E‟.DE MOREAU, S.J., Histoire de l‟Eglise, Taurnai-Paris, 1931

3. Itorero rya Mutagatifu Pawulo, Ishami ry‟Amateka, seminari Nkuru ya
NYAKIBANDA, Amateka ya Kiliziya, Poloti Presse, Kigali 2003
4. on Charles POULET, Histoire de l‟Eglise, tom. II, BEAUCHESNE ET SES FILS,
Paris 1960
5. Secrétariat Général de la C.EP.R, Jubilé de 100 ans d‟Evangélisation du Rwanda, 83
ans de sacerdoce au Rwanda 1917-2000, Pallotti Presse, Kigali, Aout 2000
6. Abbe Félicien MUVARA, Aperçu historique d‟évangélisation du Rwanda, Pallotti
Presse, 1990
7. Diyosezi ya Kabgayi, Umuryangoremezo, igicumbi cy‟ubuzima bwa gikristu, Editions
Pastorales Diocèse de Kabgayi, Décembre 2001.