Oil 3

Extraction of Glue from Trimmed Hide
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
College Of Biological and Chemical Engineering
Department Of Chemical Engineering
Extraction Glue from trimmed hide
By:
1. ABRAHAM GETAHUN
2. ABRAHAM G/SLASSIE
Advisor: WEYNISHET FEREDE
June-2017
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Glue production from tannery solid waste (trimmed limed pelt)
Final Year Project Paper Submitted to Department of Chemical

Engineering of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
(AASTU) for the Partial Fulfillment of Bachelor Degree in Chemical
Engineering
By:
1. ABRAHAM GETAHUN
Advisor:WEYNISHET FEREDE
June-2017
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
College Of Biological and Chemical Engineering
Department Of Chemical Engineering
Extraction Glue from trimmed hide
By:
1. ABRAHAM GETAHUN
Evaluators Committee
2017
Chairman Signature
Date
2017
Evaluator Signature
Date
2017
Evaluator Signature
Date
2017
Evaluator Signature
Date
2017
Advisor Signature
Date
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... iv
Table of figures ................................................................................................................................ v
Acronomy ........................................................................................................................................ vi
Executive summery ........................................................................................................................ vii
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Problem of Statements............................................................................................................. 2
1.3. Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1. General objective .............................................................................................................. 3
1.3.2. Specific objectives ............................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Significance of the study .......................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Expected Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 4
1.6. Scope of the research work ...................................................................................................... 4
2. Literature reviews ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Glue ........................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Raw materials for glue production ........................................................................................... 6
2.3. Waste type in leather industries ................................................................................................ 8
2.3.5 DE liming of Splitting’s ..................................................................................................... 9
2.3.6 Deliming and Bating pelt.................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Tanning Industries in Ethiopia ................................................................................................ 12
2.4.1 Production and waste generation capacity........................................................................ 12
2.5 Environmental Impacts of Tannery Solid Waste ..................................................................... 13
2.7. Process description of glue production from limed pelt hide ................................................. 14
Raw material (trimmed hide)......................................................................................................... 15
3. Material and Method ................................................................................................................. 16
3.1 Materials and Equipment ..................................................................................................... 16
3.1.1. Materials ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2. Equipment.................................................................................................................... 16
3.2. Experimental Methods........................................................................................................ 17
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3.2.1. Frame work of the experiment..................................................................................... 17

3.2.2 Raw material preparation ...................................................................................... 17
3.2.2.1 Washing and Soaking ................................................................................................ 17
3.2.3. Characterization of soaked hide .................................................................................. 18
3.2.4 Extraction of Glue ........................................................................................................ 18
3.2.5 Filtration ....................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.6 Measuring residual hide ............................................................................................... 20
3.2.6 Characterization of Glue............................................................................................... 20
4. Results and discussion ............................................................................................................... 22
4.1. Soaking period of hide (limed pelt). ................................................................................... 22
4.2 Temperature effect on extraction of glue ............................................................................ 23
4.3 Time effect on extraction..................................................................................................... 24
5. Material and Energy balance. .................................................................................................... 26
5.1 Material balance .................................................................................................................. 26
5.2. Energy balance ................................................................................................................... 28
5.3. Equipment sizing ................................................................................................................ 29
6. Economic analysis ..................................................................................................................... 30
6.2. Economic evaluation .......................................................................................................... 35
7. Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................................................... 37
7.2. Recommendations.............................................................................................................. 38
Reference ....................................................................................................................................... 39
Appendix A ................................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix B.................................................................................................................................... 41
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Acknowledgments
First of all we would like to thank almightily God, who helped us in all these things. We
would like deeply thankful to our adviser Ms. Weynishet Ferede (MSC) who assisted us
by providing all the relevant information, genuine guidance, for her continuous follow
up, encouragement by providing directions to work hard during our project work. Next
we would like to thank leather industry development institute, for their support by
providing relevant information and giving raw material. In addition we need to thanks to
chemical engineering staffs for their, advice and sharing their knowledge.
Finally we would like to express our great thanks to all our family for their unlimited
support and advice.
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List of Tables
Table 1 activity and chemicals used for glue production ................................................. 16

Table 2 Sample record of time taken viscometer……………………………………….22
Table 3 viscosity of glue at different temperature ............................................................ 23
Table 4 yield, viscosity vs. temperature........................................................................... 23
Table 5 extraction time vs viscosity, yield at same temperature (1750c).......................... 25
Table 6 Estimation of unit operation equipment cost. ...................................................... 31
Table 7 direct and indirect cost ......................................................................................... 32
Table 8 variable operating costs ....................................................................................... 33
Table 9 Fixed operating costs ........................................................................................... 34
Table 10 Plant overhead cost ............................................................................................ 34
Table 11 General expense cost ......................................................................................... 34
Table 12 Waste generation capacity of the tanning industry ............................................ 41
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Table of figures
Figure 1 Process flow diagrams of leather production .................................................... 11

Figure 2 annual solid waste generation capacity .............................................................. 13
Figure 3 Process flow diagram of glue production. .......................................................... 15
Figure 4 Frame work of the experiment ........................................................................... 17
Figure 5 Boiling of hide with water for glue extraction ................................................... 19
Figure 6 Filtration of glue ................................................................................................ 19
Figure 7 Measuring residual hide ..................................................................................... 20
Figure 8 Viscosities measuring using viscometer ............................................................. 21
Figure 9 effect of temperature on viscosity and yield....................................................... 24
Figure 10 Time effect on extraction................................................................................. 25
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Acronomy
LIDI; Ethiopian leather development institute
PVA; polyvinyl acetate
Plc. private limited company
ELICO; Ethio-Leather Industry Private Limited Company
GDP; Growth and development plan
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Executive summery
Glue extraction has many processes from raw material preparation up to final product.
Glue is sticky substance which is extracted high temperature. Simply this paper has
different chapters. In the first chapter it deals introduction about the glue, statement of
the problem to produce glue, scope of the project, objective of project study, and
significance of the study. In the second chapter describes the literature review included
general description about glue, raw material for glue production, waste type in tanneries,
process description and process flow diagrams,. In the third chapter it describes about
the material needed, method of preparation and the equipment need for the extraction. In
fourth chapter it deals about result and discussion what we observed from our project
experiment. In the fifth chapter it describes the calculation on energy balance, material
balance and equipment size. In sixth and seventh it deals about the economic analysis,
conclusion and recommendation respectively. Finally we include tannery industry in
Ethiopia in table form.
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1. Introduction
Glue is a sticky substance which is used to bind several things together, or to give
firmness to certain fabrics and other materials like paintings. There are the soft ones,
which can be employed in this state; others are dry, or more or less thick; but they must
be able to be softened, and to be melted into liquors. Since in this state they are more or
less sticky or viscous, one can apply them in thin layers on various bodies or mix them to
which they adhere; when they are dry, the glue becomes hard, and it binds the bodies to
each other so well which were coated with it, that they would break rather than separate.
As several substances can produce the same effect, one distinguishes various species of
glues, such as Flour-glue, Fish-glue, that which one names Glove glue, animal glue
which can be prepared from hide and skins collagen. The envisaged project is to produce
animal glue from tannery solid wastes specially from lime trimmings. The tannery
(leather industry) generates huge amounts of solid wastes like Hair, wool, raw trimmings,
flashings, limed pelt trimmings, wet blue and crust trimmings .shaving dusts, splits and
buffing dusts from different operations of tanneries [1].
Glue production from animal hide/skin is the most common type of glue production in
the world. This glue production is useful for prevention of environmental pollution,
import substitutions and other economic advantages.
The use of glue as an adhesive dates from earliest record times. Whoever discovered that
a strong adhesive could be produced by cooking pieces of animal hide or bone in water
has never been figured out, but the use archeological discoveries indicate that the
Egyptians used glue more than 4,000 years ago. The practical manufacture of glue can be
traced back directly to 1690 in the Netherlands. Shortly thereafter, or about 1700, the
English began making glue and established its manufacture as a permanent industry [2].
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1.2. Problem of Statements
The leather industries have gained a negative image in the society not only because of
pollution causing potency, but also of its dirty nature due to the generation of huge
amount of solid waste. During the process of leather manufacturing, substantial amount
of solid and liquid wastes are generated. It is known that 1 ton of wet salted hide yields
only 200 - 250 kg leather and the remaining comes out as solid wastes. The huge
quantities of solid wastes produced from various operations of tanneries are dumped with
out any effective usage and becomes a source of pollution. So the disposal of these waste
s became a serious problem for the Ethiopian leather industries with respect to environme
ntal issue.
In most leather industries recycling or reuse of waste hide is not installed. In leather
industries there are lot of wastes which means discarding of a pieces of hides and skins as
wastes. This waste causes environmental effects like unpleasant smelling, pollution of
water, etc. processing these hide and skin wastes from the industries to value added
products like gelatin would enhance the contributions of glue sectors to the national
economy and is likely to lead an improvement of the income of those involved in the
sector.
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1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General objective
The general objective of this project is to extract glue from trimmed hide, which is one of
the solid wastes in tanning industry.
1.3.2. Specific objectives
The specific objectives of this study are: -
 To characterize trimmed hide glue.

 To determine material and energy balance.
 To determine economic analysis.
1.4. Significance of the study
The significance of this project is to recover tannery solid waste, which is trimmed hide
for production of glue which has got huge economical advantage for our country by satisf
ying the demand of glue and import substitution.
About 75% of the weight (in millions of tons) of the raw hide and skin processed is
damped as a solid waste from tanning industries. This is a huge pollutant for the
environment which is considered a serious problem of the tanning industries and as well
for the environmental protection authorities. By recycle these wastes in to useful product
i.e. glue, the environmental pollution could decrease.
Since the Ethiopian growth and development plane (GDP) is bounded in green economy,
such types of projects are very important for the sustainability for the economical growth.
Therefore establishment of this project is useful for the tannery workers, owners the
peoples and for the country as whole.
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1.5. Expected Outcomes
The expected output of the research work is producing of glue from the solid tannery
waste.
 The glue to be produced must be good quality, strong enough to stick materials up
to break when strongly pulled.
 The produced glue can be transformed from a liquid into a jell state on cooling &
Reverse to liquid on reheating.
 The form of the glue to be produced is flaks, cake chips and powder.
 Density approximately …1.2 gm./ml
 Solubility………………….soluble in water no soluble in oil, wax, and organic
solvent
 The glue produced services as an adhesive in plywood, paper board match,
abrasive and similar industries.
1.6. Scope of the research work
The scope of this research will be producing glue of limed pelt taking solid waste from
tannery as an input. The other solid wastes of the tannery are not included in this
research. In our study we determined following things like to characterize animal glue,
determine material and energy balance, to determine economic analysis.
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2. Literature reviews
2.1 Glue
Glue is a sticky substance which is used to bind several things together, or to give
firmness to certain fabrics and other materials like paintings. Animal glue was the most
common woodworking glue for thousands of years until the advent of synthetic glues
such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and other resin glues in the 20th century. Today it is
used primarily in specialty applications such as latherier, pipe organ building, piano
repairs, and antique restoration. Glass artists take advantage of hide glue's ability to bond
with glass, applying hide glue to glass. As the glue hardens it shrinks, chipping the glass.
It has several advantages and disadvantages compared to other glues. The glue is applied
hot, typically with a brush or spatula.
Glue is kept hot in a glue pot, which may be an electric unit built for the purpose, a
double boiler, or simply a sauce pan or crock pot to provide a warm water bath for the
container of glue. Most animal glues are soluble in water, useful for joints which may at
some time need to be separated. Alcohol is sometimes applied to such joints to dehydrate
the glue, making it more brittle and easier to crack apart.
The significant disadvantages of hide glue are thermal limitations, short open time, and
vulnerability to micro-organisms. This is offset by several advantages. Hide glue joints
are reversible and repairable. Recently glued joints will release easily with the application
of heat and steam. Hide glue sticks to itself, so the repairer can apply new hide glue to the
joint and reclaims it. In contrast, PVA glues do not adhere to themselves once they are
cured, so a successful repair requires removal of the old glue first which usually requires
removing some of the material being glued.
Hide glue creates a somewhat brittle joint, so a strong shock will often cause a very clean
break along the joint. In contrast, a joint glued with PVA will usually break the
surrounding material, creating an irregular, difficult to repair break. This brittleness is
taken advantage of by instrument makers. For example, instruments in the violin family
require periodic disassembly for repairs and maintenance. The top of a violin is easily
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removed by prying a palette knife between the top and ribs, and running it all around the
joint. The brittleness allows the top to be removed, often without significant damage to
the wood. Re-gluing the top only requires applying new hot hide glue to the joint. If the
violin top were glued on with PVA glue, removing the top would require heat and steam
to disassemble the joint (causing damage to the varnish), then wood would have to be
removed from the joint to ensure no cured PVA glue was remaining before re-gluing the
top. [3]
2.2. Raw materials for glue production
Glue can be produced from different raw material source. Among the sources animal
waste, skin and bone of fish, from milk, starch, tree and wood plants etc.
a) Hide glue: Hide glue is used in woodworking. It may be supplied as granules, flakes,
or flat sheets, which have an indefinite shelf life if kept dry. It is dissolved in water,
heated and applied warm, typically around 150-200ºC for two-three hours.
Warmer temperatures quickly destroy the strength of hide glue. Commercial glue pots,
simple water baths or double boilers may be used to keep the glue hot while in use. As
hide glue cools, it gels quickly. At room temperature, prepared hide glue has the
consistency of stiff gelatin, which is in fact a similar composition. All glues have an open
time, the amount of time the glue remains liquid and workable. Joining parts after the
open time is expired results in a weak bond. Hide glue's open time is usually a minute or
less. In practice, this often means having to heat the pieces. Animal hides are soaked in
water to produce 'stock. The stock is then treated with lime to break down the hides. The
hides are then rinsed to remove the lime, any residue being neutralized with a weak acid
solution. The hides are heated, in water, to a carefully controlled temperature at 175ºC for
2.5 hours.
b) Casein Glue: Casein is made of skimmed milk. The principal ingredient of casein
glue is casein, which is the chief protein constituent of milk. When milk becomes sour, it
separates into curd and whey. The curd, when washed and dried, is the casein of
commerce. When made in this way, it is known as self-soured or naturally soured casein.
Casein is also precipitated by mineral acids, such as hydrochloric or sulfuric, and by
rennet. In preparing the glue, caseins precipitated by the different methods will require
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different amounts of water to produce solutions of similar viscosity. Satisfactory glues,

however, can be produced from caseins precipitated by any of these methods provided
the casein is of good quality. The starting point in the manufacture of casein is skim milk,
that is, whole milk from which the fat has been removed in the form of cream.
c) Bone Glue: At the initial stage bones are stored in free space and need to be sprayed
with phenol or other disinfectants to delay decomposition and to lower stretch. Bones are
then selected, and unwanted qualities as well as foreign materials (stones and woods etc.)
are manually separated. The selected bones are introduced in to a rotating drum to be
washed with water. The washed bones are, later on, crushed and filled into the solvent
extraction column. At this stage, bone grease is separated from the bones. In the next
step, bones are unloaded and mechanically cleaned in order to separate the fines from
bigger ones. The bigger bone is forwarded to the glue extraction unit, which makes use of
counter current flow of steam at 106°c.
The result of this sub-process is a colloidal solution containing 85% water. The solution
needs further concentration. A multi-stage concentrator is employed for this purpose. The
final concentrate is further let to sediment and is shaped in to tables. The final product is
dried and made in the form of tablet. Degreased and glue free bone is also produced
simultaneously as a by-product.
d) Water Based Glues: These are adhesives that use water as a carrier or diluting
medium, and set by allowing the water to evaporate or be absorbed by the substrate.
There are several types of water based adhesives.
e) Fish glue: Fish glue is made of fish skin containing protein (collagen).
f) Vegetable-based glues: (tapioca paste, soybean glue, starch glue): Aqueous dextrin-
based glues.
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2.3. Waste type in leather industries
Leather tanning is a production process in which animal hides are transformed by using
of water, chemicals and mechanical process. Therefore, waste water from the process will
contain high concentration of pollutants. In this respect, the character of waste water, the
pollution loads as well as the amount of solid waste depend on the type of production pro
cess including the source of the tanning. The main steps which produce waste are conclud
ed as follows;
2.3.1 Raw Hide Preservation
Preservation of raw hide/skin is not part of the actual tanning process, but is necessary to
preserve raw hides from decomposition. Salt, about 20% of the weight of raw hides, is
normally used for pickling of raw hides. In addition, bactericides and insecticides are
also used for preservation of hides/skins. Therefore, prior to the actual tanning process,
the salt must be removed which is normally carried out by washing of the raw hides.
This salt is the first type of solid waste generated by the leather tanning process [4].
2.3.2 Hide Washing and Soaking
During washing and soaking process hides are rehydrated. Surfactants and alkaline are
added for the removal of dirt. The effluents from this process contains biological oxygen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand(COD), salt, insecticides and bactericides, hair,
skin and dirt.
2.3.3 Unhairing and Liming
Liming and unhairing is one of the steps which produce effluent with very high pollution
load. Waste water discharged from this step contains residues of hair, epidermis as well
as other dirt accumulated in the hides. The combination of lime, salt and sodium sulfide
are together with bactericides and insecticides accumulate in the hides will be discharged
along with the effluent. The effluent will have high pH, high concentration of BOD,
COD, salt, sulfide, insecticides and bactericides, ammonia, alkaline and suspended solids.
Solid wastes generated are hair sludge, lime and sludge. Hydrogen sulfide gas is emitted
in case insufficient alkaline is added resulting in a pH lower than 95 [5].
2.3.4 Fleshing and Splitting
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The Hide which has been limed or unhaired will be fleshed by a scraping machine.
Subsequently the fleshed hide will be split by “splitting machine”. Main waste generated
from this step is fleshing’s and scraps from the lower part of hides. These hide scraps
have dark green color due to the reaction during the step of unhairing and liming. The
liquid effluent from this step is small in volume, and has similar composition as the
wastewater generated from the liming step but with lower concentration.
2.3.5 DE liming of Splitting’s
For deliming of splitting, ammonium chloride is added to reduce leather swelling. Acid is
introduced for neutralizing purposes, reducing the pH to 7 - 8. At the same time the
splitting is de coloured by using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent. The wastewater
generated has muddy white color containing BOD, COD, salt, sulfate, ammonium,
alkaline, suspended sludge and chloride [4].
2.3.6 Deliming and Bating pelt
Deliming and bating is used to reduce pH level of the pelt with the addition of
ammonium chloride and/or ammonium sulfate. Addition of these chemicals must be
sufficient to eliminate the action of lime completely. Enzyme or bate is added to smooth
and soften hide tissues. Therefore, wastewater generated from this step will contain BOD,
COD, salt, sulfate, ammonium, alkaline, suspended solid, and chloride. Ammonia gas is
also emitted at this step.
2.3.7 Pickling
Pickling is done to adjust pH level of the pelt to the range of 1.4 – 3.0 which is suitable
for subsequent chrome tanning. Sodium chloride or sodium sulfate and sulfuric acid are
used during pickling for the pH adjustment. The pickling takes 1- 2 hours. The wastewate
r from this step will contain acid, salt, suspended solid, BOD, and COD. Generally From
the all above process two types of wastes are disposed or extract. Those are solid tannery
waste and waste water. Here our project is concerned with solid tannery waste.
Solid waste:-Solid wastes are generated during leather processing and effluent treatment.
Although some of the wastes find limited applications, the safe disposal of the bulk of the
solid wastes has posed serious problems [6].
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The main sources of solid wastes are from trimming, fleshing, splitting and shaving
processes. The solid waste generation from tannery process in the world is estimated at 6
million tons per year [7]. At an average 80% of solid waste is generated from tanning
industry per ton of raw hide processed [8]. Out of 1000 kg of row hide, nearly 850 kg is
generated as solid wastes in leather processing. Only 150 kg of the raw material is
converted into leather. Tannery generates huge amount of solid waste as follows:
fleshing, 50-60, chrome shaving, chrome splits and buffing dust, 35 - 40; skin trimming,
5-7; and hair, 2-5%. Solid waste in the leather processing constitute; beam house, 80;
tanning, 19; finishing, 1%. The solid waste can be hydrolyzed and used as a useful
byproduct in many ways [9].
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Figure 1 Process flow diagrams of leather production
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2.4 Tanning Industries in Ethiopia

The modern tanning industry in Ethiopia started in the mid of1920’s. Recently Ethiopia’s
leather industry is in the forefront of the leather sector development within the Eastern
and Southern Africa region. The leather sector is the second largest component of
Ethiopia’s export earnings after coffee, representing 14% of the total earnings. Currently
there are 25 tanneries under operation and seven other tanneries are under establishment.
Annually, all leather industries uses 2.3 million pieces of hides and 44.3 million pieces of
skins as an input for processing with full capacity operations [10].
2.4.1 Production and waste generation capacity
The leather industry is one of the major polluting industries in Ethiopia since it generates
large amount of liquid and solid wastes. In addition, it releases obnoxious smell because
of degradation of proteins material of skin and emits greenhouse gases such as NH3, H2S,
CH4 and CO2. The solid wastes are leftover from raw trimmings, fleshing’s, chrome
shavings, buffing dusts and keratin wastes. The tanning process, with the exception of
finishing, produces 35m3 waste water on the average of per metric ton of raw hide or skin
According to UNIDO while processing tones of hide or skin 380 kg of chemical waste
and 637 kg of solid waste mainly from the raw hides are generated. There are currently
twenty four operational tanneries with daily processing capacity of 147,524 pieces of hides (211
metric tons) and 7800 pieces of skins (174 metric tons). Of the 25 tanneries twenty two of them
generate waste during pre-tanning. In the coming five years the amount of waste is expected to
increase since there is a plan to increase production. At present from the pre tanning leather
process the tanneries generate 70,104 metric tons of solid waste annually [11]. The amount solid
waste generated are shown in Figure below.
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Figure 2 annual solid waste generation capacity
2.5 Environmental Impacts of Tannery Solid Waste
Solid wastes generated from tanning industries contain different chemicals which are
used during leather manufacturing process. These tannery solid wastes have different
characteristics as different chemical and mechanical processes are applied to the raw
hides/skins. If these solid waste generated during various tanning operations are not
properly utilized or disposed they are likely to cause a number of problems on the
environment. Salt dust or de-dusted salt if stored in heaps outside the tanneries or
dumped in open dumping area is likely to be washed away during rains and cause
groundwater pollution. Hair waste and lime sludge if discharged along with the effluents
are likely to choke the drains. Raw and green fleshing’s, limed fleshing’s, splits (splitting
waste) and trimmings putrefy easily and give rise to noxious smells. In many tanneries, it
is the foul odour which emanate from some of these putrescible solid wastes which
accounts for much of the smell traditionally associated with tannery wastes. Some of the
bio-degradable tannery solid wastes are sources of pathogenic bacteria and volatile
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organic compounds emission. Vegetable and chrome tanned shavings and splits do not
easily decompose. If they are not utilized, problems of disposal are encountered. Primary
and secondary sludge obtained during the treatment of tannery wastes are also putrescible
[11]. Excess heavy metal accumulation in soil is toxic to humans and other animals.
Exposure to heavy metals is normally chronic (exposure over a longer period of time),
due to food chain transfer. Acute (immediate) poisoning from heavy metals is rare
through ingestion or dermal contact, but is possible. Some of tannery solid waste contains
chromium metal which is the most widely used in tanning industries as chromium salt
and it causes carcinogenic effect when it enters human body through food
chain. The standard safe limit for chromium metal in the soil is 150 ppm. In general
where tanning industries have long been established there has been usually a
simultaneous growth in industries which can use tannery solid wastes to produce some
valuable products. This pattern is especially helpful to the tanning industry in the case of
obnoxious rag and limed fleshing’s, trimmings and splits which are lifted by glue and
gelatin units [12].
When solid waste is disposed of on land in open dumps or in improperly designed

landfills (e.g. in low lying areas), it causes the following impact on the environment [20].
Ground Water Contamination by the Leachate Generated by the Waste Dump
Surface Water Contamination by the Run-off from the Waste Dump
Bad Odour, Pests, Rodents and Wind-Blown Litter in and Around the Waste Dump
Generation of Inflammable Gas (e.g. Methane) Within the Waste Dump
Bird Menace above the Waste Dump Which Affects Flight of Aircraft
Fires Within the Waste Dump
Erosion and Stability Problems Relating to Slopes of the Waste Dump
Epidemics Through Stray Animals
2.7. Process description of glue production from limed pelt hide
The main raw material to produce glue is trimmed limed pelt, which is one of the solid
waste from tanning industry and it is obtained after chroming process. It has basic
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property. This waste is collected from tanning industries and cutting in to small pieces to
increase the extraction efficiency. The extraction of glue process is summarized here.
 Washing and soaking: The prepared hide is washed with drum for 1 hr to
remove lime, chrome and other impurities. Then the washed hide is soaked for 7
days to enhance the extraction efficiency and after 7 days transfer it to de-limed
tank.
 De-liming: in this process the remaining lime in the hide is removed using weak
solutions of acids, such as hydrochloric or acetic acid. Then the pH value of de-
limed hide become neutral (6.5 - 7.3). Before the neutralized hide is transferred
to extraction process it rinse with water.
 Extraction of glue: after de-liming process the glue is extracting by mixing with
water. Boiling or leaching the stock is accomplished in open tanks or in
autoclaves under pressure. If white glue is desired, zinc oxide is added.
 Filtration: after the glue is extracted, the liquor of hide protein (glue) is going to
separate from residual hide using 500µm sieve. Properly filtered is used to obtain
pure products of hide glue.
 Evaporation: evaporation is the process of removing the water from the glue
using oven at 1200C. There is also other equipment used to evaporate the water
from glue using vacuum evaporator at low temperature and high pressure. But we
had used oven because of scarcity of evaporator.
 Packing: it is packaging of the produced glue using prepared material.
Raw material (trimmed hide) De-limed Boiling
Hydrochloric acid distilled Water
Packing Cooling Evaporation Filtration
Figure 3 Process flow diagram of glue production.
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3. Material and Method
3.1 Materials and Equipment

3.1.1. Materials
The main raw material used to produce glue production is trimmed hide, which is one of
solid waste in tannery industry after chroming process. Six kilogram trimmed hide is
collected from Leather Industry Development Institute (LIDI) and it is inserted into the
refrigerator in order to preserve it. All chemicals used in this study were analytical
reagent grade and collected from Addis Ababa Science and Technology University.
Table 1 activity and chemicals used for glue production
No. Activities Chemicals used

1 Washing and soaking Distilled water
2 pH adjustment Hydrochloric acid
3 Glue extraction Distilled water
4 Characterization Hydrochloric acid
5 Filtration
6 Evaporation
3.1.2. Equipment
The equipment used to run all the experiments are:
 Cutter  Water bath

 Beaker  Viscometer
 Oven  PH meter
 Magnetic stirrer  Weight balance
 Acid/base dropper  Flask
16 | P a g e
3.2. Experimental Methods

3.2.1. Frame work of the experiment
Raw material preparation Washing and soaking
Extraction of glue Characterization of soaked hide

 PH
 Moisture content
Filtration 
Characterization of glue
 Viscosity
 Jelly strength
Figure 4 Frame work of the experiment
3.2.2 Raw material preparation
Some of the trimmed hide sample is cut into small piece using knife in order to facilitate
extraction. Raw material preparation is one of the pre-condition for preparation of hide
glue. There are many methods for raw material preparation.
3.2.2.1 Washing and Soaking
The prepared hide is washed with distilled water for one hour to remove chemicals and
other dirty material that present in the hide. i.e. lime and chrome and to remove dirty
particles. Then the washed sample is soaked with water for 7 days.
17 | P a g e
3.2.3. Characterization of soaked hide
The following parameters are used to characterize the socked hide.
3.2.3.1. Moisture content
It is method of Determining of water content is the most important parameter in this

experiment
It was determined by heating 100g of sample in an oven, at 105ºC until stable weight is
reached. Then after we record mass of the dried hide.
( )
3.2.3.2 PH
PH is the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration and is a very crucial factor to
determine the dissociation of acid and structural conformation of protein. Pure water and
distilled water were used for the calibration (cleaning) of the pH meter. After the
calibration process 100 g of hide was taken in a beaker and then the electrode is
immersed in to the socked hide and had value 9.8 – 10.8. Then added the hydrochloric
acid until constant reading was attained. After some time the pH meter was read 6.8 ±
0.4. The pH value (6.8 ± 0.4) for the laboratory socked hide was almost the same as with
that of the standardized PH value of hide which is ranges from 6.5 to 7.5 which is almost
neutral.
3.2.4 Extraction of Glue
The experimental design selected for this study is full factorial design (FFD) with two
factors and three levels with two duplicate. The two factors are temperature (175 and
200ºC) and time (2.5 and 3 hrs.). Based on full factorial design method the total number
of experiment is 8. First the soaked sample is washed again and adjusted the pH value up
to 6.8 – 7.2. For each experiment 100 g soaked glue is used and mixed with 100 ml
water. Then boiled the hide and water mixture at different temperature with different time
interval.
18 | P a g e
Figure 5 Boiling of hide with water for glue extraction
3.2.5 Filtration
After the glue is extracted the glue is filtered using 500µm sieve to remove residual hide
from extracted glue. And also there are some impurities that may affect the glue. Using
medium size sieve are more effective than smaller ones. After filtration process the
residual hide was measured in order to know how much amount of glue is extracted at
each experiment
Figure 6: Filtration of glue
19 | P a g e
3.2.6 Measuring residual hide
To know the mass of residual hide helps to calculate the material and energy balance.
This residual hide is other waste extracted from glue is used for cultural jewelry and by
milling dried residual hide we can prepare furniture. Finally we propose this waste should
use for other purpose what was we explained above.
Figure 7: Measuring residual hide
3.2.6 Characterization of Glue
3.2.7.1 Determination of viscosity
Viscosity can be defined as the measurement of a liquid's resistance to flow. Viscosity is

a principal parameter when any flow measurements of fluids, such as liquids, semisolids,
gases and even solids are made. Viscosity measurements are made in conjunction with
product quality and efficiency. The viscosity of glue can be measured in the following
ways. Fill the graduated cylinder with liquid glue to be measured and mark position at the
top and bottom of cylinder. Slowly poured the experimental liquid into graduated
cylinder about half way to 3/4 of ways to top. Record the time it take for the ball to drop
to drop between the marks. Dropped the ball into the liquid glue and started the stop
watch when the bottom of the ball reaches the mark at top of cylinder.
20 | P a g e
Figure 8 Viscosities measuring using viscometer
When the ball reaches the mark you made at bottom of the cylinder, stop the stop watch.
From our experiment glue is extracted at different temperature with different time range.
The higher the temperature the more viscous glue that have got.
( )
Where t=time of travel
K is constant, and F is the working angle. First we should calculate the density of the
glue. Where
Density=0.05kg/0.042lit=1.2*10^-3kg/m3
Density=0.0012kg/m3=1.2g/cm3
There for the dynamic viscosity of glue
µ=135sec*(2.2198-1.2) gm /cm3*0.09mpa.cm3/gm*1 =12.4mpa.sec.
This is the viscosity of glue which was measured at temperature of 2000c. We can
calculate the viscosity as of glue at different temperature.
21 | P a g e
4. Results and discussion
The laboratory experiment results for determining the condition at which the produced
sample product has good quality. There are different factors that affects the quality of
hide glue, such as socking period of limed pelt, temperature effect on during extraction,
and the time taken at extraction process when we see the viscosity of the glue it has been
measured by viscometer. The time taken to travel the ball at 175°Cis lower than 200C.
Table 2 Sample record of time taken viscometer.
Run Temperature Extraction Time of Yield Average

(°C) time travel in sec time travel
1 200 3 137 56 135
1 200 2.5 133 52
2 175 3 132 63 134
2 175 2.5 136 67
1 200 3 138 48 136
1 200 2.5 134 52
2 175 3 132 61 130
2 175 2.5 128 66
4.1. Soaking period of hide (limed pelt).
Soaking of limed pelt is a process of putting or placing the washed and treated hide in
water containing material. Two types of hide soaking system are conducted in our
experiment by varying of soaking time. The first experiment was conducted by soaking
of treated limed pelt for 1hr using distilled water. Treating the limed and washed hide
with hydrochloric acid (HCl) is also a process which is conducted in this laboratory
experiment. During this process when the limed hide is treated with diluted (2% of
hydrochloric acid) solution or very weak solution, its pH value is decreased obviously
because when the hide was treated with 10% lime water solution its pH value was
increased or was got basic property. This soaked hide was not effective regarding the
yield and it was less viscous. On the other hand, when the hide was soaked for long
period of time it starts destruction of the hide and the collagen part of hide are ready to
22 | P a g e
extract easily at working temperature. We have compared the product quality at two
different socking periods at 1hr and 7days. When we see the glue quality at which glue
was extracted at one hour soaking period, the product had low yield, less viscous, not
have enough potential to bind several things together. The second experiment was
conducted by soaking of the treated hide for 7days using distilled water. On 7 days
soaking hide (limed pelt) the collagen found in hide was easy to extract at working
temperature. Due to such reason there is significant difference in product quality. The
product which produced from 7 days soaking was too good quality, it was so viscous,
high yield, and has enough potential to bind several things together. Since it is so viscous
and jelly it is not directly used without pre heating. Our experiment was conducted using
the hide which was soaked for 7 days. Hence the soaking period increase, the product
quality and yield also increased.
From these result it is concluded that the glue can have good quality when limed pelt is
soaked for 7days days with 10% lime water solution.
4.2 Temperature effect on extraction of glue
Temperature is one of the most useful and significant factor in determining the quality of
hide glue during extraction process. The working temperatures were 175 and 2000c.
There were other temperatures values that we try to conduct the experiments 70,
120,150,175, 200°C temperature values that were we used. But at low and high
temperature the yield were not effective. We have got good quality of glue at temperature
of 175$2000c. When the temperature was increased from 175 to 200°C the jelly strength
and the viscosity of the hide glue also decreased. Though, increasing the temperature
above 2000c have got little yield due to glue bonded with the residual and cannot easily
filter glue. When we have worked at temperature of 250ºC the yield was very small but it
is too viscous. When the temperature was below 150ºC the viscosity was small. Generally
0our working temperature range was between 150ºC, 175ºC and 200°c for good extraction
of hide glue. But our experiment was conducted with temperature of 175°C and 200°C. If
we take the sample yield and viscosity against temperature
Table 3 yield, viscosity vs. temperature
23 | P a g e
Temperature (0c) Yield1 Yield 2 Average yield Viscosity

70 10 12 11 0.002
120 18 21 19.5 0.012
150 49 53 51 0.1
175 63 67 65 6.14
200 51 58 54.5 12.39
250 14 17 15.5 13.01
70
65
60
55
50 51
yield, viscosity
40
30 temperature vs yield
temperature vs viscosity
20 20
16
13.39 13.01
10 11
6.14
0 0.1
0.002 0.012
0 100 200 300
temprature (0c)
Figure 9 effect of temperature on viscosity and yield
4.3 Time effect on extraction
Time is one of major factor that affects quality and quantity hide glue during extraction
process. It had direct relationship with yield and viscosity of products. The working time
was 2.5 and 3 hours. Increasing the time during extraction was also increasing the yield
and the viscosity of the glue. But when extraction time is increased the above 3hrs the
yield was too little due to the glue couldn’t filter easily since the glue had bind with
residual hide. Generally we understood for good extraction and to get good quality of
hide glue the extraction working time should be 2-3hours.
24 | P a g e
Table 4 extraction time vs viscosity, yield at same temperature (1750c)
Time (hrs) Yield (%) Viscosity

1 5 0.0001
1.5 15 0.021
2 46 0.1
2.5 61 6.14
3 51 13.01
70
60 61
50 51
46
yield viscosity ,
40
30 time vs yield
20 time vs viscosity
15 13.01
10
5 6.14
0 0.00010.021 0.1
0 1 2 3 4
-10
time
Figure 10 Time effect on extraction

Finally we observed from our experiment the highest amount of glue is extracted at
temperature of 1750c and at time of 2.5hour. Conduct the experiment on this temperature
and time value is advisable.
25 | P a g e
5. Material and Energy balance.
Material quantities, as they pass through processing operations, can be described by

material balances. Such balances are statements on the conservation of mass. Similarly,
energy quantities can be described by energy balances, which are statements on the
conservation of energy. If there is no accumulation, what goes into a process must come
out. This is true for batch operation. It is equally true for continuous operation over any
chosen time interval. Material and energy balances are very important in an industry.
Material balances are fundamental to the control of processing, particularly in the control
of yields of the products. The first material balances are determined in the exploratory
stages of a new process, improved during pilot plant experiments when the process is
being planned and tested, checked out when the plant is commissioned and then refined
and maintained as a control instrument as production continues. The increasing cost of
energy has caused the industries to examine means of reducing energy consumption in
processing. Energy balances are used in the examination of the various stages of a
process, over the whole process and even extending over the total production system
from the raw material to the finished product [13]. In the case of this study, the need to
conduct material and energy balance on major unit operations was to scale up all the
parameters used in the laboratory. Material and energy balance is used to study the
economic feasibility and the economic analysis.
5.1 Material balance
A. Material balance on laboratory scale
1. Water added 1liter for washing & soaking.
2. Water added in the second sample =100ml for boiling at T=1750c

3. Water added in the third sample = 100ml for boiling at T=2000c
4. Hydrochloric acid added 20ml with normality of 0.1N
5. Normal salt which is used in soaking system = 30g
6. Extracted liquid glue produced is =60, 55g from the first, second sample respectively.
26 | P a g e
7. Extracted hot hide =65, 60g respectively
8. Heating temperature for (boiling) extraction unit = 175,200oC
9. Concentrating temperature = 30oC
B). Material balance on soaking tank (industrial level)

The trimmed hide solid waste reduces the total hide weight 12%.
Let H= the weight hide to be soaked.
D = the weight of hair and other unwanted materials. We take data of raw hide soaked
for ELICO tannery. It uses 800kg/day for socking purpose. Therefore; the amount of the
hair and dirt materials is calculated as follow: 12% *800kg/day =96kg/day.
Water=70m3
Socking tank
Raw hide=800kg/day soaked hide=m=?
hair and other dirtiy material, D=96kg/day
So, this amount of soaked hide per day =800kg/day–96kg/day =704kg/day of soaked
hide.
C). Material balance on solvent extraction unit
From the above data (from material balance of the soaking tank) 704kg of soaked hide is
produced per day. This amount should be goes to the next process which is extraction
using water as a solvent.
From the literature review for the processing of 1kg animal hide needs 1.5liters of water.
From this 3/4 water is assumed to be evaporated. By scaling up the efficiency of the
extractor and sieve of the laboratory, it can be calculated the material balance as follows:
27 | P a g e
Water=1.056 m3
Solvent extraction at
Soaked hide=704 kg/day 1750c residue=650 kg/day
Extracted hide glue, Q=?
Let –amount of water added=1.056 m3
Density=mass/volume. Mass=1.056 m3 *1000 kg/m3 =1056 kg
Therefore, from first law of thermodynamics:
Input=Output
1056 kg +704 kg = 650 kg+ 1056 kg*0.75 + Q
Q =318 kg. This amount of liquor gelatin (the liquid glue) is to be concentrate and chill.
Since there is no significant change of mass in those unit operations, this amount of glue
product should be packed. Therefore: 318kg of glue is produced from 800kg of raw
animal hide per day.
5.2. Energy balance

A). Energy balance on solvent extraction unit
Solvent extraction
m2=650 kg/day
at 175°C
Soaked hide m1=704 kg/day residual hide, T=175ºC
T=25°C
Product, m3=318kg/day
T3=175°C
The solvent unit extractor pressure is controlled under vacuum pressure in order to
maintain the extraction temperature at 175oc
1. Enthalpy of the extracted liquid (h3) @175oc is 2940KJ/Kg (thermodynamics table)
2. Specific heat capacity of the raw animal hide is 35 KJ/Kg.°C (thermodynamicstable)
28 | P a g e
3. Enthalpy of the soaked hide (feed), h1 = 35 KJ/Kg.°C * 25ºC = 875KJ/Kg

4. Enthalpy of the extracted hide (h2) = 35 KJ/Kg.°C *175oc = 6125KJ/Kg
Therefore; the heat required in the extractor unit is estimate s follow:
Qtotal =m2*h2+m3*h3-m1*h1
= 2940 KJ/Kg *318 Kg +650 Kg *6125 KJ/Kg – 704 Kg *875 KJ/Kg = 57.3 kwa
5.3. Equipment sizing
A. Volume of storage (soaking) tank
Mass of the hide = 800kg
Density of animal hide = 1540kg/m3
Vm=800kg/1540kg/m3, Vm=0.52m3
Volume of extractor
Density of animal glue = 1540kg/m3
=650kg/1540 kg /m 3 = 0.422m3 = 422lit
29 | P a g e
6. Economic analysis
In general, the overall costs of a plant in a hide glue extraction unit are direct and/or
indirect costs. Direct expenses include fixed costs and operating costs. Fixed cost mainly
covers a design and equipment purchase while the operating costs consist of raw material,
labors, chemical supply, as well as the utility.
The indirect expenses include issues like tax, insurance, depreciation sales, maintenance
and repair etc. Subtracting direct and indirect costs from sales income leads to gross-
profit. The chemical engineers are responsible to design the process and make economic
evaluation. The evaluation determines whether one should undertake the project, abandon
it, continue with it (but with further research) or take it to the pilot plant stage. Even if
insufficient technical information is available to design a plant completely, we must still
make and economic evaluation to determine if it is economically and financially feasible.
The economic evaluation of a process proceeds in several steps. These are:-
 Preparing a process flow diagram

 Calculating mass and energy flow
 Sizing major equipment
 Estimating the production cost
 Forecast the product sales price
 Estimating the return on investment
The ultimate purpose for developing such a detailed process design and cost estimate is to
determine the economics feasibility of glue production from hides. The total capital
investment (TCI) is first computed from the total equipment purchased cost. Next,
variable and fixed operating costs are determined.
6.1 Total capital investment (TCI)
Total capital investment is the sum of fixed capital and working capital investments. Next
step is to determine the installed cost of that equipment. The installation cost can be
30 | P a g e
determined by performing a detailed study of everything required to install the necessary

equipment and make it operational. There are as many methodologies for computing the
total installed cost of capital equipment as there are textbooks on plant design and
economics. The purchased cost for a given component reflects a baseline equipment size.
As changes are made to the process, the equipment size required may be different than
what was originally designed. Instead of re costing in detail, an exponential scaling expre
ssion was used:
( )
Where n is a characteristic scaling exponent (typically in the range of 0.6 to 0.7) based
upon some characteristic of the equipment related to production capacity.
Estimation of Purchased Estimate Cost
The attachment shown below is to show the calculation for present cost of equipment
based on the Marshall Swift cost index of 1,000.
Table 5: Estimation of unit operation equipment cost.
S. No Description Capacity Qty (ET) Birr
1 Washer 100 kg/hr 1 54,330

2 Soaking tank 520l iter 2 330,960
3 Liming tank 0.5 m3 1 169,200
4 Extractor 0.42 m3 2 53,784

5 Belt convers 5m 3 290,000
6 Cooler 2.8m2 2 79,200
7 Pump 0.084hp 1 71,634
8 Storage tank 0.52m3 2 44,397.72
Total cost of equipment=1,093,505birr
Once it has been determined the total equipment cost in the year of interest, it must add
several other direct and indirect costs to determine the total capital investment (TCI).
A). Direct cost
31 | P a g e
The direct costs in a hide glue extraction unit cover 30–

70% of total production expenses. This cost rises directly with the price of raw material,
labour and the utility, etc. Purchased equipment, Purchased equipment installation,
Instrumentation and control, Instrumentation and control, Piping & electrical (installed),
Building, Yard improvement, Service facility and Land costs are grouped under direct
cost.
B). indirect cost
The annual production rate is not dependent on indirect costs, the list of which is shown
below, while there are other general costs that are required to be considered and are not
directly related to the operating or fixed costs. These are also the sales, marketing,
research and development as well as administrative costs for which an approximate
amount of 5% of the total investment is considered. Insurance (1% FCI), Depreciation
(10 % FCI), Maintenance (2%FCI), Property tax (1 % FC)
Table 6: direct and indirect cost
Direct cost Factor(%) Cost(ETB)
Purchased equipment 40 437,402
Purchased equipment installation 10 109,350

Instrumentation and control 5 54,675
Piping & electrical(installed) 10 109,350
Building 10 109,350
Yard improvement 3 32,805
Service facility 15 164,025
Land 1 10,935
Total plant direct cost(TPDC)=∑DC 1,027,892
32 | P a g e
Indirect cost(IDC) Factor
Engineering and supervision 20 218,701
Construction and expense 10 109,350
Indirect cost(IDC)=∑ID 328,051

Total indirect and direct cost(TIDC)=TPDC+IDC 1,355,943
Contractors fee (CF) 5 54,675.25

Contingency (C) 10 109,350
Fixed capital investment (FCI) = TIDC + CF + C 1,519,968
Working capital (WC) 20 218,701
Total capital investment (TCI) = FCI + WC 1,738,669
There are two types of cost based on what we use.
1) Variable Operating Costs

Variable operating costs, which include raw materials, waste handling charges, and by-
product credits, are incurred only when the process is operating. Quantities of raw
materials used and wastes produced were determined using the material balance
Table 7: variable operating costs
Items Factor Cost (ET)Birr

1 Raw material 20%FCI 303,993
2 Operating labor(L) 26*12*1056 329,472
3 Direct supervisor and clerical labor 0.1L 1,035
4 Utility (electric& water cost) 500m3*2730kh 45,000
5 Maintenance & repair 0.06FCI 91,198
6 Operating supplies 0.1M&R 9,118.9
Total direct production cost 779,816
33 | P a g e
2). Fixed Operating Costs

Fixed operating costs are generally incurred in full whether or not the plant is producing
at full capacity. These costs include labor and various overhead items. The number of
employees was estimated by considering the likely degree of automation for each area
and adding a reasonable number of management and support employees. Salaries were
estimated by using commercially available salary. A 90% labor burden is applied to the
salary total and covers items such as safety, general engineering, general plant
maintenance, payroll overhead (including benefits), plant security, janitorial and similar
services, phone, light, heat, and plant communications.
Table 8: Fixed operating costs
S. No Items Factor Cost(ET) Birr
1 Depreciation 0.1FCI 151,997
2 Local taxes 0.02FCI 30,399
3 Insurance 0.005FCI 7599
4 Rent 0.8(land building) 16,572
Total fixed charges= 206,567
Table 3 Plant overhead cost
s.No Items Factor Cost(ET) Birr

1 Plant overhead cost 0.5OL 164,736
Manufacturing cost = direct production cost (variable) + fixed operating cost +

plant overhead cost.
Manufacturing cost= 1,151,119birr
Table 10: General expense cost
S. No Items Factor Cost(ET) Birr
34 | P a g e
1 Administrative cost 0.5L 5175
2 Distribution and sell cost 0.2L 2070
Total general expense 7245
6.2. Economic evaluation

I.Net income, Payback time and return on investment Gross earn cost
Current price animal glue = 40-50 Birr/kg based on current price. We take 40 Birr/kg
Annual revenue=35x318kg/day x 300days/year=3,816,000Birr/year
Total production cost =1,738,669Birr
Gross annual profit =Annual revenue-Total production cost=3,339,000Birr/year-

1,738,669Birr =1,600,331.1Birr/year
-Income after tax (35%) ==1,600,331.1Birr/year x (1 - 0.35) =1,040,215 Birr/year
Net profit= Gross annual profit – depreciation)*(1-0.35)=(1,600,331.1Birr/year-

151997)*0.65
=941,417birr/year
% profit= Net income/ Total production cost
=% profit=58.8%
Percent rate of return
Net income = 941,417birr/year
Total capital investment 1,738,669Birr
*100
35 | P a g e
ROR=54%
Payback period -Project life is assumed 10years and we use straight line method
Depreciation=FCI/10=1,519,968/10=151,968birr
( )
, PBP=2.2years
Finally the payback period is so good. Because of the affordable payback period is 2-
5years.
36 | P a g e
7. Conclusions and Recommendations

7.1. Conclusions
Animal hide glue is useful for woodworking and veneer work which it can be sold as
flake that can be mixed with water, heated, and applied hot Soaking, liming and treating
with diluted hydrochloric acid of the raw hide were examined manually. Varying process
mechanisms for soaking and liming were cause significant change in the quality glue.
Two types of soaking have been conducted. Very long and short soaking time has
negative effect on the yield of glue. Long period of soaking have high quality and yield
of glue. Different quality measurements parameters have been conducted. The pH value
for the two samples of glue was almost at the desired (optimum) states which are almost
neutral. Soaking time has also negative effect on the odor of the glue. Soaking for long
period of time was changed the odor of the glue in to pungent odor. Reversibility of the
glue was determined using one of the most interesting properties of hide glue which is the
ability to pass from liquid to jelled state upon cooling, and then revert to the liquid state
upon re-heating.
Based on the economic analysis with total capital investment the net profit, the payback
period, all cost what we do is so good. Finally we can conclude that the project is
feasible. Based on the economic analysis with total capital investment of 1,738,669birr
and total production cost of 1,600,331birr, the net income is 914,417birr with rate of
return, payback period of 58.8%, 2years
37 | P a g e
7.2. Recommendations
 Around tannery industries, there is a waste from hide processing that is trimmings of
hides not suitable for leather making .Therefore, it is recommended to build glue making
glue plant around tanneries for waste prevention as well as for import minimization.
 Age of animals may affect the extractability of and functional properties of the glue.
Therefore it is recommended to make further study on effect of animal age efficiency of
the glue.
 In this study the physico-chemical, compositional and external factor characteristics of
glue, such as pH, moisture content, ash content, color and viscosity are studied .But, it is
also suggested that further study should be done to characterize jelly strength, protein
content, fat content and other properties of the glue.
38 | P a g e
Reference
1. Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007, Federal Negarit Gazeta of the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
2. (http://www.cool conservations.org/don/dt1500.html).
3. http://www.woodtreks.com.1549).
4. Kanagaraj, Velappan, Babu, & Sadulla, 2006).
5. (G.Boshoff, Duncan, & P.D.Rose,2004).
6. Bio-info Publications, International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710,
Volume 1, Issue 2, 200970
7. Palanisamy Thanikaivelan et al, Recent Trends in Leather Making: Processes,
Problems, and Pathways, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,
35:37–79,2005
8. Dr. S Rajamani, World Environmental Update in Leather Sector - Bio-Energy
Generation from Tannery Effluent and Solid Wastes, Leather News India, September
2010
9. J. Kanagraj, Velappen K.C., Chandra Babu N.K., Sadulla S., Solid Wastes Generation
in The Leather Industry and Its Utilization For Cleaner Environment-A Review, Journal
of Scientific and Industrial Research, 65, 2006, 541-548.
10. (Ethiopian leather development institute 2010).
11. (J.Buljan, J.Ludvik, & G.Reich, 2000).
12. Anita Singh, Rajesh Kumar Sharma et al, Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Toxicity Through
Contaminated Vegetables from Waste Water Irrigated Area of Varanasi, India, International
Society for Tropical Ecology, 51(2S): 375-387, 2010
39 | P a g e
Appendix A
Terminology
Glue: is a sticky substance which is used to bind several things together, or to give
firmness to certain fabrics and other materials like paintings
Magnetic stirrer: it is used for heating process in order to extract the glue from the hide.
Extraction; the process used to separate the glue from hide using temperature
Yield: it is the ratios of output product per input
Limed Pelt: it is used to unhaired the hide by scarping machine.
Soaking: is a process of putting or placing the washed and treated hide in water
containing material
Solid waste: it is a disposal waste of materials that are not used during the process.
Pickling: used to adjust the pH level that is used for efficient extraction
40 | P a g e
Appendix B
Table 4 Waste generation capacity of the tanning industry
No Daily producti Daily Waste generation Plant

on (pieces) production capacity locatio
(tonnes) n
Name of tannery
Skin Hide Skin Hide Solid Waste
waste/y water/yr
r
1 Ethiopia Tannery 14500 1300 21.75 33.280 9906 495,000 Ejersa
Sc
2 Dire Tannery 6000 600 9.000 15.360 4383 219,000
3 Hafde Tannery 9000 500 13.500 12.800 4734 236,700 A.A
Plc.
4 Wallia Tannery 7000 300 10.500 7.680 3273 163,500 A.A
Plc
5 Batu Tannery Plc. 3000 700 4.500 17.920 4035 201,600 A.A
6 Modjo Tannery 5700 200 8.550 5.120 2460 122,700 Modjo
Sc
7 ELICO 15000 800 22.500 20.480 7737 386,700 A.A
8 Bahir Dar Tanner 3000 100 4.500 2.560 1272 63,300 Bahir
y Plc dar
9 Blue Nile 5000 0 7.500 0 1350
Tannery
10 D/brehan Tannery 6500 0 9.700 0 1746 87,300 d/birha
n
11 Addis Ababa 900 0 1.350 0 2430 12,000 A.A
Tannery
12 Sheba Tannery 6000 300 9.000 7.680 3003 150,000 Wukro
13 kolba Tannery 9000 400 13.500 10.240 4272 213,600 Mojo
41 | P a g e
14 Mersa Tannery 10000 500 15.000 12.800 5004 520,200 Mersa

Plc
15 Bale Tannery Plc 0 600 0 15.360 2766 138,000
16 Kombolcha Tann 5000 0 7.500 0 0 0 Kom
ery
17 Hora Tannery Plc 4700 0 7.050 0 1269 63,300 d/zeyt
18 Gellan Tannery 4000 0 6.000 0 1080 54,000 Gelan
PLc
19 Dessie Tannery 5000 0 7.500 0 1350 67,500
Plc
20 Abay Tannery 4000 0 6.000 0 1080 54,000
PLc
21 Mesaco Global 3000 0 4.500 0 810 40,500
Tannery
22 Shoa Tannery Plc 6000 500 9000 12.80 3924 196,200
23 Crystal Tannery 7000 1000 0 0 0 0
24 China Africa 8224 0 12,336 0 2220 111,000
Tannery
25 Awash tannery 6500 0 4500 10.5 4000 152,00 A.A
Total 147,52 7800 210.74 174.08 70,104 3,393,600
4 0
(Source: Ethiopian leather development institute)
42 | P a g e

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Extraction of Glue from Trimmed Hide

Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College Of Biological and Chemical Engineering

Department Of Chemical Engineering

Extraction Glue from trimmed hide

Advisor: WEYNISHET FEREDE

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Glue production from tannery solid waste (trimmed limed pelt)

Final Year Project Paper Submitted to Department of Chemical

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College Of Biological and Chemical Engineering

Department Of Chemical Engineering

Extraction Glue from trimmed hide

3.2.1. Frame work of the experiment..................................................................................... 17

Table 1 activity and chemicals used for glue production ................................................. 16

Figure 1 Process flow diagrams of leather production .................................................... 11

LIDI; Ethiopian leather development institute

PVA; polyvinyl acetate

Plc. private limited company

ELICO; Ethio-Leather Industry Private Limited Company

GDP; Growth and development plan

1.2. Problem of Statements

1.3.2. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this study are: -

 To characterize trimmed hide glue.

1.4. Significance of the study

1.5. Expected Outcomes

1.6. Scope of the research work

different amounts of water to produce solutions of similar viscosity. Satisfactory glues,

2.3. Waste type in leather industries

2.3.6 Deliming and Bating pelt

Figure 1 Process flow diagrams of leather production

2.4 Tanning Industries in Ethiopia

2.4.1 Production and waste generation capacity

Figure 2 annual solid waste generation capacity

2.5 Environmental Impacts of Tannery Solid Waste

When solid waste is disposed of on land in open dumps or in improperly designed

2.7. Process description of glue production from limed pelt hide

Raw material (trimmed hide) De-limed Boiling

Hydrochloric acid distilled Water

Packing Cooling Evaporation Filtration

Figure 3 Process flow diagram of glue production.

3. Material and Method

3.1 Materials and Equipment

Table 1 activity and chemicals used for glue production

No. Activities Chemicals used

The equipment used to run all the experiments are:

 Cutter  Water bath

3.2. Experimental Methods

Raw material preparation Washing and soaking

Extraction of glue Characterization of soaked hide

Figure 4 Frame work of the experiment

3.2.2 Raw material preparation

3.2.2.1 Washing and Soaking

3.2.3. Characterization of soaked hide

The following parameters are used to characterize the socked hide.

3.2.3.1. Moisture content

It is method of Determining of water content is the most important parameter in this

3.2.4 Extraction of Glue

Figure 5 Boiling of hide with water for glue extraction

Figure 6: Filtration of glue

3.2.6 Measuring residual hide

µ=135sec(2.2198-1.2) gm /cm30.09mpa.cm3/gm*1 =12.4mpa.sec.