SPE 7590

SPE
Society of PBtroIelm Engineers of A IME

MUD DISPLACEMENT BY SLURRY DURING PRIMARY

CEMENTING JOBS - PREDICTING OPTIMUM CONDITIONS

by Madeleine t1artin, tlarcel Latil, Institute Francais

du Petrole, and Pierre Vetter, Societe.Nationale
Elf-Aquitaine

'CoPYright 1978. American Institute of Mining. Metallurgical. and Petroleum Engineers Inc

ThiS paper was presented at the 53rd Annual Fall Technical Conference and ExhibitIOn of the Society of Petroleum Engineers ul AIME. held In Houston. Texas. Oct 1-3 1978 The '113terlaI15 sublect to co:rectlon
by ~he author Permission to copy IS restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Wnte' 6200 N. Central Expy" Dallas. Texas 75206

ABSTRACT the development of a mathematical model.

This paper deals with determining the optimum EXPERIM:ENTAL APPROACH LIMITATIO:m
conditions for the best chances of success during
primary cementing jobs. An initial limitation comes from the non-
Newtonian nature of the fluids. Because the laws of
Results obtained from laboratory experiments similarity do not apply to them, the actual values
carried out in pilot-plant models with a limited of the different parameters governing cementing must
length may not always be applied to actual wellbores. be maintained. But in pilot-plant models, although
Consequently, a theoretical approach was adopted, it is possible to maintain full-size diameters, flow
resulting in the development of a mathematical model. rates, and fluids properties, the length must be
The method is based on a formulation similar to the limited (often to not more than a few meters 1 ).
one used in multiphase flow through porous media.
Moreover, it takes into account the non-Newtonian and This involves a second limitation because the
possibly tr~xotropic behavior of the fluids. full effect of gravity cannot be taken into account
when the separation area between mud and slurry does
The results emphasize how strongly displacement not remain horizontal, especially when the annulus
efficiency is affected by mud thixotropy and spacer is eccentric and the mud to be removed is relatively
characteristics. They also show that the choice of an thixotropiC. Actual wellbores are more than several
optimum displacement flow rate, for slow flow or hundred or a thousand meters deen. As illustrated in
turbulent flow, depends on all the other conditions, Fig. 1, with a level difference.6.H (greater than the
namely, on the density and viscosity ratios between pilot-plant model height), the slurry wr~ch is
mud and slurry. heavier than mud may modify the interface shape by
making it flatter.
The validity of the proposed mathematical model
has been verified by comparing actual and computer- THEDREITCAL APPROACH
predicted results, both in experimental annuli 5 m
long and in field cementing jobs with casing-shoe Previously published mathematical cementing
depth varying from 600 to 3,600 m. models either assimilate the eccentric annulus with·
a set of parallel tubes manifolded together 2 ,3 or
INTRODUCTION assume that the fluids obey a given rheological law. L-
The present model is not bound by these limitations.
The channeling of cement slurry through mud is a Moreover, it takes into account the different
common cause of poor quality primary cementing jobs. parameters mentioned at the beginning of this paper
Mud displacement depends on a great many parameters, (with the exception of casing rotation), i.e., in
none of which can be ignored: annulus geometry particular spacer characteristics, mud thixotropy,
(diameters, eccentricity, inclination, depth); spacer and reciprocating movement.
and slurry volumes; flow rates; properties of .each
fluid (mud, spacer, slurry) includi.~g density, flow Flow Assumntions
characteristics and thixotropYi p~"p shutdowns during
which the gel strength could increase; and casing 1. Fluids (mud, spacer, ~d slurry) are
movements. considered as immiscible and separated by sharp
interfaces, with no mixing zone.
The experimental study of t.his problem requires
great care in interpreting the results. Consequently, 2. A cross-section of the flow domain is 'L"l
a theoretical approach has been adopted, resulting in annulus, bounded by two circles (sections of the
casing and the wellbore). A mean circ~~erence, 8,
References and illustrations at end of paper.
 MUD DISPLAC]MENT BY SLURRY WRING PRIMARY CBMmTING JOBS.
2 PREDICTING OPTIMUM CONDITIONS SPE 7590

is chosen in this annulus (which crosses the narrow-I where Gt is the local gel strength related to the
est part of this annulus at midpoint). The flow then elapsed time since its buildup.
is treated as two-dimensional, the two space co-
ordinates being arc length along C, and distance 5. The annulus is assimilated with a succes-
along the well axis. This implies that only mean sion of parallel plates with a varying spacing, e,
values of pressure, velocity, and position of if eccentric. The mathematical model uses Reynolds-
interfaces, along directions perpendicular to the dependent hydraulic relationships for flow between
cylindrical surfaces of wellbore and casing, are parallel plates. 7
considered.
Ejuations
3. Fluid motions transverse to the wellbore
axis are assumed sufficiently fast to insure, in each The mathematical formulation is outlined here
cross-section, a local hydrostatic equilibrium. This for the two-phase case (mud/slurry). For the three-
assumption, justified because distances along the phase case (mUd/spacer/slurry), it is quite similar.
well axis are much larger than distances transverse
to this axis, is similar to Boussinesq's approxima- As shown in Fig. 2, X(z, t) is the abscissa of
tion used in hydrology. Velocity components trans- the point on the fluid separating line at ordinate z
verse to the wellbore axis are not neglected as in and time t. At origin 0, the annulus spacing is at
models treating the flow domain as a set of parallel a minimum.
tubes. But they do not enter explicitly in the
balance equations of the fluids, which contain only For each fluid, we can write:
the velocity component parallel to the wellbore axis.
Continuity equation
4. When the wellbore axis is not vertical, the
narrowest part of the annulus is assumed along the 2J Q.1. (z, t) i-I dX (z, t)
lowest generating line. Because of symmetry, it thus = (- 1) , e . (X (z, t)}
is sufficient to study the flow in a half of the d z dt
annulus. This flow domain is unfolded conceptually,
and the flow is treated as taking place between two
plates with variable spacing.
i 1,2. , . (1)

where e [X (z, t)] is the local annulus gap. Flow-

5. Flow pulses induced by reciprocating are
not taken into account.
6. While estimating the average velocity, if
reciprocating, a motion-induced component calculated
as in Ref. 5 and the flow component are added
together.
rate computing requires the numerical integration
of velocity for the appropriate cross-section.
Hydrostatic equilibrium in the direction Ox
Pi (x, z, t) +

Rheological Assumptions (- l)i-l ~i . ex I ,,-

Ig Sln -1 (1

1. Hud and spacer rheological characteristics + (- 1) i-I cos I!2:.

are unvarying. 1

2. At any time, the rheological characteristics

i = 2;2 .. . (2)
of the slurry are computed in relation to time, with
between two limits. The first limit corresponds to
its arrival at the casing shoe, and the second one P (z, t) PI (1, z, t) (3)
corresponds to the end of the cementing job. l
P (z, t) P2 (0, Z, t) (4)
2
3. No rheological law is assumed. Six-speed
rotational Fann viscometer measurements are used a = borehole inclination
directly. Apparent viscosity is calculated as a 1 = half-perimeter of circle C
function of the shear rate.
Flow equation
4. Gel buildup and breakdown are dealt with in
the following simplified way. (a) For gel buildup, Pi
three conditions must be fulfilled simultaneously: (d + f· I g cos d...1 ) .
local shear rate lower than a critical value charac- dz 1.

teristic of the fluidj erosion index, EI (equal to • • • • • (5)

local shear stress in laminar flow and to the square
of thi~ quantity in turbulent flow, according to
Walker lower than 5-minute gel, G5j average shear
stress,rav, related to the whole area where thixo-
tropic fluid may remain immobile, lower than G5'
(b) For gel breakdown, only one of the two follOwing
conditions must be fulfilled:
Mi coefficients computed by integration are a func-
tion of X [through e (X)], interface line slope
dX/Oz at X, rheological properties of the fluids and
velocities.
These equations are similar to the ones
governing the flow of two immiscible fluids in
porous media:
X/I acts as the saturation
Mi acts as the relative permeability
SPE 7590 M. MARTIN, M. LA TIL, and P. VETTER 3

Pc (X) = P2 (0, z, t) - P1 (1, z, t) acts as the

cap~lary pressure. :t
fm mud density
fm (lc
slurry density
Boundary conditions are
Q (0, t) = Q (t) :t
fs sEacer density
1
o
f s
fc
slurry density

0, with L being the total length of the :t

P-m mud apparent viscosity
borehole (z = 0 for bottom-hole point) p..-m slurry apparent viscosity
P'c
By substituting, it can be shown that X (z, t) is
governed by a nonlinear parabolic second-order :I! P"s spacer aEEarent viscosity
partial-differential equation. t-'--s slurry apparent viscosity
~
In order to decrease the degree of the equation,
an approximation consists in neglecting the term
oPc/oz. This assumption is similar to that of mud lO-min. gel
Buckley and Leverett. For a vertical well, this is mud O-min. gel
absolutely true. Then the equation can be reduced to
oQ 2 ( X (z, t) ) d X (z, t) G:I! slurry IO-min. gel
c slurry 0 min. gel
dX Jz
dX (z, t) displacement flow rate
+ e ( X (z, t» o. . • . . (6) slurry transition flow rate
~t

As in porous-media flow problems, sometimes with
only part of the profile, the solution to Eq. 6 must
be kept. A discontinuity parallel to Ox is intro-
duced according to the cumulative injected volume.
MAIN STEPS OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS
The main steps of the computing process are: (1)
data input; (2) analysis of mud flow before arrival
at the casing shoe of the spacer (if any) or of the
slurry, while determining if thixotropic mud remains
immobile in some parts of the annulus; (3) deter~ . W =
mining, with time, variations in the position of mUd/
spacer and spacer/slurry interfaces or if there is
no spacer, of the mud/slurry interface; and (4)
determining displacement efficiency, D.E.,
L OD.
D.E. --.E x 100,
Lth
·th L pr
WJ.
computed length of the annulus, from the
casing shoe completely filled up by
cement
theoretical length of the annulus filled
up by cement, calculated from the
injected slurry volume (Lth = slurry
vOlume/annulus section area).
COMPUTER-PREDICTED RESULTS
Because of the great number of parameters to be
taken in account, the following numerical results
must be strictly considered as examples. Any effort
to generalize them should be made with great care.
They concern a 222.25-mm to 177.80-~ (8-j/4 in. to
7 in.) annulus. The slurry volume lS 8 m (50.3
bbl), theoretically corresponding, without caving to
Lth = 572 m (1,877 ft).
The results are presented in terms of the
following dimensionless parameters.
[At Qtr' Reynolds number = 2,100. For this example,
Qtr = 0.021 m3/s (333 gal/min)].
Influence of Standoff. Displacement Flow Rate,
Mud Properties. and Reciprocating Movement
The influence of some of these parameters is
presented in Figs. 3 to 6.
Standoff percent W is defined as
x 100,
where D2 is the borehole diameter and D1 the casing
It can be seen that:
The variations in density and viscosity have an
entirely similar effect.
With slow flow, when the computing method
predicts that it is to be preferred to turbulent
flow, the displacement efficiency may attain 100%.
Ivi th turbulent flow, when the computing method
predicts that it is to preferred to slow flow, D.E.
is always less than 100% within limits of acceptable
flow rates and down-hole pressures.
For density ratios p 1:m and mud thixotropies G*m
that are too high, no displacement is obtained in
the narroVlest part of the annulus.
A Qualitative generalization of these results
is proposed in Fig. 7, which diagrams the flm.
regime to be chosen for optimum D.E. Decreasing
standoff decreases the extent of Region A and
increases the extent of Region C. Increasing f.l m*
decreases the extent of region A and increases the
extent of region B. Reciprocating movement may
 MUD DISPLACEMENT BY SLURRY roRING PRJNARY CEMl!NTJNG JOBS.
PREDICTJNG OPTIMUM CONDITIONS
decrease the extent of Region C only if it attains
a sufficient level.
In practice, it must be noted that in Region B,
sufficient flow rates cannot always be attained ,
because of the available pumping capacity and forma-
tion break-down hazards; and in Region A, the
increase in the apparent viscosity of slurry during
cementing (and consequentl~ the decrease in ~Xm) is a
beneficial factor for cement fillup.
Influence of Spacer Properties
As shown in Fig. 8, in some cases the spacer has
no effect on displacement efficiency. In other
cases, it has an unfavorable effect.
In the examples shown in Figs. 9 and 10, in
which the slurry properties (density and viscosity)
are higher than those of the mud, we can see:
I f the p1:.sip ~m and/or ~1:./~*m ratios are too
low, the spacer tends to cross through solely the
widest part of the annulus, leaving mud and slurry
in contact with one another in the narrowest part.
Therefore, it does not fulfil the role it has been
asked to perform as described in Ref. 8.
If the P~s or/and ~~s parameters are too high,
the spacer crosses through the entire section area
of the annulus, but subsequently it is incompletely
displaced by slurry whose velocity decreases in the
narrowest part.
In order to fulfil its role as a separator
between mud and slurry and not to slow down this
latter, the spacer must have density and viscosity
properties selected within fairly narrow limits in
the intermediate range between those of the fluid it
is displacing and the fluid displacing it. This
range of choice is all the more limited as standoff
is low.
"Gelified" or "high viscosity" spacers must be
used only after a suitable adjustment of their
properties has been made. Of course, they have a good
change of displacing the mud, but likewise they in
turn must be completely displaced by the slurry.
COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERIM!NTS AND
NUMERICAL SIMULA. TIONS
This includes 40 cases of mud displacement by
slurry in 200- to 159-mm annuli (about at to 7 in.)
5 m in length, with various values of standoff
percent, inclination, density, and rheological
properties of mud and slurry, flow rate, and pump
shutdown duration before slurry injection. Fig. 11
illustrates good agreement between predicted and
experimental results.
FIELD APPLICATION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Case 1
Cementing 2M.5-rnm casing (9-5/8 in.) in a 311.2-
mm hole (1~ in.). Shoe depth = 3.068 m (10,065 ft).
Displacement flow rate = 0.027 m3/s (428 gal/min),
then 0.013 m3/s (206 gal/min). Cement top predicted
by computer = 1,755 m (5,758 ft). Cement top deter-
mined by temperature logging = 1,650 m (5,413 ft).
SPE 7590
~
Second stage cementin& of a 177.S-rnm (7 in.)
casing in a 222.25-rnm (8-3/4 in.) borehole. Dual
stage cementer at 843 m (2,766 ft). Spacer volume
5 mJ (31.45 bbl). Slurry volume = 0.00642 m3/s
(101. 7 gal/min). Fig. 12 shows a comparison between
measured and computed density of the fluids flowing
out of the well. The agreement is excellent. It
should be noticed that all the spacer flows out,
mixed with the other fluids (with mud for about 9\ffo
of its volume, then with mud and slurry, and at the
end, with slurry). The fraction A of the section
area crossed through by spacer is only 4Cf'/o.
Case 3
Cementing with casing rotation until the end of
the job (15 to 20 rpm). 177.8-mm casing (7-in.) in
a 222.25-mm (8-3/4 in.) hole. Shoe depth = 55j m
(1,814 ft). Displacement flow rate = 0.0052 m /s
(82 gal/min). Spacer volume = 2 m3 (12.6 bbl).
Slurry volume = 14 m3 (88 bbl).
The mathematical model, which does not take
into .account the casing rotation, predicts that the
spacer begins to flow out of the annulus earlier
than what happens in field. This serves to verify
the improving effect of casing rotation on annulus
fillup.9
CONCLUSION
The development of this mathematical model
provides operators with an objective basis for
predicting the conditions for optimum displacement
efficiency during primary cementing jobs. In
particular, when annulus geometry, mud character-
istics, slurry composition, and maximum permissible
annular pressure are specified, it enables displace-
ment flow rate and spacer characteristics to be
determined.
The chances of success are all the greater as
the following conditions are simultaneously ful-
filled: high percent standoff; low mud thixotropy;
pump shutdowns limited in number and duration; and
high density and viscosity ratios between displaced
and displacing fluids, with those of the latter being
higher than those of the former, which means that a
suitable spacer must be chosen, i f one is used, in
which case slow flow is to be preferred.
When some of these conditions cannot be ful-
filled (for example, when the specified mud density
is near slurry density), the risks of channeling are
high. But they may be minimized by plaCing the
cement slurry in a turbulent regime. Unfortunately,
sometimes the flow rate to be reached for suitable
mud removal will be very high and incompatible with
the admissible annular pressure. Then the advan-
tages of turbulent flow remain limited, and the
mathematical model has the advantage of being able
to evaluate them.
In any case, if mud thixotropy is high, it must
be decreased by suitable treatment so as to prevent
gelification in any part of the annulus, no matter
what the flow rate may be.
The reciprocating motion of the casing, i f its
amplitude aDd frequency are sufficient, may be
beneficial.
SPE 7590 M. MARTIN, M. LATIL, and P. VETTER 5

NOMENCLA TURE Spacers and Washes Improve Production," Oil and

Gas J. (Sept. 12, 1977) 75, 38, 115-123.
D.E. = displacement efficiency 9. Suman, G. O. and Ellis, R. C.: "Cementing Oil
e distance separating casing wall and borehole and Gas Wells - Part 4," World Oil (June 1977)
wall 184, 7, 69-77.
g = gravitational constant
G = gel strength APP:E1mIX
1 = half-perimeter of circle crossing the narl'OW~
est part of the eccentric annulus at mid- The system to be solved consists of the
point following equations.
L = borehole length
P = pressure -M (U Pl +(\ Ig cos';"/ )
• • (A-1)
Q = flow rate 1 0Z
R = Fann viscometer dial reading
t = time
W = standoff
0: inclination
~ = apparent viscosity
COS'" I) • • (A-2)
P = density
L = shear stress
-~ = reduced parameter
-c = related to slurry e (X) ;) X ••••••••••• (A-3)
1m = related to mud
(h
-s = related to spacer
~ = related to displacing fluid
-2 = related to displaced fluid
ACKNOWLEIX}M]NTS Q • • • • • • • • • • • • • (A-4)

This paper is based on studies undertaken as

part of research sponsored by ARTEP (the Association
de Recherche sur les Techniques d'Exploitation du P eX) • • • • • • • • • (A-5)
Petrole), composed of Compagnie Francaise des c
Petroles Total, Societe Nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Pro- with the boundary conditions (during injection of
duction) and Institut Francais du Petrole, with Gaz Fluid 1):
de France being associated with some projects. Many
individuals have contributed to this research effort. Q (z = 0, t) Q • • • • • • • • • • (A-6)
The authors express their appreciation in particular l
to C. MarIe, scientific adviser to the Institut
Fran~ais du Petrole, who provided guidance for the Q (z 0, t) o • • • • • • • • • • (A-7)
theoretical basis of the mathematical program. 2

REFERENCES P2 (z = L, t) o • • • • • • • • • • (A-8)
1. Zviderwijk, J.J .M.: ''Mud Displacement in Primary By combining with Eqs. A-1 and A-2 in order to
Cementation," paper SPE 4830 presented at SPE- obtain
Euro~ean Spring Meeting, Amsterdam (May 29-30,
1974). d p2 ap 1
2. Graham, H. L.: "Rheology - Balanced Cementing ~z dZ
Improves Primary Success," Oil and Gas J. (Dec.
18, 1972) 70, 51, 53-60. and by taking into acco].IDt Eqs. A-4 and A-5, we find
3. Jamot A.: "Deplacement de la Boue par Ie Laitier
de Ciment dans l' Espace Annulaire Tubage - Paroi QH2 + !\H2 (\\ - \'2) 12 cos ,xl
d'un puits," Revue Assoc. Franc. Techn. P~tr. Q2
(March-April, 1974) ~, 27-37. :\ + H2
4. Beirute, R. M. and Flumerfelt, R. W.: ''Mechanics
·.
M1M2 dP dX(z)
of the Displacement Process of Drilling Muds by c
(A-9)
ciX
Cement Slurries Using an Accurate Rheological "\ + M2 ~z
Model," paper SPE 6801 presented at SPE-AIME 52nd
Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition, The second member of this equation is a function
Denver, Oct. 9-12, 1977. of
5· Burkhardt, J. A.: ''Wellbore Pressure Surges dX (z, t)
Produced by Pipe Movement," paper SPE 1546-G x (z, t), and
presented at SPE-AI~!E 35th Annual Fall Meeting, 6'Z
Denver, Oct. 2-5, 1960.
6. Walker, R. E.: "Computer Program Predicts because Pc is a function of X (z, t) and MJ,... and M2
Drilling Fluid Performance," Oil and Gas J. (Marcb are a function of X (z, t) and [dx (z, t·)J/dZ. Q
29, 1971) 69, 13, 80-90. is a given quantity.
7. Skelland, A.H.P.: Non-Newtonian Flow and Heat
Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York With the approximation of Buckley and Leverett,
(1967). Eq. A-9 gives
8. Griffin, T. J. and Root, R. L.: "Cementing
 MUD DISPLACEMmT BY SLURRY DURING PRIMARY CEMmTING JOBS.
6 PREDICTING OPTIMUM CONDITIONS SPE 7590

QH2 + MIM2 <f 1-f'2) Ig cos d.1 between Fluid 1 and Fluid 2, with abscissa X,
Q2 . (A-lO) progresses in the direction Oz with the velocity:
MI + M2
I dQ2 (X) dQ2 (X)
By introducing Q2 into Eq. A-3, we obtain v (X, t)
e (X) d X ds (X)
dQ2 (X (z, t)) ()X (z, t)
(A-12)
dX () z
This velocity is not constant because of the
ilX (z, t) non-Newtonian nature of the fluids. dQv'dX must be
+ e (X (z, t) o . (A-ll) calculated at each time step, taking into account
d t the instantaneous value of Ml and M2 .

This means that the point of the separating line

Mud Mud Fluid 2

(mud or spacer)

I
Slurry Slurry I Fluid 1
I
/!spacer or slurry)
I
I
o X( z.t) x
Fig. 1 - Interface flattening possibility
in -actua 1 we 11 s Fig. 2 - Annulus place diagram
 P FANN RHEDLOGY
FLUID
kg/ mJ Ibm/gal R6DD RJDD RJ
MUD 64 40 2
SPACER 1600 13.3 80 51 2.5
SLURRY 1850 15.4 101 72 9.5
D.E. I" ,

100
----------.."..------~------

P~; 0.76
G~ = 8
WITH SPACER

p:=0.92
Gri; =24
WITHOUT SPACER

25

'N.I'"
o 75 100
FIG. 3 - EFFECT OF STANDOFF ON DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY.

W = 40"
Gri; = 8
NO SPACER
J
Pslurr y = 1850 kg/m 115.4 Ibm Igal ,

D.E.I'"

100 - ----
Pri;

~
-0.64
75
_0.76
-0.92
50
_1.00
_1.03
25

Q-l<
O~------~--~~--~--~--~--_r------+
0.01 02 0.5 2 5
FIG. 4 - EFFECT OF FLOW RATE AND MUD DENSITY ON DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY.
 FLUID P FANN RHEOLOGY G~
Ikg/ m3 Ib"\'gal R600 R 300 R3
MUD 1 1400 11.7 40 26 2 1
MUD2 1400 11.7 72.5 48 5 1
MUD 3 1400 11. 7 86 62.5 9 1
SLURRY 1850 15.4 101 72 9.5 1.7

NO SPAC ER

D.E.(lO

100 _______~=_-_.::::_

_MUD1

75 _MUD2

_--MUD 3

50

0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5

FIG. 5- EFFECT OF r1uo VISCOSITY ON DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY

flUID r FANN RHEOLOGY

kg /m3 Ibm/ gal R600 R30 0 R3
MUD 17 00 14.2 64 40 2

SLURRY 1850 15.4 101 72 9.5

w = 40 %
D.E. (%)
NO SPACER

100

75
n+ = 0.28

50

25

o 5 10 15 20
FIG. 5- EFFECT OF MUD THIXOTROPY ON DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY
 0.5 1.2

LOW

MEDIUM
TURBULENT

DISPLACEMENT IN
HIGH

MAY BE

FIG. 7 - OPTIMUM DISPLACEMENT PATTERN

flUID
r FANN RHEOLOGY
G'"
k9/ m3 Ibm/gal R600 R300 R3
MU D 1400 11.7 64 40 2 8
SPACER 1600 13.3 80 51 2.5 1
SLURRY 1850 15.4 101 72 9.5 1.7

D.E.(")

100 - - _ _ _ _~---~

75 ---:""WITHOUT SPACER

50
_WITH SPACER

0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5

FIG. 8 - EFFECT OF SPACER ON DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY
 f' fANN RHEOL OGY
flUID G*
kg/ ml Ibm/gal R600 R300 R3
MUD 1400 11.7 64 40 2 8
W: 40 %
SPACER 80 51 2.5 1
no.: 0.28 SLURRY 1850 15.4 101 72 9.5 1.7

D.E.I%)

100 -----------,- -
, - -- - ----
,
-)- ----
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
75 I I
I I
I
I
I
I
50

25

Ol~----------r_--~~------_T------~----~
0.7 II 0.8 -,:
r.""
Fig. 9 - Effect of spacer density of displacement efficiency

P
flUID kg/ml Ibm/gal
W : 40%
MUD 1400 11.7
Q* = 0.28 SPACER 1600 13.3
SLURRY 1850 15.4

D.E.I%)

100 --------- ---,-------- ----,-----

I I
I I
I ,
75 I I
I I
I ,
, I
I I
50 I I
I
I
I

25

,,,o.
I m
o ~------r_----~~------T_------+_----~~
0.25 0.50 OJ5 1';
lat 250. 1 )

Fig. 10 - Effect of spacer viscosity on displacement efficiency

 M.C. (PRED ICnD I

M.C. ,MUD CHANNEL

50
(%DF ANNULUS SECTION AREAl

.
/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/

// SQUARE LINE
/
/ / Y - O.92X+ 0.38
25 /

..·0 . /.
/
/
/ / COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION, 0.92

M.C.
o 25 50 (EXPERIMENTALI
Fig. 11 - Comparison between predicted and measured results
in Pilot-Plant Models.

I' FANN RHED LOGY

FLUID G"
kg 1m3 Ibm/gil R600 R300 R3
MUD 1230 10.2 80 46 2 4
SPACER 1170 9.7 55 28 2 3.5
SLURRY 1750 14.6 81 51 8 1.4

p" (RELATED TO
OUTFLOWING FLUIOS I

0.9
+ MEASURED

PREDICTED

___ THEORETICAL CURVE

(WITHOUT FLUID MIXI NG I
IT-
... r
0.B .-5\
I
I
I
I
I
I
0.7
P': -----t..:::.:::::::-------,
~"t-i-.. C I I +~+ .JI
I
I!:. _____

0.6
t (min)

Fig. 12 - Compari son between predi cted and measured resu Its duri ng a
cementing job.