Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Networking
Protocols
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
OSI vs TCP/IP Model
IP Addressing
Public vs Private IP Address
IPv6
TCP 3-Way Handshake
UDP
ARP
DHCP
DNS
ICMP
Contents
How Internet Work
PC
• billions of connected mobile network
server computing devices:
wireless
• hosts = end systems global ISP
laptop • running network apps
smartphone
home
communication links network
• fiber, copper, radio, satellite regional ISP
wireless • transmission rate:
links bandwidth
wired
links
What is Internet
mobile network
What is Internet
layers: each layer implements a service
via its own internal-layer actions
relying on services provided by layer below
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
Layering in Airlines
• presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g.,
encryption, compression, machine- application
specific conventions
presentation
• session: synchronization,
checkpointing, recovery of data session
exchange
transport
• Internet stack “missing” these
layers! network
• these services, if needed, must be link
implemented in application
• needed? physical
OSI Layer
• application: supporting network
applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP
application
• transport: process-process data
transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
• network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination network
• IP, routing protocols
• link: data transfer between link
neighboring network elements
• Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
physical
• physical: bits “on the wire”
Enskapsulasi
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
1-9
physical
Introduction
human protocols:
• “what’s the time?”
• “I have a question”
• introductions
What is Protocol?
• protocols define format, order of messages sent and received
among network entities, and actions taken on message
transmission, receipt
• protocols control sending, receiving of messages
• e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11
What is Protocol?
Transport Protocol
application underlying
application layer protocol transport protocol
Transport Protocol
point-to-point: full duplex data:
• one sender, one receiver • bi-directional data flow in
reliable, in-order byte steam: same connection
• MSS: maximum segment
• no “message boundaries” size
pipelined: connection-oriented:
• TCP congestion and flow • handshaking (exchange of
control set window size control msgs) inits sender,
receiver state before data
exchange
flow controlled:
• sender will not overwhelm
receiver
TCP Protocol
application
transport
network
unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP data link
physical
3 way handshake
• transport segment from sending to receiving host
• on sending side encapsulates segments into datagrams
• on receiving side, delivers segments to transport layer
• network layer protocols in every host, router
• router examines header fields in all IP datagrams passing
through it
Network Layer
• host, router network layer functions:
physical layer
ICMP
223.1.1.1
IP Addressing
Q: How does a host get IP address?
IP Addressing
goal: allow host to dynamically obtain its IP address from network
server when it joins network
• can renew its lease on address in use
• allows reuse of addresses (only hold address while
connected/“on”)
• support for mobile users who want to join network (more
shortly)
DHCP overview:
• host broadcasts “DHCP discover” msg [optional]
• DHCP server responds with “DHCP offer” msg [optional]
• host requests IP address: “DHCP request” msg
• DHCP server sends address: “DHCP ack” msg
DHCP
DHCP
223.1.1.0/24
server
223.1.1.1 223.1.2.1
223.1.2.0/24
223.1.3.1 223.1.3.2
223.1.3.0/24
DHCP Client-
transaction ID: 654
DHCP offer
DHCP ACK
src: 223.1.2.5, 67
Broadcast: OK. You’ve
dest: 255.255.255.255, 68
yiaddrr: 223.1.2.4
got that IPID:
transaction address!
655
lifetime: 3600 secs
• initial motivation: 32-bit address space soon to be
completely allocated.
• additional motivation:
• header format helps speed processing/forwarding
• header changes to facilitate QoS
IPv6 Motivation
• priority: identify priority among datagrams in flow
• flow Label: identify datagrams in same “flow.”
• (concept of“flow” not well defined).
• next header: identify upper layer protocol for data
data
32 bits
1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD
LAN
(wired or adapter
wireless)
71-65-F7-2B-08-53
58-23-D7-FA-20-B0
0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98
… …
DNS Server
DNS Name Resolution root DNS server
Example 2
3
TLD DNS server
4
• host at cis.poly.edu
5
wants IP address for
gaia.cs.umass.edu local DNS server
dns.poly.edu
iterated query: 1 8
7 6
contacted server
replies with name of authoritative DNS server
server to contact dns.cs.umass.edu
requesting host
“I don’t know this cis.poly.edu
name, but ask this
server” gaia.cs.umass.edu
Thank You