ASSIGNMENT-1

1. Explain
1 the elements of an optical fiber transmission link with the functional description of each
block.
2. Mention the advantages and applications of optical fiber communications
3. Give optical spectral bands and explain it also draw optical windows and explain it
4. Using simple ray theory, describe the mechanism for the transmission of light within an optical
fiber and show how acceptance angle is related to the fiber numerical aperture
5. Mention difference between DB and DBm.
6. Mention : Snell’s Law
7. Define : (1) Acceptance angle (2) Critical angle
8. Define: Total internal reflection occurred in fiber cable waveguide
9. Justify that glass fiber is preferred then plastic fiber.
10. Define: Refractive index of material.
11. List out the requirements of cladding over core for fiber cable
12. Discuss the need of fiber optical communication System.
13. Describe in brief : Numerical Aperture
14. Explain the basic principal of Optical Fiber. Compare Optical Fiber with Co-axial cable as a
communication channel
15. Explain the importance of cladding in optical fiber communication. Justify the statement: “Light
travels faster in cladding than core.”
16. Explain any seven advantages of optical fiber communication
17. Explain the evolution of fiber optic systems with necessary diagrams.
18. Mention the advantages and limitations of optical fiber link over conventional copper systems link.
19. Define the following terms: (i) Acceptance angle(ii)Optical bandwidth(iii)Bulk recombination
lifetime
20. Justify the following statements: (i) Signal distortion mechanism in optical fiber limits the
information rate of the signal (ii) A mode remains guided as long as propagation factor β satisfies
the condition n2k< β< n1k
21. Define: (1) Critical angle (2) Skew rays (3) Normalized frequency of fiber.
22. What is equilibrium numerical aperture. Give the significance of the same
23. A step index fiber has ncore=1.44 and nclad= 1.40 find (i) The N.A.(ii) Delta (iii) The acceptance
angle.
24. Explain the major elements of the optical fiber transmission link.The refractive index of the core of
step index fiber is 1.46 and the relative refractive index difference between core and cladding of the
fiber is 2%. Estimate (1) Numerical Aperture (2) Critical angle at the core cladding interface within
the fiber.
25. (a) Define terms: (a) Skew ray propagation (b) Meridional ray propagation (c) Total internal
reflection with reference to optical fibers
26. What is equilibrium numerical aperture? Give the significance of the same.
 ASSIGNMENT-3
Discuss the various dispersion mechanisms that contribute to pulse broadening during the
fiber transmission.
Explain attenuation in optical fiber with required figure and equation Also give
comparison of intermodal and intramodal dispersion
List the methods used to reduce the dispersion in the Fiber optics
Communication and explain it.
What is scattering Losses List the methods used to reduce the scattering losses
in the Fiber optics communication and explain it.
A 15 km optical fiber link uses fiber with a loss of 1.5 dB/km. The fiber is jointed every
kilometer with connectors which give an attenuation of 0.8 dB each. Determine the
minimum mean optical power which must be launched into the fiber in order to maintain
a mean optical power level of 0.3 μW at the detector.
What is meant by attenuation of signal in fiber cable?
How this loss can be measured?
Differentiate between Micro and Macro banding losses in fiber cable 04
with neat diagram.
Describe in brief : Dispersion in fiber cable
Discuss linear scattering losses in optical fiber with respect to,
(1) Rayleigh Scattering
(2) Mie Scattering
What is dispersion?
Discuss various types of dispersions and their effect on performance of optical fiber.
Derive the equation for intermodal dispersion
Discuss in detail, different types of Attenuation Losses related to optical fiber
communication
Describe linear scattering losses in detail.
Explain Non linear scattering losses in detail
What are bending losses in fiber optic communication? Describe:
(1) Micro bending losses. (2) Macro bending losses.
Discuss the various dispersion mechanisms that contribute to pulse broadening during the
fiber transmission
Discuss optical power loss model for a point to point link.
Define signal attenuation and how is it mathematically expressed.
Explain the following:
a. Scattering Losses.
b. Bending losses
How does material dispersion occur in an optical fiber. Obtain the expression for group
delay mat resulting from the material dispersion and from this, deduce the relation for
the pulses spread mat in terms of material dispersion Dmat ( ).
What is meant by attenuation of signal in fiber cable? How this loss can be measured?
Give the comparison of intermodal and intramodal dispersion.
Write in detail about losses in fiber due to misalignment. Also mention its reason and
effects.
The mean optical power launched into 6 km length of fiber is 100 μw, the mean
optical power at the fiber output is 4 μw. Determine
i. Overall signal attenuation or less in decibels through the fiber.
ii. The signal attenuation per kilometer for fiber.
iii. The overall attenuation for 20 km optical link using the same fiber with
connectors at 1 km each giving an attenuation of 1 dB.
Discuss about nonlinear and linear scattering losses taking place in fiber.
Draw and Explain set ups for the measurements of the attenuation.
Write in detail about losses in fiber due to misalignment. Also mention its
reason and effects.
Explain difference between micro bending and macro bending loss.
An optical signal at a specific wavelength has lost 55% of its
power after traversing 3.5 Km of fiber. What is the attenuation in dB/km
of this fiber?
Explain about impact of attenuation and dispersion on signal while its propagation
through optical fibers. List out various types of attenuation effects occurring in optical
fiber
Describe various Nonlinear scattering losses while signal propagation through optical
fiber in optical communication systems
A train of light pulses is transmitted through a 400 m fiber with ncore=1.4 and
nclad=1.36. Sketch the output pulses for.
(i) A pulse rate of 10x106 pulses per sec(10 Mb/s)
(ii) A pulse rate of 20 x106 pulses per sec(20 Mb/s)
Also find dispersion per km. for each assume that the input pulse is of near zero
width.
What is dispersion in optical fiber? Classify different dispersion with reasons. Explain its
effect in optical communication. How to reduce the effect of dispersion?
Differentiate between Micro and Macro banding losses in fiber cable
with neat diagram
What is dispersion? Discuss various types of dispersions and their effect on performance
of optical fiber. Derive the equation for intermodal dispersion
Discuss in detail, different types of Attenuation Losses related to optical fiber
communication.
List the important parameters of photo detectors. Briefly explain the principal of optical
detection. Discuss the major advantages of APD over P-i-n photodiode
The radiative and non radiative recombination life times of minority carriers in the active
region of a double hetrojunction LED are 60ns and 100 ns respectively. Determine the
total carrier recombination life time and optical power generated internally, if the peak
emission wavelength is 0.87μm, and the drive current is 40 mA.
Make a comparison of LED and LASER diode as a light source in fiber optic
communication.
With necessary diagrams explain the operation of p-n photo diode in detail.
ASSIGNMENT-4
List the types of Light Emitting Diodes used in optical system and explain any
one of them with required figure.
Discuss briefly the distributed-feedback(DFB) laser diode with neat sketch
Write the differences between LEDs and LASERs.
List out comparisons between LED and LASER
List the factors that decides the performance of optical reception and explain it.
Also draw and explain eye diagram in detai
List the types of photo detector used in optical system and explain structure
and operating principle of any one in detail
List the different types of lensing schemes used in optical system and explain
it.
List the types of Light Emitting Diodes used in optical system and explain any
one of them with required figure
List the types of optical amplifier used for optical system and explain any one
of them in detail.
Explain the principles of operation of the laser using suitable diagrams
Briefly discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the LED in comparison with the laser
for use as a source in optical fiber communication. List different types of LEDs.
Explain detection process in the p-n photodiode. Define the quantum efficiency and
responsivity of a photo detector.
A photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 65 % when photons of energy J are incident
upon it. Calculate operating wavelength of photodiode and incident optical power
required to obtain a photocurrent of 2.5 μA when the photodiode is operating at the
same wavelength.
Describe the operations of LASER diode
Explain the PIN photo diode operation in detail.
Technically explain the term spontaneous emission and stimulated emission.
A p-n photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 50% at a wavelength of 0.9 micro meter.
Calculate:
(1) Its responsivity at 0.9 micrometer.
(2) The received optical power if the mean photocurrent is 10-6 A.
Define quantum efficiency. Derive an expression for responsivity and prove that
responsivity is directly proportional to the quantum efficiency at a particular wavelength

Explain population inversion.

Define and explain following with reference to LASER.

(1) Mode Hoping
(2) Frequency Chirp
Define and explain internal quantum efficiency and differential quantum efficiency of a
LASER.
Compare LASER and LED as an optical Source.
 Discuss and compare link power budget and rise time budget methods for design of
optical link
Determine the power internally generated within the device when the peak emission
wavelength is 0.87 micrometer at a drive current of 40 mA. The internal quantum
efficiency of the device is 0.625
Write a technical note on optical receivers
Explain the three key transition processes involved in laser action
Draw and explain the schematic of an edge-emitting double heterojunction
Discuss briefly the distributed-feedback(DFB) laser diode with neat sketch
Explain the principle, characteristics and operation of avalanche photodiode.
Compare LEDs and LASERs
1. The radiative and non radiative recombination life times of minority carriers
in the active region of a double hetrojunction LED are 60ns and 100 ns
respectively. Determine the total carrier recombination life time and optical
power generated internally, if the peak emission wavelength is 0.87μm, and
the drive current is 40 mA.
2. Make a comparison of LED and LASER diode as a light source in fiber optic
communication.
3. With necessary diagrams explain the operation of p-n photo diode in detail.

ASSIGNMENT-5
Explain Semiconductor optical Amplifiers (SOAS).
Write short notes on Synchronous Optical Fiber Networks(SONET).
Explain Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) method with its benefits over other
techniques.
Write a brief note on Optical Couplers.
With the help of necessary figure properly explain DWDM in detail
What is optical coupler ? Draw and explain optical coupler in detail
Draw and Explain set ups for the measurements of the attenuation.
Draw and explain set ups for the measurements of the dispersion.

What is splicing? Explain different techniques of splicing.

Explain (1) fusion splicing, (2) V-grove splicing.
Write a short note on fiber connectors
Discuss the EYE Pattern/ Diagram in brief
Discuss the fiber splicing techniques with neat sketches.
 Discuss the need of optical Amplifier and also describe the
architecture and amplification mechanism of Erbium Doped
Fiber Amplifier. (EDFA).
Describe in brief : Dispersion in fiber cable
Discuss the various lensing schemes in details for coupling
Improvement.
Describe the working principal and functioning of Raman amplifier with neat diagram.

What is the use/application of OADM, optical circulators, wavelength converter and

OTDR in optical communication?