Pleshek 1

Cameron A. Pleshek

Professor Vicki Stalbird

ENG 1201

3 March 2019

Annotated Bibliography

My Research Project is on the ethics of using artificial intelligence to facilitate the way people go

about their daily lives. My goal is to argue that true artificial intelligence should be indistinguishable

from another human being and would be subject to the same rights. Furthermore, with the same rights,

an artificial intelligence should have immunity from being used as a tool as it could be considered as a

form of slavery.

BBC Worldwide Ltd. “The Hunt for A.I.” 2012, Dayton, OH. 03 Mar. 2019

This documentary by BBC Worldwide starring Oxford University Professor of Mathematics

Marcus du Sautoy, is a series of sixteen short videos on how computers are programmed, artificial

intelligence, and its relation to how humans think. The video follows Marcus as he interviews experts

and participates in various activities that demonstrate how a computer thinks and relates to artificial

intelligence. In one video he is observing robots programmed to communicate with other robots and

perform actions in front of a mirror to learn what its actions are causing it to do. There is another scene

where it shows robots talking to other robots using an unknown language they created to communicate

with each other. The audience for this piece is anyone who is interested in learning about the thought

processes of the human brain, and the methods computers use to mimic it. These videos are shot in many
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places with experts on the various topics. I would say that this had a very positive effect on the piece.

The writer or author is the BBC Worldwide Ltd. and the star is an Oxford Professor of Mathematics,

who shares the information in the videos straight from the experts. This source is reliable because it was

published by a proven reliable author, and simply educational videos. These videos are relevant because

of they help reinforce the similarities of humans and artificial intelligence. In one of the videos it even

shows how they teach robots to learn how babies learn, by observing the world around them with no

pre-programmed actions.

Berlatsky, Noah. "Is it Possible to Develop Artificial Intelligence?" Opposing Viewpoints: Artificial

Intelligence. 24 June 2011. Dayton, OH. 03 Mar. 2019

This book by Gale, Cengage Learning, specifically the part by Noah Berlatsky, “Is it Possible to

Develop Artificial Intelligence?” discusses the difference between two concepts, strong A.I. and weak

A.I. Noah goes on to tell that many A.I. researchers don’t really care about strong A.I. and prefer to stick

to researching weak A.I. as long as it serves it’s purpose. A strong A.I. is a machine actually thinking,

whereas a weak A.I. is a machine simply simulating thinking. Examples of a weak A.I. are search

engines, or video game NPCs. The purpose of this article is to give insight into the ways different kinds

of A.I. are categorized. The intended audience of this piece would be researchers interested in learning

what defines artificial intelligence. The writer of this article is Noah Berlatsky, and you can tell the

author is credible because of his numerous contributions to various newspapers mostly in the Chicago

area. This will be used in my final research project because it clearly defines the difference between

strong and weak A.I. This is important because the type of A.I. I will be referencing the ethics to are

strong A.I.
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Markoff, John. "Learning Curve: No Longer Just A Human Trait." New York Times. Vol. 162, Issue

55965. 24 November 2012: p1. Dayton, OH. 03 Mar. 2019

This article “Learning Curve: No Longer Just A Human Trait.” by John Markoff discusses Deep

Learning technology. This article mainly focuses on the recent achievements of weak artificial

intelligence programs that utilize Deep Learning technology, or also referred to as artificial neural

networks. The article goes on to state that in the 1960s, A.I. experts believed a fully functional A.I was

only about 10 years away, however around the 1980s it became more clear that creating a full A.I. was

much more difficult than previously anticipated. However that has not stopped many from trying, as

talked about in the article how machines are passing constantly beating out competition in pattern

recognition tests to improve drug development without prior knowledge to how molecules bind to each

other, as well as other pattern recognition uses such as identifying images, or translating human speech.

This article is very well written, and the purpose of it is to show just how far we have come with our

development of artificial intelligence. The audience of this article is anyone who is interested in artificial

intelligence or, tech development in general. The writer of this article is John Markoff, and his

credibility comes from years of writing articles for the New York Times. I will be sure to use this

information when discussing the possibilities of uses of artificial intelligence in my research project

specifically on the part of what we can already achieve.

Holmes, N. " Artificial Intelligence: Arrogance or Ignorance?" Computer Vol. 22, November 2003: p.

120. Dayton, OH. 03 Mar. 2019

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The article “Artificial Intelligence: Arrogance or Ignorance” by Neville Holmes discusses the

way artificial intelligence is viewed as opposed to natural intelligence. This article attacks the idea of

using the term artificial intelligence to refer to weak A.I. when in reality they are just as they put it “nifty

computer programs”. They go on to say how those who believe that such A.I. is intelligence at all is tied

in to self-deceit, and that those who work to create these weak A.I. tools are arrogant and ignorant in

calling such programs artificial intelligence at all. The writer’s purpose in writing this article is similar

to the other article cited on strong vs weak A.I. systems, in that it brings light to the differences in what

these two concepts truly are, and to rout out the misunderstanding of what is believed to be and not to be

intelligence. The author is a research associate in the School of Computing of the University of

Tasmania, and the article was published to the IEEE Computer Society. This article will be used to

discuss the naivety of those who call weak A.I. programs artificial intelligence when comparing to the

strong A.I. that will in question.

Ullmann J.R. "Some Problems in Artificial Intelligence" Progress in Brain Research Vol. 17. 1965:

102-117. Ohio Link. Sinclair Library, Dayton, OH. 03 Mar. 2019

The academic journal by J. R. Ullmann, “Some Problems in Artificial Intelligence” summarizes

volume 17 in the series of academic books known as Progress in Brain Research. It notes several logical

problems within it. The task assigned to a machine is to learn how to attain a goal in response to stimuli,

Ullmann goes on to state the conditions and its applications for use on a larger scale. This article

discusses the chapter in three distinct parts each with sequences of detailed logical problems and how

the computer would solve it. The purpose of this article it to help those reading to understand how a

computer does its “thinking”. The writer Julian R. Ullmann has contributed to many publications over
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the years and has well over a thousand citations from his publications. I will be using this article as a

reference in my research project as a way to discuss the flow of information into a machine and how it

outputs solutions to problems.