Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FU Berlin
Computer Science
Computer Systems & Telematics
Introduction
Advances in technology
more computing power in smaller devices
flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
new user interfaces due to small dimensions
more bandwidth per cubic meter
multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional
wireless telecommunication networks etc. („overlay networks“)
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB
personal communication using GSM
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance
system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes,
fire etc.
crisis, war, ...
UMTS, WLAN, oc
DAB, DVB, GSM, h
ad
cdma2000, TETRA, ...
UMTS
2 Mbit/s
Travelling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc. „follow“ the mobile
device through the fixed network
Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location
Sensors,
embedded
controllers
performance
Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to
limited battery capacity
CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally
Loss of data
higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design
(e.g., defects, theft)
Limited user interfaces
compromise between size of fingers and portability
integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory
limited value of mass memories with moving parts
flash-memory or ? as alternative
2000: 2000:
analogue GPRS IEEE 802.11a
2001:
IMT-2000
digital
200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
4G – fourth generation: when and how?
M.687-2
M.1078
IMT-2000 concepts and goals security in IMT-2000
M.816-1 M.1079
framework for services speech/voiceband data performance
M.817 M.1167
IMT-2000 network architectures framework for satellites
M.818-1 M.1168
satellites in IMT-2000 framework for management
M.819-2 M.1223
IMT-2000 for developing countries evaluation of security mechanisms
M.1034-1 M.1224
requirements for the radio vocabulary for IMT-2000
interface(s) M.1225
M.1035 evaluation of transmission technologies
framework for radio interface(s) and ...
radio sub-system functions
M.1036 http://www.itu.int/imt
spectrum considerations
700
600
500
Americas
400 Europe
Japan
300 others
total
200
100
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Germany
Greece
Spain
Belgium
France
Netherlands
Great Britain
Switzerland
Ireland
Austria
Portugal
Luxemburg
Italy
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Finland
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2005: 70-90% penetration in Western Europe
1200
1000
Subscribers [million]
800
600
400
200
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Note that the curve starts to flatten in 2000 – 2004: 1.5 billion users
Middle East;
1,6
Africa; 3,1
Americas (incl.
USA/Canada); Asia Pacific;
22 36,9
Europe; 36,4
#1 Mobile
Total GlobalCountry
Mobile China
Users (300m)
#1
869M
GSM/ 1.52bn
Country China (282m)
Total
#1 SMSAnalogue
CountryUsers
Philipines
71M / 34m
Total
#1 Handset
US Mobile
Vendor
users
2Q04 145MNokia / 140m
(35.5%)
Total
#1 Network
Global InGSM
Africa
users
Vodacom680M (11m)
/ 1.25T
Total
#1 Network
Global InCDMA
Asia Unicom
Users 127M (153m)/ 202m
Total
#1 Network
TDMA In users
Japan84MDoCoMo
/ 120m
Total
#1 Network
EuropeanIn Europe
users T-Mobile
283M / 343m (28m)
Total
#1 In African
Infrastructure
users 18.5M
Ericsson / 53m
Total 3G
SMS Sentusers
Globally
130M 1Q06
/ 130m(?)
235bn
Total South African
SMS/month/user 36users 13.2m / 19m
European
Total Cost Prepaid
of 3G Licenses
Penetrationin Europe
63% 110T€
European Mobile Penetration 70.2%
Globalsent
SMS Phone
in UKShipments
6/02 1.3T2001 / 2.1bn393m
Globalsent
SMS Phone
Germany
Sales 1Q02
2Q02 5.7T 96.7m
GSM Countries on Air 171 / 210
http://www.cellular.co.za/stats/stats-main.htm
GSM Association members 574 / 839
The figures vary a lot depending on the statistic, creator of the statistic etc.!
Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...
Mobility
location dependent services
location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
ad-Hoc & sensor
...
Portability
power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...
Application Application
Transport Transport
Radio Medium
service location
Application layer new applications, multimedia
adaptive applications
Transport layer congestion and flow control
quality of service
addressing, routing,
Network layer device location
hand-over
Data link layer authentication
media access
multiplexing
media access control
Physical layer encryption
modulation
interference
attenuation
frequency
Chapter 10:
Support for Mobility
Chapter 9:
Mobile Transport Layer
Chapter 8:
Mobile Network Layer
Chapter 3:
Medium Access Control
Chapter 2:
Wireless Transmission
regional
vertical
handover
metropolitan area
campus-based horizontal
handover
in-house