Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Comisión 1
ABOGACÍA
LIC. EN COMUNICACIÓN
SOCIAL
Técnica de Lectura
• Definición
Los investigadores en educación definen la comprensión lectora como el proceso de elaborar el significado de las
ideas relevantes del texto y relacionarlas con las que ya se tienen, proceso en el cual el lector interactúa con el texto
(Carranza, Celaya, Herrera & Carezzano, (2004)).
• Para una buena lectura
Es importante un lector activo. Dicho lector, procesa la información aportándole sus conocimientos y experiencias
previas, enfrentando obstáculos y superándolos de diversas formas, construyendo una interpretación para lo que
lee, en un proceso que se puede caracterizar en los términos que Ausubel (1976) utilizó para el aprendizaje
significativo.
Leer es un proceso de emisión y verificación de predicciones que conducen a la construcción de la comprensión del
texto. Thays (2002) presta particular atención a la lectura comprensiva, a la elaboración de inferencias y a las
estrategias requeridas para su elaboración, ya que ellas permiten, en una primera instancia,
darle sentido a las palabras, a las frases no comprensibles para el lector. Señala Thays, siguiendo a Jonson (1983),
que las inferencias constituyen la esencia de la comprensión de la lectura y cuantas más se hagan mejor se
entenderá el texto. Thays (2002) distingue asimismo, entre estrategias de pre-lectura, de lectura y de post-lectura.
En la pre-lectura destaca la necesidad de trabajar con la estructura organizativa del texto. Durante la lectura, es
importante “saber reconducir la lectura”, avanzando o retrocediendo según sea necesario. Finalmente, la estrategia
de postlectura: con preguntas que amplíen y guíen la comprensión, promueven el pensamiento crítico y ayudan a
centrarse en conceptos e ideas principales.
• Etapas de una buena lectura comprensiva
Por su parte, López y Villegas (1992) aportan recomendaciones para favorecer una lectura comprensiva en sus
distintos momentos. Se distinguen las siguientes fases:
• Antes de la lectura:
1. Se trata de motivar, de pensar en usted como lector activo, que asume su responsabilidad frente a la lectura. Para ello,
importa aclarar los objetivos de la lectura.
2. Activar el conocimiento previo, para lo cual se debe primero detectar lo que el texto puede tratar, fijándose en
determinados aspectos del texto que puedan constituirse en aportes para la comprensión (títulos, subtítulos, formatos
de letras, etc.) para luego relacionarlo con su experiencia previa, conocimientos previos referidos al tema y establecer
posibles conexiones.
3. Adelantar predicciones sobre el texto, lo cual sirve de motivación y centra la atención.
• Durante la lectura:
Continuar con las predicciones sobre el texto, probablemente aparecerán errores (falsas interpretaciones) y lagunas
de comprensión, de palabras, de frases, relaciones entre frases, etc. Frente a estos problemas, no conviene
interrumpir la lectura salvo que sea esencial el problema. Por ejemplo, se puede sugerir que subraye la palabra y
luego busque su significado; aventurar una interpretación y después confirmar, al seguir leyendo, si funciona o hay
que desestimarla. Es interesante releer el contexto previo.
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• Después de la lectura:
Identificar el tema y las ideas principales explícitas o implícitas, teniendo en cuenta que ellas no dependen sólo de
quien escribe, sino también del lector. Puede resultar muy útil hacer un resumen, “técnica excelente” para el control
de la comprensión. Asimismo, pueden hacerse preguntas pertinentes, esto es, coherente con el propósito que se
sigue mediante la lectura.
Elaboración de un Glosario
Siempre es importante tener un glosario con términos técnicos que a veces no aparecen en todos los diccionarios.
Aquí le damos algunas sugerencias:
La finalidad del glosario es ayudarlo a recordar y reconocer palabras / expresiones que aparecen con frecuencia o
son muy específicas en su área de especialidad. Se convierte así en una herramienta que colabora en el proceso de
aprendizaje del idioma.
¿Cómo elaborarlo?
Seleccionar las palabras / expresiones que considera de frecuente uso en el discurso de su disciplina. Transcribirlas al
glosario en orden alfabético. Agregar qué clase de palabra es (verbo / sustantivo / adjetivo / adverbio / nexo,
etc.).Transcribir un ejemplo (lo ayudará a recordar el contexto en que se usa este término) del texto donde encontró
la palabra en cuestión.
Escribir su posible traducción en español.
Por ejemplo:
Journey: (sust,) viaje, tramo de ida o vuelta de un viaje.
“I had an awfully long and tiring journey from San Salvador de Jujuy city to Buenos Aires city.” “The journey took 40 hours!”
Traducción: “Tuve un viaje terriblemente largo y cansador desde la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy hasta la ciudad de
Buenos Aires”. “¡Fueron 40 horas de viaje!
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dádiva, beca” como sustantivo y “otorgar” como verbo. Para elegir la acepción correcta, habrá que tener en
cuenta el contexto donde se encuentra dicha palabra.
Los referentes son aquellas palabras que se usan, por ejemplo, para evitar la repetición de otras ya mencionadas con
anterioridad. Logran la cohesión textual, hacen que el texto sea más fácil de leer y evitan que el texto se vuelva
monótono y aburrido.
UNIDAD 1
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Every language is a
temple, in which the
soul of those who
speak it is enshrined,
Did you realize that over a billion people in the world now speak English? According to a report titled, "English Next" by language
researcher David Graddol, "...two billion people will be speaking or learning English within a decade."
English is everywhere. The Economist says, "English is the language of globalization-of international business, politics... It is the
language of computers and the Internet... it is the dominant international language in communications, science, aviation,
entertainment, radio and diplomacy...."
" English... is an important tool for operating on the world stage," says John Whitehead, director of the British Council. The
ability to speak and understand English is mandatory in certain fields, professions, and occupations. In fact, English is so widely
spoken, it is referred to as, the "lingua franca" of the modern era.
Nonetheless, with the millions of native speakers competing for jobs in the global market, what chance is there for ESL (English
as second language) speakers to compete? ESL students take heart. As the Graddol report demonstrates, the global spread of
English... will lead to serious economic and political disadvantages in the future.... A future in which monolingual English
graduates face poor economic opportunities as qualified multilingual young people prove to have an important advantage in
global companies and organizations.
Given that English has acquired its world-wide reputation due, in large part, to globalized power relations, those companies and
governments employing well-trained non-native speakers for their international business communication needs will obviously see
the advantage of hiring non-native speakers of the English language with multilingual talents.
TAREAS DE LECTURA:
1- Extraiga del texto ejemplos de transparencias léxicas ¿Le ayudan a advertir el sentido del texto?
2- Lea el texto y complete las siguientes oraciones:
a- El inglés es el idioma….
b- Lengua franca es …
c- Un hablante no-nativo de inglés tiene ventaja porque…
Según el texto :
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3- Lea con atención las siguientes frases. Subraye con azul las palabras conceptuales y con rojo señale las palabras
estructurales.
Recordemos que…
Palabras gramaticales: estructuran el texto y adquieren valor al relacionarse con otras palabras. Tienen
significado sólo dentro del texto. Por ejemplo el artículo, preposición, conjunción, pronombre .
Palabras conceptuales: llevan la carga del significado, tienen gran valor informativo. Son palabras que
cuentan con significado propio, por ejemplo el sustantivo, verbo, adjetivo, adverbio
sustantivo verbo
speaker speak
research
teacher
performer
sing
¿Qué regla puede inferir? ¿qué sucede con algunos verbos cuando les agregamos el sufijo ER?
Since you are learning another language, you are working in a cross-cultural way. You use your own native language and you
possess your own cultural knowledge, beliefs and practices. The 'target' language (English, in this case) also contains cultural
knowledge and its users have varying beliefs and practices transmitted through their own native language (English).
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APLICACIÓN: En las siguientes tres oraciones verá utilizada una palabra que parece igual a simple vista, pero que tiene diferente
significado en cada caso debido a su distinta función. Preste atención a su ubicación dentro de cada oración y a las palabras que
la preceden.
1- The end justifies the means. (El fin justifica los medios)
2- I know what it means. (Yo sé lo que esto significa)
3- He is a mean person. (Él es una persona avara)
1- En la primera oración:
- The end justifies the means.
“means” se encuentra directamente al lado del artículo “the”, y no hay ninguna otra palabra más entre ellas, por lo tanto
“means” es un sustantivo. La “s” final es de plural. Si buscamos el significado de “means”, como sustantivo, el diccionario dirá
“medios” y se usa en plural.
3- En la tercera oración:
- He is a mean person
“mean”, ubicada delante de un sustantivo es un adjetivo. Los adjetivos en inglés están mayormente delante del sustantivo al
que modifican. Para encontrar su significado correcto en el diccionario deberá buscar “mean” en la opción adjetivo, la que dirá:
“avaro”.
Es importante destacar que en esta oración el sustantivo “person” lleva delante un adjetivo que lo califica. El artículo “a” nos
indica que hay un sustantivo al que este está modificando. Ud. deberá detectarlo ya que es el sustantivo núcleo de este grupo
de palabras.
-La verdad, es importante que Ud. no confunda los significados que puede tener una palabra, ya que lo que leerá estará muy
alejado de la realidad.
Por lo tanto, es imprescindible que detecte la función de las palabras en la oración, por ejemplo, si actúan como
VERBO, SUSTANTIVO o ADJETIVO, para así poder encontrar el SIGNIFICADO CORRECTO.
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The 21st century has witnessed a revolution in the use of Mobile phones, Emails and Internet. It has ushered in a new world where
English communication has become a necessity to stand out in the world of competition. In today's society, life becomes very
difficult for anyone who is not comfortable conversing in English. In today's world, where we are living in a cutthroat competition, it
is very embarrassing not to speak English when it(1) is most needed and it is equally disheartening when failure embraces us, in
On the professional front also, the personality of a job seeker is not merely measured by virtue of his IQ. Instead it is measured on
the basis of his effective communication. So here the importance of acquiring proper English learning & communication skills
comes in picture. Simply putting, it is the the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science,
technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing,international negotiation & business
management of the world & as a consequence of, which over a billion people speak English to at least a basic level. Because of
this reason, it has often been referred to as a "World language", the lingua franca of the modern era. We must make the best use of
it to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best in the world of mind and matter. Simply put,
Learning English is a skill which you can improve by yourself! The young learners nowadays have to impart them (2) to merge into
a dynamic society where knowledge, culture, technology and attitude are changing at an alarming speed. English can be difficult
sometimes or confusing! Should you choose British English or American English? Perhaps you find English spelling rules, irregular
verbs, and phrasal verbs confusing. Also, its working knowledge has become a requirement in a number of fields, occupations and
professions such as medicine and computing; as a consequence of which over a billion people speak English to at least a basic
level. Modern English, is the dominant language or in some instances even the required international language of communications,
science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio etc. It is also one of six official languages of the United Nations.
But Now you too can learn Correct English easily! There are several resources available on internet like English learning software,
English learning e-books, English tutorials etc. & they(3) provide the very best information which will help you to understand and
The main language used throughout the world on the internet. So it is no wonder that the mother tongue of the Web is
English.
It is the most widespread language in the world and is more widely spoken and written than any other Language
It is the medium for huge amount of the information stored in the world's computers
Because a working knowledge of English is required in many fields and occupations, education ministries around the world
mandate the teaching of English to at least a basic level at primary and secondary schools. It(4) is also al requierement in
most Universities.
So. empower yourself and become confident with language & carry the Universe of English to your home.
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TAREAS DE LECTURA
A. Luego de una primera lectura global del texto, completar las siguientes afirmaciones conforme a lo leído.
1- Ante una situación profesional, la personalidad de un demandante de trabajo, no esta medida solamente por su CI (
coeficiente intelectual) , sino por su capacidad de …………………………………………………………………
2- La razón por la cual el Inglés es referido como “ la lengua franca de la era moderna “ es …………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- Algunos de los recursos disponibles en Internet que facilitan el aprendizaje del Inglés hoy son
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4- Dada la necesidad de manejar el idioma Inglés en diversas áreas, campos y ocupaciones, el nivel mínimo de Inglés que
los ministerios de educación alrededor del mundo exigen es el ……………………………………………………………….
B. Responder ( en español)
Párrafo 1 : De acuerdo al artículo, ¿qué ha dado paso a que la comunicación en Inglés se haya convertido en una necesidad para
sobresalir en este nuevo mundo competitivo?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Párrafo 2 : Para competir mejor en este nuevo mundo, ¿qué tipo de habilidades del Idioma Inglés es necesario adquirir?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Párrafo 3 : ¿Qué aspectos de la lengua Inglesa pueden resultar difíciles o confusos a la hora de aprender o mejorar el dominio de
la misma por nuestra cuenta?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
C. Según el sentido del texto, marcar la acepción correcta de los siguientes términos:
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Ejemplo :
Miguel is a sales representative. He (1) works for an electronics company in Dubai. He (2) makes
presentations to show his (3) new products. These (4) presentations must show the main features
of those products and emphasize their (5) advantages.
Los pronombres personales “He (1)” y “He (2)” refieren a “Miguel”, pronombre de tercera persona
masculino.“his (3)” (“=su”) también hace referencia a “Miguel”, por ser el adjetivo posesivo de
tercera persona masculino. En este caso “his” significa que los productos son “de él (de Miguel)”.
These (4)” es un pronombre demostrativo que indica cercanía, y hace referencia al sustantivo que
está mencionado antes, en este caso a “presentations”. “their (5)” es un adjetivo posesivo de
tercera persona plural que hace referencia a “those products”, es decir a las ventajas “de esos
productos”.
D. Indicar cuál es el antecedente de las siguientes palabras resaltadas en el texto . (en español)
1- IT (paragraph 1) ………………………………………………………….
2- THEM (paragraph 3)………………………………………………………
3- THEY (Paragraph 4)………………………………………………………..
4- IT (Paragraph 5)………………………………………………………………..
TAREA DE POS-LECTURA
Una vez leído y analizado el texto enumere, a su criterio las TRES razones principales por las cuales se es necesario hoy en día
manejar el idioma Inglés en este nuevo mundo globalizado y moderno, para no perder oportunidades laborales y profesionales.
1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Nearly two thousand years ago the Romans invaded Britain and stayed there for 400 years. At that time the
inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. The history of the English language really started with the arrival of
three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the
Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. But most of the Celtic speakers
were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came
from "Englaland" and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are
derived.
In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, from France, who brought with them their own language -
Norman French - a Romance language. In the years that followed, the nobility of England spoke French and read
Latin, while the ordinary people spoke varieties of old English; but since they existed side by side, the two languages
immediately began to influence each other. Norman French became Anglo-Norman, and Old English, picking up lots
of vocabulary from Anglo-Normans, evolved into Middle English. Middle English was thus rather different from other
European languages. It was partly Germanic (particularly the vocabulary of everyday life,
the grammar and structures), and partly Romance (a lot of the more literary vocabulary). It was even influenced to a
small degree by the Celtic languages which remained alive in Cornwall and other parts of the British Isles.
Eventually, since Middle English was spoken by far the largest part of the population, it became the dominant
language in England; and by the 14th century, it was well on the way to becoming the national language, not just for
everyday life, but for administration and literature too.
Finally, English also replaced Latin as the language of the church. The Bible had been translated into English in the
14th century; but it was not until the Protestant reformation of the 16th century, that English became the language
of church services. From then on, its position as the national language of Britain, was firmly established. And it was
just at the right moment.
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From: http://www.englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm
ACTIVIDADES DE LECTURA:
1- Lea el texto y responda:
¿Cuáles el valor comunicativo del texto? Piense en la intención del autor al escribirlo.
Informar - persuadir - advertir
¿Por qué? ………………………………………………………………………….
2- Relea el texto. Una las ideas tópicas con el párrafo correspondiente. (Una no corresponde)
3- Según el sentido del texto, marcar la acepción correcta de los siguientes términos:
1) leading (par. 1) principal lider conducir
2) ordinary (par. 2) ordinario vulgar corriente
5- Marque en el texto los conectores que aparecen e indique cual qué tipo de relación indica cada uno.
6- Una forma de lograr cohesión entre párrafos de un mismo texto es por medio de lo que denominamos nexos
lexicales. Extraiga ejemplos de nexos lexicales presentes en el texto.
3- ACTIVIDADES DE POST-LECTURA
De acuerdo a lo leído, conteste:
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Se trata de una herramienta esencial para poder expresarte con propiedad y fluidez en tu segundo idioma.
En primer lugar, ayudan a estructurar un escrito o discurso hablado. Esto es vital para tus lectores u oyentes. Un texto funciona
como una especie de mapa, donde el lector debe saber, en todo momento, donde se encuentra con respecto al todo global. Los
conectores pueden ayudarte a ofrecer esa estructura tan importante. Por otra parte, también funcionan muy bien para darle
riqueza y fluidez a tus escritos o discursos. No es lo mismo usar frases simples, cortas, inconexas, que enlazarlas todas en una
usando un conector.
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So: entonces
Consequently: por lo tanto, en consecuencia
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Than: que
Conectores secuenciadores
First/firstly: primero/en primer lugar
Second/secondly: segundo/en segundo lugar
Next/then: seguidamente/luego
After/afterwards: después de/más tarde
Finally/eventually: finalmente/al final
Last but not least: por último, si bien no menos
At the same time: al mismo tiempo
Nowadays: hoy en día
Currently/at present/at the present time/now/these days: actualmente
A long time ago: hace mucho tiempo
In ancient times: en la antigüedad
Not long ago: hace poco tiempo
In former times: en tiempos pasados
Formerly: antiguamente
In the old days: en los viejos tiempos
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What is ESP?
http://cte.univ-
setif.dz/coursenligne/Bouzidassia/co/cours_11.html
………………………………………………………………………
ESP refers to the teaching of a specific genre of mainly scientific or technical English for students with specific
goals, careers or fields of study. ESP meets the needs of mostly adult learners who need to learn a foreign
language for use in their specific fields, such as science, technology, medicine or academic learning.
Clear differences in how people interpret the meaning of ESP can be seen as cited in Anthony(1997 : 9-10) :
Some people described ESP as simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified.
Others, however, were more precise, describing it as the teaching of English used in academic studies or the
teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes.
Mackay and Mountford(1978:2) write to this effect that: “ESP is generally used to refer to the teaching of English
for a clearly utilitarian purpose.” The point is that learners should be taught English in a way that enables them
to read textbooks written in English relevant to their field of specialism, or to use English in their future career. As
Robinson(1991:2) states:
Students English not because they are interested in the English language or English culture as such but because
they need English for study or work purposes.
In the same vein, * Basturkmen (2006:18) asserts that :
In ESP, language is learnt not for its own sake or for the sake of gaining a general education, but to smooth the
path to entry or greater linguistic efficiency in academic, professional or workplace environments.
This means that typically, ESP has functioned to help language learners cope with the features of language or to
develop the competencies needed to function in a specific discipline, profession, or workplace.
Finally, one can say that according to the above definitions, ESP is goal-directed, it(1) is an approach to
language teaching based on learners' goals and reasons for learning a language as summarized by Hutchinson
and Waters (1987:19) who(2) state, “ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to
content and method are based on the learners' reasons for learning”.
…………………………………………………………………………..
From the early 1960's, ESP has grown to become one of the most prominent areas of EFL teaching today, its
development is reflected in the increasing number of ESP courses offered all over the world. The ESP
movement has shown a slow but definite growth over the past five decades.
As stated by Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 6): “ESP was not a planned and coherent movement, but rather a
phenomenon that grew out of a number of converging trends.” The growth of ESP then was brought about by a
combination of a number of important factors.
New developments in educational psychology contributed in the growth of ESP by emphasizing the central role
of learners , their(3) motivations and needs from the language course, therefore, designing specific courses to
better meet the learners needs was a natural extension of this thinking.
The fact that English has become the key to international currencies of science, technology and commerce
created a new generation of learners who needed to learn English and most importantly they knew why they
needed it. Consequently, a new trend of ELT emerged to suit different teaching situations that is, to provide
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students of commerce, economy, medicine, biology...etc with the knowledge of English they need to perform
activities in their specific fields. This trend is referred to as: ESP (English for Specific Purposes).
……………………………………………………………………….
'What is the difference between the ESP and General English approach?' The most important difference lies in the
learners and their purposes for learning English. ESP students are usually adults who already have some
acquaintance with English and are learning the language in order to communicate a set of professional skills and to
perform particular job-related functions. An ESP program is therefore built on an assessment of purposes and needs
and the functions for which English is required.
ESP EGP
-The focus is on training.
-Generally the focus is on education.
-As the English is intended to be used in specific
-Course content is more difficult to select since the future
vocational contexts, selection of appropriate content is
English needs of the learners are hard to predict.
easier.
- As a consequence to the above point, it is important for
-Thus, the aim of an EVP syllabus may only be to build a
the content in the syllabus to have high surrender value
restricted English competence.
Table 1.1 : features of ESP and EGP
As it could be noticed, ESP is part of the broader professional framework of ELT. It(4) implies the design of
tailor-made syllabi and materials as well as its presentation and then evaluation. But, English for general purpose
(EGP) refers to contexts such as school where needs cannot readily be specified. It(5) is usefully considered as
providing a broad foundation rather a thorough and selective specification of goals like ESP.
To conclude, it could be said that teachers and , certainly, materials writers concerned with ESP handbooks
design, need to think very carefully about the goals of learners at all stages of materials production. Probably,
this demonstrates the influence that the ESP approach has had on English teaching in general. Clearly the line
between where GE courses stop and ESP courses start has become very vague.
Associate Proffessor Helen Louis Basturkmen has worked in Applied Language Studies and Linguistics at the
University of Auckland since 1998. Prior to this, as a lecturer and teacher educator in Turkey and the Middle East.
ACTIVIDADES DE LECTURA:
¿Cuáles el valor comunicativo del texto? Piense en la intención del autor al escribirlo.
Una vez leído el texto por primera vez, seleccione de la siguiente lista los títulos que encabezan cada párrafo. Hay
dos que no se necesitan.
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Según el sentido del texto, marcar la acepción correcta de los siguientes términos:
1. It……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Who:………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Their:………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. It……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. It:………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1- Una forma de lograr cohesión entre párrafos de un mismo texto y dentro del mismo párrafo es por medio de lo
que denominamos nexos lexicales o conectores. Utilizando la información provista en esta unidad, extraiga los
conectores resaltados, tradúzcalos e indique que tipo de relación indica cada uno.
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Recordemos que …
Los afijos son partículas que se encuentran al principio o al final de algunas palabras y que
modifican su significado / función.
Los afijos se dividen en:
El sufijo -ing en inglés no siempre se interpreta con la terminación -ando, -endo en castellano (solo cuando
forma parte de verbos conjugados en tiempos continuos). En los ejemplos del texto, los sufijos -ing deben
interpretarse como sustantivos o adjetivos. Observe en el texto de palabras con este sufijo resaltadas , indique
que función cumplen y traduzca.
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1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ACTIVIDADES DE POST-LECTURA
a. ¿Qué es ESP?
b. ¿Cuál es la principal diferencia entre un curso de ESP y uno de Inglés General?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Para terminar
Los siguientes son ejemplos de dos de las tantas opciones disponibles online para perfeccionar el manejo del
Idioma Inglés de acuerdo a las habilidades requeridas por la rama de desarrollo profesional elegida. Lea las páginas
de inicio y complete el cuadro :
Ejemplo 1
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Ejemplo 2
Ejemplo 1 Ejemplo 2
A quienes está dirigido
Objetivos
Habilidades a desarrollar
Como habrá observado de esta simple actividad que concluye la primera unidad, cada área profesional cuenta con su vocabulario
específico que se repite frecuentemente y no necesariamente se puede encontrar en un diccionario convencional. La apropiación
y uso fluido de este vocabulario debe ser uno de los objetivos principales al iniciar este camino hacia el ESP.
Cada unidad de este cuadernillo, concluye con los listenings de la unidad y glosario para los términos aprendidos en los textos
trabajados.
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LISTENINGS – UNIDAD 1
Activity 1 - Listen a minute - English
I‟m ______________________ I have to speak in English. I‟m a little worried about making mistakes. I
______________________ confidence. Many of my friends don‟t worry about mistakes. They
______________________ talk. They always get their message across, ______________________ grammar is
wrong. I think this is the best thing to do. My teacher always says it‟s best to ______________________ . If I don‟t try
to speak English, I‟ll never ______________________ use it when I need it. One thing I started doing recently was
talking ______________________ . I have short conversations with myself. I ______________________ . I also
make short stories about people and ______________________ . I do this in my room, of course. People would
______________________ if I did it in class or on the train.
I‟m a bit shy when I have to aespk in English. I‟m a little worried about making tkeismsa. I also still lack confidence.
Many of my friends don‟t worry about mistakes. They just talk and talk. They always get their asgseem across, even if
their raagmrm is wrong. I think this is the best thing to do. My teacher always says it‟s best to learn by dgoni. If I don‟t
try to speak English, I‟ll never be able to use it when I need it. One thing I started doing treyenlc was talking to myself.
I have short conversations with myself. I think it kwsor. I also make short roiesst about people and say them oadul. I
do this in my room, of course. People would think I‟m zryca if I did it in class or on the train.
VOCABULARY EXTENSION: Choose several of the words from the text. Use a dictionary or Google‟s search field
(or another search engine) to build up more associations / collocations of each word.
Learning is of one things important most the we do in life. It starts we‟re much born when pretty. In fact, many
scientists say learning begins earlier. We listen to the outside sounds. learning we This first is start when a language.
Our ears get used to the different patterns of intonation. Learning lifelong is process a. We spend our childhood years
doing nothing but learning. We learn a language before we are two. We learn how to play and do do all the everyday
things people. Most people think learning only begins at school. I‟m not sure about this. Are we really
learning, memorizing things or are we just? I think a of happens school lot learning outside. We learn more our and
than from hobbies interests what we learn from school books.
VOCABULARY EXTENSION: Choose several of the words from the text. Use a dictionary or Google‟s search field
(or another search engine) to build up more associations / collocations of each word.
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GLOSARIO DE LA UNIDAD 1
CATEGORÍA TRADUCCIÓN
PALABRA GRAMATICAL EJEMPLO
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UNIDAD 2
Antes de comenzar con las actividades, estudie en detalle el siguiente marco teórico y su complemento en el aula virtual.
LA FRASE NOMINAL
En INGLES II focalizaremos principalmente en el análisis de LA FRASE SUSTANTIVA o NOMINAL, también llamada
BLOQUE NOMINAL. El uso de la Técnica Semántico-Morfológico-Sintáctica permite delimitar grupos de palabras que
contengan una sola idea básica o NUCLEO con sus eventuales acompañantes, grupos a los que llamaremos BLOQUES
SIGNIFICATIVOS. Dentro de estos bloques significativos encontramos:
BLOQUE NOMINAL: su núcleo es un sustantivo y generalmente está encabezado por una preposición, artículo o
determinante.
• La delimitación de bloques significativos garantiza que al traducir no se mezclen los conceptos de cada bloque.
Veamos el porqué del nombre frase nominal: Nominal quiere decir "nombre". El sustantivo es el tipo de palabra que
da nombre a las cosas, ya sean concretas, por ejemplo: libro, docente,
Una frase nominal o sustantiva consiste en un grupo de palabras donde el sustantivo (o cualquier palabra que esté
funcionando como uno) es el núcleo. El resto de las palabras en el bloque modifican, o dan información sobre ese
núcleo.
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Esta frase nominal nos habla de un libro (book); nos informa que el libro es interesante (interesting); y agrega
información expresando que el libro no es simplemente interesante, sino muy (very) interesante; finalmente, vemos
que el libro en cuestión es un libro indefinido, no sabemos cuál es, es “un” (a) libro. En resumen, tenemos una frase
que dice: un libro muy interesante.
Observe la diferencia entre el orden de los elementos de una frase nominal en español, y una frase nominal o La
Frase Nominal o sustantiva en inglés:
Veremos en detalle cómo se estructura una frase nominal o sustantiva en inglés, ya que ésta suele provocar
dificultades de interpretación debido a que, básicamente, su estructura es diferente a las de las frases nominales en
español.
Asimismo en inglés, una frase sustantiva puede estar formada por dos sustantivos, el primero de los cuales modifica
al segundo y cumple la función de un adjetivo
Por Ejemplo :
En estos ejemplos , la frase sustantiva se compone de dos sustantivos , el primer sustantivo se comporta como
adjetivo y el segundo como el núcleo de la frase. Para traducir una frase sustantiva, debemos primero identificar el
núcleo, que con frecuencia ocupa el último lugar en la frase en inglés, por eso pareciera que "se dice todo al revés".
La FRASE NOMINAL es uno de los dos tipos de unidades de sentido más importantes en que se puede dividir una
oración (la otra es la FRASE VERBAL).
La Frase Nominal puede sólo constar de un NUCLEO por ejemplo un NOMBRE PROPIO o un PRONOMBRE o puede
estar compuesta por hasta cuatro elementos:
el NUCLEO: que es un sustantivo o una palabra que funcione como sustantivo y que siempre debe estar
presente (sin núcleo no hay frase nominal).
un DETERMINADOR (o varios): que puede preceder al núcleo e indica el comienzo de la frase nominal: “The
book”
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un PRE-MODIFICADOR (o varios): que puede situarse luego del (de los) Determinador(es) y que precede al
núcleo. Pueden ser pre-modificadores:
adjetivos comunes: short story
y un POST-MODIFICADOR (o varios): que puede ubicarse luego del núcleo y que puede ser uno o más de
varios tipos de palabras o frases:
oil...”
La frase sustantiva
La frase sustantiva es un grupo de palabras que tienen como centro, eje o NÚCLEO a un sustantivo o
pronombre. Este grupo NO incluye verbo conjugado.
La frase sustantiva más pequeña es un sustantivo solo.
- John is a lawyer
(John es un abogado)
“John” es la frase sustantiva. “John” es Núcleo y funciona como sujeto del verbo “is”.
El sustantivo Núcleo puede estar acompañado de modificadores: adjetivos, sustantivos
calificativos y determinantes (the, a , her, this, etc.).
- Those people are guilty
(Aquellas personas son culpables.)
“Those people” es la frase sustantiva. “People” es el núcleo y “those” es el determinante.
¡Atención! Cuando traduzca una frase sustantiva, identifique primero el artículo (determinante);
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segundo el sustantivo núcleo, que con frecuencia ocupa el último lugar en la traducción; tercero
los pre-modificadores (adjetivos y sustantivos calificadores) y post modificadores, si los contiene.
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Recordemos que en la Frase Nominal puede haber adjetivos o elementos que califiquen al
NUCLEO (sustantivo), es decir, que describan características. Si repasamos lo visto en
anteriormente, tenemos:
El Pre-modificador puede ser uno o más de varios tipos de palabra: adjetivos comunes,
adjetivos terminados en "ing", adjetivos terminados en "ed", genitivo o caso posesivo y
sustantivos adjetivados.
Los adjetivos comunes: generalmente terminan en "ic", "al", "ive" aunque hay otras
terminaciones.
- Estos adjetivos pueden tener una forma que indique las diferencias entre dos cosas, o
comparativo, y otra que indique que la calidad es la mayor en una categoría, o superlativo.
Adjetivos Largos
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- El pronombre `than = que´ divide en la frase, por lo que pondremos una barra antes y
después del mismo.
Puede suceder que una frase nominal tenga un adjetivo en comparativo sin estar
seguida de `than (que)´; ejemplo: "/the last exercise/ <is = es> /a longer and more
complex type/ (of) /exercise/". La traducción sería: `el último ejercicio es un ejercicio de
un tipo más largo y complejo´.
Adjetivos Largos
little/few = poco/a comp.: less = menos sup.: the least = el/la menos
much/many = mucho/mucha comp.: more = más sup.: the most = el/la más
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La terminación “ing” forma sustantivos comunes que pueden cumplir diversas funciones
sintácticas.
Un vocablo terminado en “ing” también puede ser un adjetivo. La indicación más clara que
tenemos de esta función es su posición junto al sustantivo que modifica.
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Es frecuente que podamos tener diversas versiones castellanas de una misma frase nominal, dado que
muchas veces el lugar que ocupe un modificador particular no cambia el sentido básico de la expresión.
IMPORTANTE:
En los casos en que la frase nominal SOLO tenga premodificación, comenzaremos a traducir a partir del
sustantivo principal (núcleo) y/o sus determinadores (en caso que los tuviese) y la dirección de lectura
será de derecha a izquierda.
Pero es posible que la frase nominal también contenga post-modificación, en tal caso, deberemos
identificar primeramente al NUCLEO de la frase nominal y a partir de éste comenzaremos a traducir.
IMPORTANTE:
Los postmodificadores son generalmente frases preposicionales (comienzan con una preposición: in,
of, by, etc.) o cláusulas relativas ( comienzan con un pronombre relativo: who, which, that, where,
when, whose, whom), por lo tanto es fácil identificar al núcleo de la frase nominal: es la palabra previa a
la preposición o al pronombre relativo.
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( El hombre en la esquina…)
ACTIVIDAD 2
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Most people live by their(a) own morals and ethics and we all have our own beliefs as to what is right and wrong in
life. However, it seems that when it comes to social media and having an online presence, some individuals or
companies believe that ethical behaviour is moot.
The dynamics of personal relationships and interactions have changed and some may feel that because they are
hiding behind a computer screen and typing the words instead of speaking them, it really doesn‟t count as unethical
behaviour. However, social media is now becoming more and more legitimate in business as well as in personal life.
The way that a business or individual should professionally act in real life is being transferred into the online world. But
where do these ethical boundaries lie?We are taught as we grow up through face to face interactions, experiences
and lessons what we should and should not do. It‟s important to transfer our values and ethics into social media.
Transparency
As a business, an expert or professional in any field it is vital to stay transparent. It(b) is something that is sought after
in the professional world so why can‟t it be sought after in the digital world?
Social media is all about creating relationships with your target audience, forming bonds, communities and creating a
better understanding of each key target. If you don‟t stay transparent you risk losing all you have built and your
reputation could even be irreparably damaged.
There can be no harm done in being honest with your followers – in more cases than not they will appreciate and like
you even more for being so.
Anonymity
Everybody has a right to privacy, however in some cases the internet can take privacy a little too far. Anonymity and
allowing people to comment anonymously on your website or blog is not consistent with your goal of transparency.
Social media is, in its(c) own way, anonymous enough already. Giving individuals the right to log on as anonymous
can pose many problems for your business as well as for your audience.
People seem to feel as though they can say anything they want once they have that anonymity power and although
everybody has a right to privacy, allowing people to choose a user name rather than use their real name is private
enough for a public website.
It is known as the „Golden Rule‟ and is probably one of the most important ethical tips to stand by when it comes to
social media.
Think of all the things that people do on social media that you personally dislike – whether it be tweet your work
without crediting you, selling your personal details to telemarketers or sending you promotional emails once you have
accepted them(d) as a friend.
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Chances are if it annoys you then it will annoy your audience, so why do it? If social media is all about relationship
building then why would it seem ethical to treat your audience in a way that would make them(e) feel used or
annoyed?
Social media is becoming more and more legitimate in both the professional and personal world. Being ethical and
having a code of ethics for your social media campaign or even for your own personal social media channels is vital to
stay successful.
Sydney Public Relations Agency, CP Communications provides specialist media, traditional and online PR strategies
that get amazing results. Contact us today. For more great tips visit our website www.cpcommunications.com.au.
ACTIVIDADES DE PRE-LECTURA
ACTIVIDADES DE LECTURA
FRASE NOMINAL :
Las siguientes frases nominales están señaladas y han sido extraídas del texto . Responda:
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Encuentre en el texto :
1 ejemplo de GERUNDIO usado como verbo, en presente continuo……………………………………………………………….
1 ejemplo de GERUNDIO usado como sustantivo…………………………………………………………………………………..
TAREA DE POSLECTURA
¿Cuál es su postura en relación a las ideas planteadas por el artículo? Está de acuerdo? ¿Por qué? / ¿Por qué no? Justifique en
no más de 70 palabras.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 2
by Lorraine R.| Oct 27, 2017 | Blog, Content & Social Media, MTFW
Facebook, the popular social media(1) platform, has been the subject of multiple controversies in their 13-year history. There
have been lawsuits and settlements over the years, but in the last few months, things seem to be really heating up.
As Congress investigates reports of Russia’s use of the Facebook advertising tool to spread fake news and inflammatory stories,
many experts wonder if external regulation is in their future. I don’t have any clear answers to that question, but the more I read
about Facebook’s history, the less convinced I am they can or will be able to control this beast.
To understand the present state of affairs, it is helpful to look back on the cluttered history of Facebook legal Issues.
Controversy from the Start
In 2003 prior to founding Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, then a Harvard student, created Facesmash (a hot or not type site) using
images he hacked from the Harvard student database. Within hours more than 450 students had accessed the site(2) and the
university demanded the site be taken down.
In 2004 Facebook is launched amid questions about whether the site was really Zuckerberg’s idea. A lawsuit filed by the co-
founders of the HarvardConnection (later renamed ConnectU) alleged he stole the idea and some of the code to
create Facebook. The lawsuit was settled in 2008 with stock certificates to the plaintiffs.
Cyberstalking, Cyberbullying
Over the last decade, multiple lawsuits on behalf of one individual or a group of individuals have been levied(3) against
Facebook as people use and abuse the platform. A January 2010, ABC News story reported teens across the country have
committed suicide due, in part, to the bullying that they have experienced via Facebook.
For the most part, the lawsuits have been filed against the individual users as Facebook has hidden behind their terms of
service. In the past, this strategy has protected them but I don’t know if it will protect Facebook from future legal issues.
Privacy
By 2008, lawsuits were being filed against Facebook for violating user privacy. One early lawsuit claimed that they published
user activity from third-party applications (like games) in user news feeds(4) . For example, results, scores and other user
information was made public to a larger community. As a result of the lawsuit Facebook established a digital trust fund to study
online privacy. While this was a good first step, clearly it wasn’t enough. Almost a decade later the number of lawsuits and
investigations continues to grow.
Profile Information and Advertisers
As an advertiser, I appreciate the ability to target a specific segment of the population. However, a test by ProPublica , an
independent online news publication, uncovered serious issues with the targeting tool. ProPublica was able to target
campaigns based on anti-Semitic sentiment. In response, Facebook has tightened some of their advertising approval and
targeting processes.
Who Will Set the Rules?
I don’t believe Facebook is prepared to keep up with all the ways people are using and abusing their platform. At every turn (5),
it seems they are one step behind. So if they can’t regulate themselves the question becomes who can? Congress? The FTC?
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There is no simple answer, but there will be much discussion in the months to come. If you are using social media to promote
your business this is a conversation you need to stay informed about.
TAREAS DE PRE-LECTURA
Observe los títulos , subtítulos e imagen que acompaña al artículo “Facebook legal Issues” . ¿Puede inferir que va a tratar?
¿Qué sabe usted sobre el tema?
Identifique fuente y fecha de publicación del artículo.
TAREAS DE LECTURA
Lea el texto por primera vez y complete las siguientes afirmaciones:
FRASE NOMINAL
Las siguientes oraciones han sido señaladas en el texto :
a) ¿Cuál es la función en la oración de las frases nominales señaladas?
b) ¿Cuáles son los elementos de las frases nominales señaladas?
c) Traducir
Facebook, the popular social media platform, has been the subject of multiple controversies in their 13-year history.
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The lawsuits have been filed against the individual user.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The number of lawsuits and investigation continues.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
There will be much discussion in the months to come.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…. “To look back on the cluttered history of the Facebook legal issues.”
¿Qué tipo de pre modfificador contiene esta frase nominal? ¿Cómo lo reconoce?
Traducir……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 3
https://www.socialmedialawbulletin.com/2018/11/online-security-breaches-growing-threat-digital-era/#more-2271
One of the emerging threats in the digital era is online security breaches. Today, millions of people use social media
platforms to post information about their lives online. In doing so, they often provide sensitive personal information to
various platforms, including credit card information, personal preferences, and other information that is otherwise
protected by various privacy legislation. A security breach from an unknown hacker can lead to millions of users‟
accounts being compromised. In addition, many users now use one social media platform to host(1) a variety of
applications. In those circumstances, a security breach of the main platform could have a ripple effect on other
accounts.
Protecting against these types of security breaches is becoming increasingly important in the digital era.Companies
that host(1) personal information of its users must be careful in how they store(2) that information and how they plan
to handle a potential data breach. This is particularly important because of emerging legislation in different parts of the
world that could result in significant penalties to companies who may have failed to protect against a data breach. For
example, EU‟s newly enacted data privacy regulation, known as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),
permits users(3) located in the EU to file a claim for compensation against a company if they have suffered material
or non-material damage, even without proof of monetary loss.
If an investigation finds that the company did not comply with GDPR rules with respect to handling and processing of
personal data, the regulators could impose a fine as large as up to 4% of the company‟s annual worldwide revenue.
Another concern is the potential for reputational damage to the company, which could result in market share(4)
losses.
Data breaches also raise an interesting legal question as to whether third-party applications that use the services of
the company whose security was breached can be held responsible for compromised user data. This question is
necessarily fact specific and remains generally unanswered. In the meantime, it is imperative for businesses to ensure
compliance with local and federal privacy legislation by having in place clear procedures and policies with respect to
how the business collects, uses, and stores personal data. Moreover, it is prudent to have a written policy setting out
how third parties(5) that the business interacts with will take care of privacy and data processing issues, and how
privacy security risks will be allocated between the parties.
In the digital era, users expect to know how their data are being used and protected. Ensuring compliance with privacy
laws is important not only from a legal perspective but also from a business perspective: even if privacy regulators are
struggling to keep up with advances in technology, whether a business has gained trust from the public in the way it
handles privacy issues may be reflected in the financial health of the corporation.
PRE-LECTURA
Identifique Autor, fuente , fecha de publicación del artículo.
¿Cual supone usted será la temática del artículo?
LECTURA
Lea el artículo por primera vez y complete :
Una de las amenazas principales de la era digital es………………………………………………………………………………..
Las compañías que alojan información personal de usuarios deben cuidar como ……………………………………………….
para evitar una probable violación del los datos personales en línea.
Otra preocupación tiene que ver con el posible …………………………………………………… a la empresa , que puede causar
la perdida económica.
Responda :
1) ¿Qué tipo de información personal suelen proporcionar los usuarios de redes sociales?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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2) ¿ Como se produce la “reacción en cadena” en las fallas de seguridad de cuentas mencionada en el segundo párrafo?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) ¿De que forma se penaliza a las compañías que fallan en proteger la seguridad de los datos de sus usuarios?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4) En conclusión, que dos aspectos son afectados por la falta de una política de privacidad efectiva?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
FRASE NOMINAL
Obeserve las siguientes frases nominales señaladas en el texto:
1- One of the emerging threats in the digital era is online security breaches.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Companies that host personal information of its users must be careful …..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- …the potential for reputational damage to the company.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
POS LECTURA
Resuma en no mas de 70 palabras cuales son , de acuerdo a lo planteado por el artículo, las dos preocupaciones principales que
surgen a raíz del las violaciones de la seguidad en línea.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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TRABAJO PRACTICO 4
By: Ruth Awad Topics: Get Web Traffic More posts about: Social Media Marketing
https://www.incomediary.com/social-media-mistakes
Social Media Mistakes are not exclusive to what you may say on Facebook or Twitter – they impact everything you
say in your blog, email, and all forms of digital content.
Most entrepreneurs and bloggers know their industry inside and out. But when it comes to how the law applies to their
online marketing? Not so much.
The good news: you don‟t have to be a legal whiz to know what online marketing mistakes can land your business in
trouble.
Most of us have said unkind things in the heat of the moment, but at what point does our statement become
defamation? Generally speaking, a statement is defamatory if it (3) is…
Falsely stated as fact. In most places, a truthful statement can‟t be defamatory. The same typically goes for
opinions.
Harmful to the subject’s reputation. Hurt feelings usually aren‟t enough. Damages need to be more tangible, like
getting fired, losing a promotion, or receiving hate mail.
Communicated to a third party. Comments written in a private diary usually don‟t rise to the level of defamation.
Libel and slander are two types of defamation. If you write a harmful and untrue statement about someone, you‟ve
committed libel. Speak those words out loud, and it‟s slander.
As a web entrepreneur, you probably have all of your social media accounts open and ready for business at all times.
That makes it imperative that you…
Never post in anger. Count to 10. Go for a walk. Take a deep breath. Just make sure the anger passes before
you publish a word.
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Check your facts. If you want to publicly claim something is true, make sure it is before you post.
Make your context clear. What you see as an obvious exaggeration may be insulting to someone else.
Be careful with hashtags. Adding “#crook” may strike you as funny, but you can‟t be sure everyone will take it as
a joke.
Avoid modifying photos and videos. Images can be defamatory, too, so don‟t alter them to make someone look
bad.
Copyright infringement is the use of someone‟s copyrighted work without their permission. That seems simple enough,
but how do you figure out what‟s copyrighted?
An idea can‟t be copyrighted, but if someone puts that idea into a tangible medium, such as writing, music, film,
photography, or art, the resulting material is automatically copyright protected.
The creator doesn‟t have to do anything other than create a work to get that sweet copyright protection. They(4) don‟t
have to register it (although they can), publish it, or put a © on it. They don‟t even have to put much effort into
defending it.
So if you grab an online image for your latest tweet or use your favorite song to score your YouTube tutorial, you
might have to pay up.
Copyright protection means only the creator has the right to:
Do any of these things without permission, and you risk being accused of copyright infringement.
Use work that you have permission to share or work that belongs to the public domain (see: Shakespeare).
Get familiar with your country’s fair use / fair dealing laws. These make certain exceptions to copyright
infringement. For example, US fair use laws may allow you to use copyrighted material without permission for
criticism, commentary, parody, education, news reports, and research.
Look into the copyright of any material you want to share online. Obtain permission from the copyright holder
before you publish it to your social media accounts or website.
Be honest about how you intend to use the material. Make sure the license allows you to use the material for
your business.
Finally, when in doubt, you may want to link to the original source rather than publishing the work directly. It
demonstrates a good-faith effort to credit the creator.
This one may make you scratch your head – how could you possibly invade someone‟s privacy via your social media
marketing? Let‟s look at some types of privacy invasion that might make it clearer:
1. False-light publicity. Privacy laws make it illegal to spread misleading information about someone, especially if
it’s(5) highly offensive or embarrassing. Say, for example, you sell diet supplements online. Posting photos of
unsuspecting people with the caption, “Another future client,” could land you in court.
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2. Misappropriation. People also have a right to control their image and name. Using either to promote your
business without their permission is called misappropriation. You‟ve probably heard about celebrities suing
companies for using their image, such as retired NBA star Tim Duncan suing a San Antonio real estate agent, but
private citizens sue over misappropriation, too. According to the Courthouse News Service, five women sued their
cosmetic surgeon after she posted their before and after pictures to promote her business.
3. Public disclosure of private facts. Clearly, there‟s some information people want to keep private. And if you
communicate these facts to a wide audience, like ESPN reporter Adam Schefter did when he tweeted New York
Giants Jason Pierre-Paul‟s medical records, you risk getting sued for invasion of privacy.
So how could these situations apply to you? Let‟s say you want to give a public shout-out to your favorite customer. If
you didn‟t get permission to use your customer‟s name and image in the post, they could sue you for invading their
privacy.
Perhaps the first thing you want to do is put yourself in the position of the subject of your post. You probably don‟t
want the world to know your…
Medical information.
Employment background.
Financial woes.
Sexual history.
Next, be sure to get permission before you share any information about another person on social media. That is
perhaps your best defense against a public disclosure or misappropriation claim.
About the Author: Ruth Awad is a content strategist and editor at Insureon, an online small business insurance agency.
PRE LECTURA
¿Cuáles son, a su criterio, los errores mas comunes que puede observar en el uso de redes sociales?
LECTURA
De acuerdo al título del articulo, cual puede ser la principal consecuencia si se comete alguno de los tres errores
mencionados? ¿Y la consecuencia adicional?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
¿A quien está dirigido el artículo? ¿Con que fin?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Identificar los errores comunes según están listados en el texto. Unir. Hay dos de más.
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43 Universidad de Río Negro – Sede Atlántica – Inglés 2
FRASE NOMINAL
Traducir las siguientes frases nominales señaladas en el artículo y responder lo indicado sobre cada una:
1- … some common social media marketing mistakes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
¿Cuál es la función del gerundio señalado? ……………………………………………………………………………….
2- Harmful to the subject´s reputation.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
En inglés, a través del caso posesivo se establece la posesión o pertenencia de algo. Señale en esta frase nominal
dónde es utilizado.
3- Copyright infringement is the use of someone´s copyrighted work without their permission.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
¿Cuántas frases nominales tiene esta oración y que función cumplen en la oración?
¿Cuál es nucleo de cada una?
¿Cuál es la función en la frase de nominal del participio pasado señalado?
4- … an online image for your latest tweet.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
¿Dónde comienza la post modificación del nucleo? ¿Qué tipo es?
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POSLECTURA
¿Cual es en su opinión el error mas grave a cometer en las redes sociales y porque? ¿Qué haría para evitarlo?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
LISTENINGS UNIDAD 2
The Internet can be a ascyr place these days, especially because of cyber-bullying. It‟s difficult to open
a rapeewnps these days and not see a story about this. It‟s a really nasty and rwgonig problem. Cyber-bullies are real
cowards. They hide behind their computer and scare people, send them hate mail or trheenat them. Even worse is
when they publish pictures of their miiscvt online. I have a friend who had a really bad time at the hands of a cyber-
bully. He or she epards lots of sgsopi and lies on the Internet. My friend‟s reputation was badly aeddagm. A really bad
thing is how young cyber-bullying starts. Many schoolchildren ychliapysl bully others in class and then tnenuoic online.
Their victim isn‟t safe anywhere.
VOCABULARY EXTENSION: Choose several of the words from the text. Use a dictionary or Google’s
search field (or another search engine) to build up more associations / collocations of each word.
people don‟t understand think I cyber-crime. It‟s only just started. In the future, huge a be to going it‟s problem. There
have already been a few amazing examples. A years the Internet few ago whole in Latvia was attacked by another
country. Cyberspace has become a new battleground. spy Countries each onother. If there‟s a war, it‟s possible one
country could country‟s the Internet other attack. This would mean all communication, transport, etc would stop. It
would cause huge damage to and buildings other hospitals important. But cyber-crime is happening today to ordinary
people. of heard ever you Have phishing? That‟s with a „ph‟ not „f‟. You really very about need be careful what
to information you put online.
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45 Universidad de Río Negro – Sede Atlántica – Inglés 2
GLOSARIO UNIDAD 2
CATEGORÍA TRADUCCIÓN
PALABRA GRAMATICAL EJEMPLO
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