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(ii)
M+(g) + e− + Cl(g)
∆Hat of M(s)
M+Cl−(s) [2]
Deduct ½ mark for each mistake or omission (including states).
Do not penalise if standard is omitted.
If mention that this is a theoretical case and therefore M cannot be placed in the
Periodic Table ⇒ 1 mark.]
(i) ∆H1 = - nw cθ
nx,a
∆H2 = +(100/18)(75.6)(1.0)
(13. 0/250)
= +8077 J mol−1 = + 8.077 kJ mol−1 [1]
[if no sign ⇒ no mark; if wrong sign ⇒ no mark.]
(iii) ∆H1
X(s) + large quantity of water →X(aq)
(vi) The sources of errors and their methods of minimizing the errors are as follows :
(1) Heat will be absorbed by the container; determine the value of heat capacity of it
or use a container of known heat capacity.
(2) The molar heat capacity of solution X may not be equal to that of water; determine
the actual value of the molar heat capacity of the solution.
(3) Heat is lost to and gained from the surroundings; insulate the container with a thick
Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 3
layer of bad conductor or used a vacuum flask.
(4) There is dilution effect to cause further heat change; use smaller quantities of solid
in powder form so that it can dissolve rapidly.
(5) The anhydrous salt may already absorb moisture in air; gentle heat the sample for
several hours and keep it in a desiccator before experiment.
(ANY THREE OF THE ABOVE) [3]
[Award ½ mark for the source and ½ mark for the method of minimizing the error.]
(ii) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) (no physical state, zero mark) [1]
Temp. rise = 8.5 C ± 0.1 (36.1 − 27.6)
o
[1]
assuming the density of the solution is the same as that of water,
∴ mass of solution = 50 g
0.1
∆H1 = −8.5 x 50/1000 x 4.2 ÷ [1]
24.3
= −433.8 kJ mol−1 (range allowed −428 to −439 kJ mol−1) [1]
answer : no unit −1 mark
no negative sign −1 mark (or exothermic in words)
(iii)
Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 4
By Hess’s Law
∆Hf + ∆H2 = ∆H1 + ∆H3 + ∆H4 (complete cycle : either zero or ½ mark.)
(c) From (b) (ii), energy released by stearic acid (or fats) is about 2½ times that of glucose (or
starches-polymer of glucose).
Since animals have to move about with their energy supply they prefer the high energy-per
gram feature of fats.
Plants are stationary so weight consideration is not important. [3]
85 IIA Q.2 (a) (i) No. of moles of acid / base in 50 cm3 of 2 M solution
= 2 x 50/1000 = 0.1 [1]
Total volume of solution = (50 + 50) cm3 = 100 cm3 = 100 g
In Experiment (I) :
Heat produced by the reaction between 0.1 mole of acid and 0.1 mole of base = mcθ
Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 5
= 100 x 4.2 x 13.0 = 5460 J [1]
Enthalpy of neutralization, ∆H1 = 5460 x 1/0.1 = −54600 J mol−1
= −54.6 kJ mol−1 [1]
(sign and dimension)
In Experiment (II) :
Heat produced by the reaction between 0.1 mole of acid and 0.1 mole of base = mcθ
= 100 x 4.2 x 10.5 = 4410 J [1]
Enthalpy of neutralization, ∆H2 = 44.10 x 1/0.1 = −44100 J mol−1
= −44.1 kJ mol−1 [1]
The dissociation(ionization) of RCO2H absorbs some energy. [1]
87 IIA Q.2 (a) (i) Since ½O2(g) + H2(g) → H2O(g) −242.76 kJ mol−1 [1]
H2O(g) → H2O(l) −39.48 kJ mol−1 [1]
sum of these two equations
½O2(g) + H2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = − 242.76 − 39.48
= − 282.24 kJ mol−1 [1]
(ii) want :
CH3COOH(l) → CH4(g) + CO2(g)
CH3COOH(l) → 2C(s) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) 488.88 kJ mol−1 [1]
CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) → CH4(g) + 2O2(g) 809.34 kJ mol−1 [1]
2C(s) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) 2(−394.8) kJ mol −1
[1]
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) 2(−242.76) kJ mol −1
[1]
∆H = 488.88 + 809.34 − 789.6 − 485.52 = 23.1 kJ [1]
(ii) Equipment : Calorimeter (beaker or plastic cup, stirrer, constant temperature bath,
insulation, electrical heater); thermometer or thermocouple, measuring cylinder or
burette, pipette; balance.
½ mark each for a container with insulation
½ mark for a temperature measuring device (or a calorimeter)
Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 7
½ mark for a volume measuring device
½ mark for a weight measuring device.
92 IIA Q.1 (b) (i) The standard enthalpy of formation of a compound is the standard enthalpy change
that occurs when one mole of the compound is made from its constituent elements
under standard conditions (298 K and 1 atmospheric pressure).
e.g. C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) → C2H5OH(l) ∆Hf°(C2H5OH) [1]
93 IIA Q.3 (b) (i) [1] ∆(g) + 9/2O2(g) → 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g) ∆H = −2090 kJ mol−1
[2] C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 4H2O(l) + 3CO2(g) ∆H = −2220 kJ mol−1
[3] H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = −285.8 kJ mol−1
(or energy cycle: 1 mark)
[1] + [3] − [2]
∆(g) + H2(g) → CH3CH2CH3(g) [1]
∆H = −2090 − 285.8 + 2220 [1]
= −156.8 kJ mol−1 [1]
94 IIA Q.2 (a) (i) ∆H°298 = ∆Hc°298(graphite) + 2∆Hc°298 (H2(g)) − ∆Hf°298(CH4(g)) [1]
= −393.5 + 2(-285.9) − (−75.0)
= −890.3 kJ [1]
(ii) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + CO2(g) ∆H = −801.7 kJ
−) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + CO2(g) ∆H = −890.3 kJ
2H2O(l) → 2H2O(g) ∆H = 88.6 kJ [1]
∆H°vaporization(H2O) = 44.3 kJ [1]
(1)
+ −
or H2C=CH-CH=CH2 ↔ H2C−CH=CH−CH2 ↔ etc. (1)
97 IIA Q.2 (c) ∆Hf [CH3CH2OH(l)] = 2∆Hf [CO2(g)] + 3∆Hf [H2O(l)] − ∆Hc [CH3CH2OH(l)]
or using energy cycle
or = 2(−393.5) + 3(−285.8) − (−1336.9) [2]
= −307.5 kJ mol−1 [2]
(1 mark for numerical answer; 1 mark for wrong or missing unit.) [4]
Note: Wrong answer ⇒ no unit mark.
1
98 IA Q.1 (c)(i)∆Hθlatt [NaCl(s)]=∆Hθf [NaCl(s)] − ∆Hθatom [Na(s)] − ∆Hθdiss [Cl2(g)]−∆HθI.E, [Na(g)]−∆Hθ E.A[ Cl(g)]
2
(2)
1
∆Hθlatt [NaCl(s)] = (−411) − (495) − (239) − (108) − (−349)
2
= −784.5 kJ mol-1 (−785 kJ mol-1) (1 )
(ii) AgCl has a strong covalent character / the electronegativity difference between Ag (½ )
and Cl is small.
Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 10
Ionic model is not applicable in the case of AgCl. (½ )
− 242 ×1000
98 IIAQ.2 (c) (i) (1) ∆H =
18
= −13.4 MJ kg-1 / −1.34 × 104 kJ kg-1 (1)
(Accept answers from –13.3 to –13.5 MJ kg-1, deduct ½ marks for omitting
the sign; award 0 marks for +13.4 MJ kg-1 )
(3 marks)
∆Hc[CH4 (g)]
∆H1 ∆H2
CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
(iii) The value – 888 kJ mol-1 is an experimental value because the standard molar enthalpies
of formation are obtained indirectly from experimentally determined enthalpy changes of
combustion. (½)
The value – 828 kJ mol-1 differs from – 888 kJ mol-1 to a greater extent because the bond
dissociation enthalpies are average enthalpy values and may be determined by interpretation
of data such as that obtained from spectroscopy. (½ )
The value calculated in (i) is more reliable / accurate / close to the true value than the value
calculate in (ii). (1 )
01 IIA Q.2 (a) (i) +149 + 2188 + ½(498) + 650 + ∆Hlattice = − 602 (2)
(Accept answer in form of energy cycle.)
∆Hlattice = − 602 − 149 − 2188 − ½(498) − 650
= − 3838 kJ mol-1 (1)
(2 marks for method; 1 mark for answer)
Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 13
(ii) Principle of the experiment : (2)
Determine ∆H for the reactions
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) ∆H1
MgO (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) ∆H2 (1)*
∆Hf[MgO(s)] = ∆H1 − ∆H2 + ∆Hf[H2O (l)] (1)*
Determination of ∆H2 ;
Repect the experiment using MgO (s) instead of Mg (s). Concentration of MgCl2 (1)
in the resulting solution should be the same as that in the original experiment.