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Abstract—The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a hot topic Computer of the 21st Century”, as well as academic venues as
in the present tech-driven world. A strong framework of cloud such UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary vision
computing, backed up by a seamless blending of sensors and of IoT [4][5].
actuators with the environment around us, is making this
"network of networks of autonomous objects" a reality. From The concept of the IoT gained popularity at 1999, through
smart wearables to smart cities, from domestic life to industries, MIT’s Auto-ID Centre [6]. Kevin Ashton (one of the founders
the IoT is expanding itself to different areas. According to of Auto-ID centre) used to see Radio-frequency identification
Gartner Inc., the IoT will include 26 billion units installed by (RFID) as a prerequisite of the IoT, as a way to tag objects of
2020. Smart security solutions, smart home automation, smart daily life with identifiers, so computer can manage and
health care, smart wearables etc. are in-trend applications of IoT,
and by the near future we expect to see its application to a city's
inventory them [7][8][9]. Besides using RFID, tagging of
transportation system or smart power grids. This paper presents things could be done by using barcodes, QR codes or Near
a brief overview on different trends of the IoT and also discusses Field Communication (NFC) technology [10] [11].
about the effects of the IoT on our day-to-day life. It also
Now in 2016, vision of IoT has evolved largely. There has
discusses the importance of cloud computing, autonomous
control, artificial intelligence in the context of the IoT. Lastly, it's
been convergence of multiple technologies like cloud
concluded with the need of synchronization of the Internet, computing, wireless networking, real-time analytics, machine
wireless sensors and actuators and distributed computing for learning, sensors and embedded systems [14]. The traditional
successfully enabling technologies for the IoT. fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation and others all contribute to enabling the
Keywords—The Internet of Things, Smart devices, Cloud IoT [12].
Computing, Wireless Networks, Machine Learning, Embedded
Systems, Automation
II. TRENDS
I. INTRODUCTION A. Market Size
The Internet of Things(IoT) is a network of networks of Gartner predicts that the Internet of Things (IoT) will
physical objects that may include, but are not limited to, include 26 billion units installed by 2020, by which time,
vehicles, buildings, construction equipment and health suppliers of IoT products and services will generate
monitoring devices [1]. Such a network would utilize incremental revenue exceeding $300 billion, mostly in
electronic devices such as sensors and actuators to fulfil its services, Gartner forecasts [13].
purpose: exchange and update information and hence
negotiate to achieve an optimum performance by the overall Naturally, businesses from all verticals see IoT
system. opportunities ahead. Cisco Systems blends IoT with more
Origination of such concept of connected smart devices traditional IT devices (PCs, tablets, smartphones, etc.) to
traces its way back to 1982, when a modified coke machine at describe “the Internet of Everything.” There will be more
Carnegie Mellon University became the first Internet mobile devices and smartphones connected than the total
connected appliance [2], able to report its inventory and global population by 2015, according to Cisco. By 2020, more
whether newly loaded drinks were cold. The term “Internet of than 5 billion people will be connected, not to mention 50
Things” was coined by Peter. T. Lewis in 1985, in a speech billion things, Cisco forecasts [14].
given at a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Big companies see IoT opportunities from different angles.
supported wireless session at the Congressional Black Caucus
GE, for instance, refers to the global network connecting
15th Legislative Weekend Conference. In his speech, he stated
people, data and machines as the Industrial Internet.
that "The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of
Moreover, the Industrial Internet has the potential to add $10
people, processes and technology with connectable devices
trillion to $15 trillion to the GDP (global domestic product)
and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation
from 2012 to 2032, CEO Jeff Immelt has predicted [15]. GE is
and evaluation of trends of such devices" [3]. 1991 seminal
investing $1 billion to develop related Industrial Internet
paper of Mark Weiser on ubiquitous computing, “The
technologies and applications.
C. Security Considerations
The increasing digitization and automation of the
multitudes of devices deployed across different areas of
modern urban environments are set to create new security
challenges to many industries, according to Gartner [16].