LAB FLUID MECHANICS

Topic: Pipe fitting equipments.

To: Sir Shehzad Ali.

From: Hammad ur Rehman (042) , Aun

Muhammad (113) , Hassan Majeed (115) ,
Maham Yameen (064) , Omer Khan (127) ,
Pipe fittings:
Pipe fittings are items, other than pipes, that are a part of pipework system. There
are different fittings to perform different tasks:
Types:
Pipe fittings are connected to pipes in different ways, depending on the size of pipe
and the pressure and temperature of the fluid it carries.
Fittings are described as:
 The job they do
 The way they are fitted to the pipe----screwed, compression or welded.
Welded fittings:
Welded fittings are used on high pressure pipelines. Welded joints can take much
higher pressure than screwed joints but they are permanent; you have to cut them
off to remove them.
There are two types of welded joints on pipe fitting:
 Butt welded---used on any size of pipe and have beveled ends.
 Socket welded---usually up to 3 inches.
Types of butt welded fittings:
Elbow:
There are two types of elbow based on construction.
 Short radius elbow
 Long radius elbow
And there are also two types of elbow based on angle
 90⸰ elbow
 45⸰ elbow
Short radius elbow:
These elbows have a center to face dimension of 1.0 x diameter. They are typically
used in tight areas where clearance is the main issue.
Long radius elbow:
These elbows have a center to face dimension of 1.5 x diameter. They are the most
common type of elbow and used when space is available and flow is more critical.

According to angle:
90⸰ elbow:
A 90⸰elbow is also called a “90 bend” or “90 ell”. It is a fitting which is bent in
such a way to produce 90⸰change in the direction of flow in the pipe.
45⸰ elbow:
A 45⸰ elbow is also called a “45 bend” or “45 ell”. It is a fitting which is bent in
such a way to produce 45⸰change in the direction of flow in the pipe.

Industrial Application:
 Elbows are used in tight areas to change the flow of liquid.
 Elbows are used in such areas where the flow is critical.
  Elbows are used to bend the direction of fluid.
Reducers:
A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of
the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size.
Concentric reducer:
Having a common centerline. Used on pump discharge.
Eccentric reducer:
Having offset centerline. Used on pump suction.

Industrial Application:
 A reducer can be used either as nozzle or as diffuser depending on the
mach number of the flow.
 Reducers are used on pump suction and discharge.
Tee:
A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is used to either combine or split a fluid
flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T shaped having two outlets, at 90⸰ to the
connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. A tee is
used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of
pipe runs. They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and
finishes. They are extensively used in pipe networks to transport two phase fluid
mixtures. They are categorized as:
Equal tee:
When the size of the branch is same as header pipes, equal tee is used.
Unequal/reducing tee:
When the branch size is less than that of header size, reduced tee will be used.

Industrial Application:
 A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the
direction of pipe runs.
 Tees are used to connect two pipes with main branch.
Cross:
Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely
through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets.
Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes,
because they are at the center of four connections.

Industrial Application:
 It is used to convey the fluid in different directions.
 This could also be used for mixing the fluids on low pressure.
Olets:
Whenever branch connections are required in size where reducing tees are not
available and when the branch connections are of smaller size as compared to
header size O lets are generally used.
The following are few configurations of olet connections:
 Socket-weld olet

 Threaded olet

 Butt-weld olet

Cap:
Pipe cap act as protective device and are designed to protect pipe ends of various
shapes. The main purpose of using pipe caps is to waterproof the connections.
They are also used to close the ends of hydraulic or pneumatic pipes and tubes.
They are used in the plumbing apparatus of domestic, commercial and industrial
water supply lines, machinery and processing equipment etc. They are also fitted
on water pipe lines with the sole purpose of removing air blocks. Pipe caps are
highly demanded as important category of pipe fittings.
Industrial Application:
 Pipe caps are used to
maintain the pressure
like on the hydraulic
ends.
 It is used in industries
where the air blocks are
not required like water
pipes etc.

Union:
Pipe union is a type of fitting equipment designed in such a way to unite two pipes
which can be detected without causing any deformation to the pipes.
Industrial Application:
 Massive unions are used to connect massive pipes
in industries.
 Long pipes are not convenient to carry out
therefore unions are used where we can connect
to make larger pipes or tubes using smaller pipes.

Flange:
A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves pumps and other equipment to
form a pipework system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or
modification. Flanges are usually welded or screwed into such systems and then
joined with bolts.
Types of flanges based on pipe attachment:
Flanges can be classified based on the pipe attachments as:
Slip-on flange:
The slip-on type flanges are attached by welding inside as well as outside. These
flanges are of forged construction.

Socket weld flange:

The socket weld flanges are welded on one side only. These are used for small
bore line only.

Screwed flange:
The screwed flanges are used on pipe lines where welding cannot be carried out.

Lap joint flange:

The lap joint flanges are used with stub ends. The stub ends are welded with pipes
and flanges are kept loose over the same.
Welding neck flange:
The welding neck flanges are attached by butt welding to the pipe. These are used
mainly for critical services where the weld joints need radiographic inspection.

Blind flange:
The blind flange is used to close the ends which need to be reopened.

Reducing flange:
The reducing flanges are used to connect between larger and smaller sizes without
using a reducer. In case of reducing flanges, the thickness of flanges should be that
of the higher diameter.

Integral flange:
Integral flanges are those, which are cast along with the piping component or
equipment.
Orifice flange:
Orifice flanges are for measuring the volumetric flow rate of liquids and gasses
through a pipe. Two orifice flanges are called and an orifice flange union. Each
flange comes with two pipe taps for measuring the pressure drop of the flow
through an orifice plate.

Types of flanges based on facing:

Flanges can be classified based on facing as:
 Flat face. (FF)
 Raised face. (R/F)
 Tongue and groove. (T/G)
 Male and female. (M/F)
 Ring type joint. (RTG)
Types of flanges based pressure/ temperature ratings:
Flanges are classified based on pressure temperature ratings as:
 150#
 300#
 400#
 600#
 900#
 1500#
 2500#

Industrial Application:
 Flanges are used in those industries where cleaning process is thoroughly
carried out.
 Different flanges are used in industries for different purposes like closers ,
connectors , measurers etc.
Gasket:
A gasket is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating
surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under
the compression.
Types of gasket:
Gaskets can be classified into two categories:
According to flange face:
 Flat face/full face
 Raised face
According to material:
Metallic and semi-metallic gasket:
Metallic and semi-metallic gaskets consist of metal or combination of metal parts
and non-metal parts. These gaskets are suitable for medium and high-pressure
applications. Metallic gaskets require a much higher quality of the setting surface
than non-metallic gaskets.
Types:
 Corrugated metal gasket.

 Cam profile(grooved) gasket

 Metal jacketed gasket

  Ring joint gasket

 Spiral wound gasket

Industrial Application:
 Metallic gaskits are used in those industries which works on very high
pressures. So that the pressure may remain same for the process.
 It should be used with the knowledge of material used in the pipes or tubes
so that it may not react with the flowing material.

.
Non- metallic gasket:
Non-metallic gaskets are used in low to medium pressure applications. Usually up
to nominal pressure of 40 or 63 bars on the raised face and up to 200 bars in tongue
grooved flanges.

Types:
 Fiber reinforced gasket
 Graphite gasket

 PTFE gasket

 Rubber gasket

 Asbestose gasket

 Non-asbestose gasket

 Kling rite gasket

 Mica gasket

 Cork gasket
  Yellow paper gasket

Industrial Application:
 Non metallic gaskits are generally used in low pressure industries. Non
metallic gaskits are cheaper but it should always chosen by the pressure
flowing inside.
 Non metallic gaskits are also used in small industries where small amount of
products are produced. Small amount of products may refer to the small
pressure.
 It is also used for the sealing of engines etc.