A

As coal mines became deeper, the problems of draining water, bringing in fresh air, and
_____________ to the surface increased.
(A)transporting ore
(B)to transport ore
(C)how ore is transported
(D)ore is transporting

As late as 1890, Key West, with a population of 18,000, ______________ Florida's largest city.
(A)that was
(B)to be
(C)was
(D)it was

A mastery of calculus depends on ___________ of algebra.

(A)an understanding
(B)is understood
(C)to understand
(D)understand

Agnes De Mille's landmark musical play Oklahoma! was ____________ of story, music, and dance.
(A)successfully combined
(B)a successful combination
(C)to combine successfully
(D)successful combining

Algonkian-speaking Native Americans greeted the Pilgrims ________ settled on the eastern shores of
what is now New England.

A) Who
B) Of which
C) Which
D) To whom

A regional writer with a gift for dialect, __________ her fiction with the eccentric, comic, but vital
inhabitants of rural Mississippi.

A) Eudora Welty peoples

B) Because Eudora Welty peoples
C) And Eudora Welty is peopling
D) Eudora Welty, to people

Any critic, teacher, librarian, or poet who hopes to broaden poetry's audience faces the difficult
challenge of persuading skeptical readers _________.
(A) that poetry is important today
(B) for poetry to be important today
(C) to be important poetry today
(D) poetry that is important today
Although ______________ cold climates, they can thrive in hot, dry climates as well.
A) sheep adapted well
B) sheep are well adapted to
C) sheep, well adapted to
D) well-adapted sheep

____________ American landscape architects was Hideo sasaki

A) Of the one most famous
B) One of the most famous
C) The one most famous of
D) The most famous one of

Associated with the Denishawn company from 1916 until 1923, Martha Graham developed a powerful,
__________ that was integral to the foundations of modern dance.
A) Expressive style
B) Stylishly expressive
C) Expressively stylish
D) A style expressive

As consumers' response to traditional advertising techniques declines, businesses are beginning

________ new methods of reaching customers.

(A) the development that

(B) it developing
(C) develop
(D) to develop

B
By the end of 1609, Galileo had a 20-power telescope that enabled him to see ______planets revolving
around Jupiter.
(A) the call
(B) he called
(C) to call him
(D) what he called

_____________ because of the complexity of his writing, Henry James never became a popular
writer, but his works are admired by critics and other writers.
(A)It may be
(B)Perhaps
(C)Besides
(D)Why is it

Because it was so closely related to communication, ________ art form to develop.

A) Early drawing probably
B) The earliest draw
C) Drawing was probably the earliest
D) To draw early was probably
 C
Coral islands such as the Maldives are the tips of reefs built during periods of warm climate, when
_______ higher.
(A) were sea levels
(B) sea had levels
(C) having sea level
(D) sea levels were

Charles Darwin's first scientific book, published in 1842, _____ a since substantiated theory on the
origin of coral reefs and atolls.
(A) to present
(B) presented
(C) presenting
(D) it presents

Certain fish eggs contain droplets of oil, ______________ to float on the surface of the water.
(A)allowing them
(B)allows them
(C)they are allowed
(D)this allows them

Considered America's first great architect,___________________.

(A)many of the buildings at Harvard University were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson
(B)Henry Hobson Richardson designed many of the buildings at Harvard University
(C)Harvard University has many buildings that were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson
(D)it was Henry Hobson Richardson who designed many of the buildings at Harvard University

Coins last approximately twenty times ________ paper bills.

A) long
B) longer than
C) as long
D) longer

D
Different hormones ______ at the same time on a particular target issue.
(A) usually act
(B) usually acting
(C) they usual act
(D) the usual action

Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, and many others _______________ prominent in public life began
their careers by teaching school.
(A)they became
(B)once they became
(C)became
(D)who became
During the Pleistocene glacial periods _____ portions of the Earth where plant and animal life
flourished, making it possible for people to subsist.

(A) the An
(B) it was It were
(C) there were there were
(D) have there been Has there been

During the course of its growth, a frog undergoes a true metamorphosis _____ with a fishlike larval
stage.
(A) begin
(B) began
(C) beginning
(D) is begun

Dr. Seuss, _________ was Theodore Seuss Geisel, wrote and illustrated delightfully humorous books
for children.
A) with his real name
B) his real name
C) who had as his real name
D) whose real name
E

Ellen Swallow Richards became the first woman to enter, graduate from, and _______________
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

(A)teach
(B)a teacher
(C)who taught
(D)to teach
F

Fibers of hair and wool are not continuous and must normally be spun into thread _____ woven into
textile fabrics.

(A) as are they

(B) when to be
(C) that they are
(D) if they are to be

Following the guidelines for speaking and voting established by the book Robert's Rules of Order,
_________________ during meetings.
(A) and avoid large decision-making organizations' procedural confusion
(B) large decision-making organizations avoid procedural confusion
(C) is procedural confusion avoided by large decision making organizations
(D) are avoiding procedural contusion in large decision making organizations
 G

H
Hail forms within large, dense cumulonimbus _______ develop on hot, humid summer days.
(A) clouds
(B) clouds that
(C) clouds that are
(D) clouds that they

Hurricanes move with the large- scale wind currents ——— are imbedded.
(A) that they
(B) which they
(C) in that they
(D) in which they

____________he was not a musician himself, Lawrence Hammond developed an electronic keyboard
instrument called the Hammond organ.
(A)Although
(B)That
(C)Despite
(D)For

Hubble's law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, ____________ is their
relative speed of separation.
A) The greatest
B) Greater than
C) As great than
D) The greater

Halley's Comet had its first documented sighting in 240 B.C. in China and _____ it has been seen from
the Earth 29 times.

(A) after
(B) because of
(C) since then
(D) that is
 I
In 1837 the University of Michigan became the first state university ______________ by a board of
regents elected by the voters of the state.
(A)under the control
(B)it was controlled
(C)being controlled
(D)to be controlled

Indoor heating systems have made ______________ for people to live and work comfortably in
temperate climates.
(A)it is possible
(B)possible
(C)it possible
(D)possibly

_______________ is caused by a virus was not known until 1911.

(A) That measles
(B) As measles
(C) Measles
(D) What if measles

_______________ in 1849, Manuel A. Alonso recorded the customs, language, and songs of the people
of Puerto Rico in his poetry and prose.
(A) He began
(B) Having begun
(C) Beginning
(D) The beginning was

It has been estimated that _______ species of animals.

A) are over a million of
B) more than a million
C) there are over a million
D) it is a million or more

Indigo is a vat color, __________ called because it does not dissolve in water.
(A) which it
(B) it is
(C) but
(D) so

L
 M
Most radioactive elements occur in igneous and metamorphic _____ fossils occur in sedimentary
rocks.
(A) rocks, nearly all
(B) rocks, but nearly all
(C) rocks, nearly all are
(D) rocks, which nearly all are

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease______ by a characteristic skin rash.

(A) accompany
(B) is accompanied
(C) accompanied
(D) it is accompanied

Many bugs possess defensive scent Glands and emit disagreeable odors when _____.
(A) disturbed
(B) are disturbed
(C) they disturbed
(D) are they disturbed
Many gases, including the nitrogen and oxygen in air, ____________ color or odor
A) Have no
B) In having no
C) Not having
D) Them do not have

Most young geese leave their nests at an early age, and young snow geese are _______ exception.
A) no
B) not
C) never
D) none

Mahalia Jackson, _____ combined powerful vitality with great dignity, was one of the best-known
gospel singers in the United States.
A) It was her singing
B) Which songs
C) Who sang
D) Whose singing

Margaret Brent, because of her skill in managing estates, became ________largest landholders in
colonial Maryland.

(A) what the

(B) one of the
(C) who the
(D) the one that
 N
Not only ____________ as a shade tree, but it also produces wood use for boxes and furniture.
A) the value of the Linden tree is
B) the Linden tree is of value
C) the valuable Linden tree is used
D) is the Linden tree valuable
O

On every continent except Antarctica ___________ more than 30,000 species of spiders.
(A) some are
(B) some of the
(C) are some of the
(D) is some

_____________ one of Laura Ingalls Wilder’s many books about the American frontier are based on
her own childhood experiences

(A) Except
(B) All but
(C) Without
(D) Not any

Outside the bright primary rainbow, _____ much fainter secondary rainbow may be visible.
(A) so /soil
(B) a
(C) since
(D) still

One of the first industries to be affected by the Industrial Revolution ________ .

A) he textile industry
B) the textile industry was
C) in the textile industry
D) was the textile industry
P

Phytoplanktons thrive where _____________ phosphorus into the upper layers of a body of water.
(A) upwelling currents circulate
(B) the circulation of upwelling currents
(C) are upwelling currents
(D) circulates upwelling currents

Piedmont glaciers are formed ___________ several valley glaciers join and spread out over a plain.
(A)by
(B)when
(C)from
(D)that
Printing ink is made ________ of a paste, which is applied to the printing surface with rollers.
A) in the form
B) so that it forms
C) to form
D) the form

Precious metals, gems, and ivory have been used to make buttons, but most buttons are made of _____
wood, glass, or plastic.
A) Such materials
B) Such materials that
C) Materials as such
D) Such materials as

Portland, Maine, is _____ the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow spent his early years.

(A) where
(B) it where
(C) where is
(D) which is where

_______ radioisotope is encountered, the first step in its identification is the determination of its half-
life.
(A) An unknown
(B) Afterwards, an unknown
(C) When an unknown
(D) During an unknown

Reative humidity is the amount of water vapor the air contains at a certain temperature _________ with
the amount it could hold at that temperature.
A) Compares
B) Compared
C) Comparing
D) To compare
 S

Sharp knives are actually safer to use _______________.

(A)as dull ones
(B)as ones that are dull
(C)than dull ones
(D)that are dull ones

____________ single dialect of American English has ever become dominant.

(A)No
(B)Not only a
(C)Not
(D)Nor a

Some snakes lay eggs, but others ______ birth to live offspring.
A) To have given
B) They give
C) Giving
D) Give

Scientist believe the first inhabitants of the Americas arrived by crossing the land bridge that connected
Siberia and ____________ more than 10,000 years ago.
A) Is at the present Alaska
B) What is, nowadays, Alaska What is now Alaska
C) Actually is Alaska now
D) Alaska is now

The tidal forces on the Earth due to_____ only 0.46 of those due to the Moon.
(A) the Sun is
(B) the Sun they are
(C) the Sun it is
(D)the Sun are

The Missouri _______ longest river in the United States, flows through seven states from its source in
Montana to its confluence with the Mississippi.
(A) River; the
(B) River is the
(C) River is one of the
(D) River, one of the

______ the Earth's ice to melt, the Earth's oceans would rise by about two hundred feet.
(A) If all
(B) Were all
(C) If all were
(D) All was
______________ the sails of a distant ship are visible before the body of the ship.

A) Because the curve of the Earth

B) The curve of the Earth makes
C) The Earth, in that it curves, makes
D) Because of the curve of the Earth

The first building to employ steel skeleton construction, _________________.

A) Because the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago, Illinois, was completed in 1885
B) The Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago, Illinois, was completed in 1885
C) Chicago, Illinois,the home of the Home Insurance Company Building completed in 1885
D) The Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago, Illinois,in 1885

____________ the outer rings of a gyroscope are turned or twisted, the gyroscope itself continues to
spin in exactly the same position.
A) Somehow
B) Otherwise
C) However
D) No matter

The onion is characterized by an edible bulb composed of leaves rich in sugar and a pungent oil, _____
the vegetable's strong taste.
(A) which the source of which the source of
(B) that the source is is the source of
(C) the source of The source of
(D) of the source is What the source is

The American Academy of Poets, ____________ the 1930's, provides financial assistance to support.
A) Was founded
B) Which was founded in
C) When it was founded
D) Working poets

The quince is an attractive shrub or small tree ____________ closely related to the apple and pear trees.
A) Was
B) That is
C) Which is that
D) That is it

The knee is _____________ most other joints in the body because it cannot twist without injury
A) More than probable to be damaged
B) To be damaged more than probable
C) More likely to be damaged than
D) Likely to be more damaged
 ______ that mangers commit in problem solving is jumping to a conclusion about the cause of a given
problem
A) Major errors
B) Of the major errors
C) The major error
D) Since the major error

The best known books of Ross Macdonald, _____ writer of detective novels, feature the character Lew
Archer, a private detective.

(A) is the
(B) is an
(C) they are by
(D) the

The photographs of Carrie Mae Weems, in which she often makes her family members _____, are an
affectionate and incisive representation of the African American experience.
(A) are her subjects
(B) her subjects
(C) are subjects
(D) which her subjects
U

V
Vancouver, British Columbia, has a temperate climate for a city situated _______ far north.
A) very
B) so
C) by
D) as

Z
 A
ii). As the International Dateline at 180 degrees longitude is crossed westerly, it becomes necessary
A B C
to change the date by moving it one day forward.
D

ii). Abigail Adams' letters to her husband present a graphic picture of the age which she lived.
A B C D

ii) An involuntary reflex, an yawn is almost impossible to slop once the mouth muscles begin the
A B C
stretching action.
D

ii). Although research has been ongoing since 1930, the existence of ESP-perception and
A B
communication whithout the use of sight, hear, taste,touch, or smaell - is still disputed.
C D

ii) A mirage is an atmospheric optical illusion in what an observer sees a nonexistent body of water or
A B C
an image of some object.
D

ii) Antique collecting became a significant pastime in the 1800's when old object began to be
A B C
appreciated for their beauty as well as for their historical importance.
D

ii) Although the social sciences different a great deal from one another, they share a common
A B C
interest in human relationships.
D

ii) A smile can be observed, described, and reliably identify; it can also be elicited and manipulated
A B C
under experimental conditions.
D

ii) A mousebird’s tail is double as long as its body.

A B C D

ii) All root vegetables grow underground, and not all vegetables that grow underground are roots.
A B C D

ii) American painter Georgia 0'Keeffe is well as her large paintings of flowers in which single
A B
blossoms are presented as if in close-up.
C D
ii) According to most psychological studies, body language expresses a speaker's emotions and
A B C
attitudes, and it also tends to affect the emotions and attitudes of the listen.
D
ii) As many as 50 percent of the income from motion pictures produced in the United States
A B
comes from marketing the films abroad.
C D

ii) A musical genius, John Cage is noted for his highly unconventional ideas, and he respected for his
A B C
unusual compositions and performances.
D

ii) Although they reflect a strong social conscience, Arthur Miller's stage works are typical more
A B
concerned with individuals than with systems.
C D

ii) Biochemists have solved many of the mysteries about photosynthesis, the process which plants
A B C
make food.
D
ii) Because of their color and shape, seahorses blend so well with the seaweed in which they live
A B C
that it is almost impossible to see themselves.
D

ii). Composer John Cage used many unusual objects as instrument in his music, including
A B C
cowbells, flower pots, tin cans, and saw blades.
D

ii) Certain species of penicillin mold are used to ripe cheese.

A B C D

ii) Chocolate is prepared by a complexity process of cleaning, blending, and roasting cocoa beans,
A B
which must be ground and mixed with sugar.
C D

ii) Charleston, West Virginia, was named after Charles Clendenin, who son George acquired land at
A B C
the junction of the Elk and Kanawha rivers in 1787.
D
 D
ii). During the last Ice Age, which ended about 10,000 years ago, there was about three times more ice
A B C
than is today.
D

ii). Dreams are commonly made up of either visual and verbal images.
A B C D

ii). Ducks are less susceptible to infection than another types of poultry.
A B C D
ii) Despite television is the dominant entertainment medium for United States households, Garrison
A
Keillor's Saturday night radio show of folk songs and stories is heard by millions of people.
B C D

II). Each number on the Richter scale represent a tenfold increase in the amplitude of waves of
A B
ground motion recorded during an earthquake.
C D

II). Established in 1789 and operated by the Jesuits, Georgetown University in Washington,D.C. is
A
the older Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in The United States.
B C D

ii). Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first U.S. women's rights convention in 1848 and was
A B
instrumentally in the struggle to win voting and property rights for women.
C D

ii) Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets
A B
will have been contacted within the near 50 years.
C D

ii) Elected to serve in the United States House of Representatives in 1968, Shirley Chisholm
A
was known for advocacy the interests of the urban poor.
B C D

ii) Eleanor Roosevelt set the standard against which the wives of all United States
A B C
Presidents since have evaluated.
D
 F

ii) Financier Andrew Mellon donated most of his magnificent art collection to the National Gallery of
A B C
Art, where it is now locating.
D
ii) Fossils in 500-million-year-old rocks demonstrate that life forms in the Cambrian period were
A B C
mostly marine animals capability of secreting calcium to form shells.
D

ii). Georgia has too many types of soil that virtually any temperate-zonecrop can be grown there.
A B C D

H
ii) Historical records show that Halley's comet has return about every seventy-six years for the past
A B C D
2,000 years.

ii) Homo erectus is the name commonly given into the primate species from which humans
A B C
are believed to have evolved.
D

ii) Hot at the equator causes the air to expand, rise, and flow toward the poles.
A B C D

ii) Haywood Broun was a read widely newspaper columnist who wrote during the 1920's and 1930's.
A B C D

ii) Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick describes the dangers, difficult, and often violent life aboard a
A B C D
whaling ship.
 I

ii). It is possible to get a sunburn on a cloudy day because eighty percent of the ultraviolet rays from
A B
the Sun would penetrate cloud cover.
C D

ii). In 1964, GATT established the International Trade Center in order to assist developing countries in
A B
the promotion of its exports.
C D

ii). In Roots, Alex Haley uses fictional details to embellish a factual histories of seven generations of
A B C
his family.
D

ii). In the architecture, a capital is the top portion of a column.

A B C D

ii). In the early days of jet development, jet engines used great numbers of fuel.
A B C D

ii). It is their nearly perfect crystal structure that gives diamonds their hardness, brilliance, and
A B C
transparent.
D

ii) In the New England colonies, Chippendale designs were adapted to locally tastes, and beautiful
A B C
furniture resulted
D

ii) In the 1800's store owners sold everything from a needle to a plow, trust everyone, and never took
A B C D
Inventory

ii) In 1852 Massachusetts passed a law requiring all children from four to eighteen years of old to
A B C D
attend school.

ii) Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior can only be reached by the boat.
A B C D

ii) In about 1920, experimental psychologists have devoted more research to learning than to
A B C
any other topic.
D
ii) In the nineteenth century, women used quilts to inscribe their responses to social, economic, and
A B C
politics issues.
D

ii). Jaguarundis are sleek, long-tailed creatures colored either an uniform reddish brown or dark grey.
A B C D

ii). Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 satirizes both the horrors of war as well as the power of modern
A B C
bureaucratic institutions
D

K
ii). Kilauea's numerous eruptions are generally composed in molten lava, with little escaping gas and
A B C
few explosions.
D

L
II). Lake Tahoe, located on the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada range, is feed by more than thirty
A B C
mountain streams.
D

ii) Most of the outer planets has large swarms of satellites surrounding them.
A B C D

ii). Melons most probably originated in Persia and were introduced the North American continent
A B C
during the sixteenth century.
D

ii). More than 600 million individual bacteria lives on the skin of humans.
A B C D

ii). Mary Rinehart was a pioneer in the field of journalist in the early twentieth century.
A B C D
ii). Most modern barns are both insulated, ventilated, and equipped with electricity.
A B C D

ii). Many bridges in New England were covered with wooden roofs to protect it from rain and snow.
A B C D

ii). More than 10,000 years ago, glaciers moved across the Minnesota region four time, leveling
A B C
most of the land.
D

ii) Mathew C. Perry, a United States naval commander, gained fame not in war and through
A B C
diplomacy.
D

ii) Most types of dolphins live at less 25 years, and some species may reach 50 years of age.
A B C D

ii) Many of the important products obtained from trees, one of the most important is wood pulp,
A B C
which is used in paper-making.
D
ii) Mary Cassatt's paintings of mothers and children are known for its fine linear rhythm, simple
A B C
modelings, and harmonies of clear color.
D

N
ii). Needles are simple-looking tools, but they are very relatively difficult to make.
A B C D

ii) Near equator, the slant of the sun’s rays is never great enough to cause temperatures to fall below
A B C
the freezing point.
D
ii) Not longer are contributions to the advancement of industry made primarily by individuals.
A B C D
 O

ii). One of the most beautiful botanical gardens in the United States is the wildly and lovely
A B C
Magnolia Gardens near Charleston, South Carolina.
D

ii) Oceanic islands have been separated from the mainland for too long that they have evolved
A B C
distinctive animal populations.
D

ii) One of the most impressive collections of nineteenth-century European paintings in the United
A B
States can be found to the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
C D

ii) One of the greatest of mountains climbers, Carl Blaurock was the first to climb
A B
all of the mountains higher than 14,000 feet in the United States.
C D

ii). Present in rocks of all types, hematite is particular abundant in the sedimentar rocks known as
A B C D
red beds

ii) Plants synthesize carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide with the aid of energy is derived
A B C
from sunlight.
D

Q
ii)) Quasars, faint celestial objects resembling stars, are perhaps the most distant objects know.
A B C D
 R
ii) Robert Heinlein was instrumental in popularizing science fiction with series of stories that is first
A B C D
published in the Saturday Evening Post.

ii). River transportation in the United States consists primarily of barges pull by towboats.
A B C D

ii). RunnerWilma Rudolph win three gold medals at the 1960 Olympics, and she set the
A B C
world record for the laO-meterdash in 1961.
D

ii) Researches in economics, psychology, and marketing can help businesses.

A B C D

ii) Ripe fruit is often stored in a place who contains much carbon dioxide so that the fruit will not
A B C
decay too rapidly
D
ii) Rainbows in the shape of complete circles are sometimes seen from airplanes because
A B
they are not cutting off by the horizon
C D

S
ii). Some critics have called Theodore Dreiser's book Sister Carrie a first modern novel because
A B C
it broke so many traditions.
D

ii) Since their appearance on farms in the United States between 1913 and 1920, trucks have changed
A B C
patterns of production and market of farm products.
D

ii) Stephen Hopkins was a cultural and political leadership in colonial Rhode Island.
A B C D

ii) Soil temperatures in Death Valley, california, near the Nevada border, have been known to reach 90
A B C
of degrees Celsius.
D

ii) Several million points on the human body registers either cold, heat, pain, or touch.
A B C D

ii) Sleep is controlled by the brain and associated by characteristic breathing rhythms.
A B C D
 T
ii) The brilliantly colored rhinoceros viper has two or three horns above each nostrils.
A B C D

II). The surface of the planet Venus is Almost completely hid by the thick clouds that shroud it.
A B C D

ii). Tropical cyclones, alike extratropical cyclones, which derive much of their Energy from
A B C
the jet stream, originate far from the polar front.
D

ii). The carbon atoms of the diamond are so strongly bonded that a diamond can only be scratched
A B C
with other diamond.
D

ii). The more directly overhead the Moon is, the great is the effect that it exhibits on the Earth.
A B C D

ii). The incubation period of tetanus is usually five to ten days, and the most frequently occurred
A B C
symptom is jaw stiffness.
D

ii). The Yale Daily News is oldest than any other college newspaper still in operation in the United
A B C D
States.

ii). The Dave Brubek Quartet, one of the most popular jazz bands of the 1950's, had a particularly
A B
loyal following on campuses college.
C D

ii). Today, successful farmers are experts not only in agriculture, but also in market, finance, and
A B C
accounting.
D

ii). The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism's living cells are called its metabolism.
A B C D

ii). The discover of gold and silver in the rugged mountains of Nevada in 1858 attracted many
A B C
fortune-seekers to that area.
D
ii) The ballad is characterized by informal diction, by a narrative largely dependent on action and
A B
dialogue, by thematic intense, and by stress on repetition
C D

ii) The dachshund is a hardy, alert dog with a well sense of smell.
A B C D

ii) The walls around the city of Quebec, which was originally a fort military, still stand, making
A B C
Quebec the only walled city in North America.
D

ii) Three of every four migrating water birds in North America visits the Gulf of Mexico's winter
A B C D
wetlands.

ii) The Hopi, the westernmost tribe of Pueblo Indians, have traditionally large multilevel structures
A B C
clustered in towns.
D

ii) The process of fermentation takes place only in the absent of oxygen.
A B C D

ii) The main purpose of classifying animals is to show the most probable evolutionary relationship
A B
of the different species to each another.
C D

ii) Turquoise, which found in microscopic crystals, is opaque with a waxy luster, varying in color
A B C
from greenish gray to sky blue.
D

ii)The manufacture of automobile was extremely expensive until assembly-line techniques made
A B C D
them cheaper to produce.

ii) Today modern textile mills can manufacture as much fabrics in a few seconds as it once took
A B
workers weeks to produce by hand.
C D

ii) The tools used most often by floral designers are the knives, scissors, and glue gun.
A B C D

ii) The best American popular music balances a powerful emotions of youth with tenderness,
A B C D
grace, and wit.
ii) The rock formations in the Valley of Fire in Nevada has been worn into many strange shapes
A B C
by the action of wind and water.
D

ii) Three of every four migrating water birds in North America visits the Gulf of Mexico's winter
A B C D
wetlands.

ii) The author Susan Glaspell won a Pulitzer Prize in 1931 for hers play, Alison's House.
A B C D

ii) The Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah are the only range of mountains in North America
A
that runs from east and west for its entire length.
B C D

ii) The importance of environmental stimuli in the development of coordination between sensory input
A B
and motor response varies to species to species.
C D

ii) The main divisions of geologic time, called eras, are subdivided to periods.
A B C D

ii) Transfer taxes are imposed on the sell or exchange of stocks and bonds.
A B C D

ii) The Armory Show, held in New York in 1913, was a important exhibition of
A B C
modern European art.
D

ii) The work which the poet Emma Lazarus is best known is “The New Colossus,” which is inscribed
A B C
on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.
D

ii). Unlike competitive running, race walkers must always keep some portion of their feet
A B C
in contact with the ground.
D

V
ii). Viruses are extremely tiny parasites that are able to reproduce only within the cells of theirs hosts.
A B C D

ii). Viscosity is a measurement describing the relative difficulty or easy with which liquids flow.
A B C D
 W
ii). Woody Guthrie wrote thousands of songs during the lifetime, many of which became classic
A B C
folk songs.
D

ii) When the sun, Moon, and Earth are alignement and the Moon crosses the Earth's orbital plane, a
A B C
solar eclipse occurs.
D

ii) While highly prized for symbolizing good luck, the four-leaf clover is rarity found in nature.
A B C D

Z
 A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity.
Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they
generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes
one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be
determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the
gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.
Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that
such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black
hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the
existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about
two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at
the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few
decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified
based on the interactions of objects around them, as happen when a potential black hole is part of a
binary star; they of course cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the star's
powerful gravity.

1. A binary star could best be described as ….

C. two stars pulled together by gravity

2. The word “distinguished” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ….

D. differentiated

3. According to the passage, what happens as a result of the gravitational force between the stars?
A. One star circles the other.

4. The word “proportion” in paragaph 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

B. ratio

5. According to the passage, what is a “black hole”?

C. A star whose gravitational force blocks the passage of light

6. Which of the following statements about black holes is NOT supported by the passage?
C. All empty space contains black holes.

7. The word “get” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ….

A. pass

8.Which of the following is implied in the passage about the theory of black holes?
B. it has only recently been hypothesized.

9. The word “intense” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ….

D. strong

10. This passage would probably be assigned reading in a course on ….

B. astrophysics
 According to the best evidence gathered by space probes and astronomers, Mars is an inhospitable
planet, more similar to Earth's Moon than to Earth itself-a dry, stark, seemingly lifeless world. Mars'
air pressure is equal to Earth's at an altitude of 100,000 feet. The air there is 95% carbon dioxide. Mars
has no ozone layer to screen out the Sun's lethal radiation. Daytime temperatures may reach above
freezing, but because the planet is blanketed by the mere wisp of an atmosphere, the heat radiates back
into space. Even at the equator, the temperature drops to -50°C(-60°F)at night. Today there is no liquid
water, although valleys and channels on the surface show evidence of having been carved by running
water. The polar ice caps are made of frozen water and carbon dioxide, and water may be frozen in the
ground as permafrost.
Despite these difficult conditions, certain scientists believe that there is a possibility of transforming
Mars into a more Earth-like planet. Nuclear reactors might be used to melt frozen gases and eventually
build up the atmosphere. This in turn could create a "greenhouse effect" that would stop heat from
radiating back into space. Liquid water could be thawed to form a polar ocean. Once enough ice has
melted, suitable plants could be introduced to build up the level of oxygen in the atmosphere so that, in
time, the planet would support animal life from Earth and even permanent human colonies. "This was
once thought to be so far in the future as to be irrelevant," said Christopher McKay, a research scientist
at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "But now it's starting to look practical. We could
begin work in four or five decades."
The idea of "terra-forming" Mars, as enthusiasts call it, has(30) its roots in science fiction. But as
researchers develop a more profound understanding of how Earth's ecology supports life, they have
begun to see how it may be possible to create similar conditions on Mars. Don't plan on homesteading
on Mars any time soon, though. The process could take hundreds or even thousands of years to
complete, and the cost would be staggering.

23. With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?

(A) The possibility of changing the Martian environment

24. The word "stark" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) harsh

25.The word "there" in line 5 refers to

(C)Mars

26.Which of the following does the author NOT list as a characteristic of the planet Mars that would
make colonization difficult?
(B)Daytime temperatures are dangerously high.

27.According to the passage, the Martian atmosphere today consists mainly of

(A)carbon dioxide

28.It can be inferred from the passage that the "greenhouse effect" mentioned in line 19 is
(D)a possible means of warming Mars

29.The word "suitable" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(C)appropriate

30.According to Christopher McKay, the possibility of transforming Mars

 (D)could be started in 40 to 50 years

31.As used in line 29, the term "terra-forming"refers to

(D)a system of creating Earth-like conditions on other planets

32.The phrase "more profound" in lines 30-31is closest in meaning to

(A)deeper

33.According to the article, the basic knowledge needed to transform Mars comes from
(B)a knowledge of Earth's ecology

34.The word "staggering" in line 35 is closest in meaning to

(A)astonishing

Another critical factor that plays a part in susceptibility to colds is age. A study done by the
University of Michigan School of Public Health revealed particulars that seem to hold true for the
general population. Infants are the most cold-ridden group, averaging more than six colds in their first
year. Boys have more colds than girls up to age three. After the age of three, girls are more susceptible
than boys, and teenage girls average three colds a year to boys' two.
The general incidence of colds continues to decline into maturity. Elderly people who are in good
health have as few as one or two colds annually. One exception is found among people in their
twenties, especially women, who show a rise in cold infections, because people in this age group are
most likely to have young children. Adults who delay having children until their thirties and forties
experience the same sudden increase in cold infections.
The study also found that economics plays an important role. As income increases, the frequency at
which colds are reported in the family decreases. Families with the lowest income suffer about a third
more colds than families at the upper end. Lower income generally forces people to live in more
cramped quarters than those typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowding increases the
opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person to person. Low income may also adversely
influence diet. The degree to which poor nutrition affects susceptibility to colds is not yet clearly
established, but an inadequate diet is suspected of lowering resistance generally.

35.The paragraph that precedes this passage most probably deals with
(C)a factor that affects susceptibility to colds

36.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "particulars" in line 3?

(B)Specific facts

37.What does the author claim about the study discussed in the passage?
(D) Its results apparently are relevant for the population as a whole.

38.It may be inferred from the passage that which of the following groups of people is most likely to
catch colds?
(A)Infant boys

39.There is information in the second paragraph of the passage to support which of the following
conclusions?
 (B)Children infect their parents with colds.

40.The phrase "people in this age group" (line 13) refers to

(B)people in their twenties

41.The author's main purpose in writing the last paragraph of the passage was to
(C)discuss the relationship between income and frequency of colds

42.The word "cramped" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(B)crowded

43.The author's tone in this passage could best be described as

(A)neutral

43.1 The paragraph that follows this passage most probably deals with
(D) methods of preventing colds in young people

About fifty years ago, plant physiologists set out to grow roots by themselves in solutions in
laboratory flasks. The scientists found that the nutrition of isolated roots was quite simple. They
required sugar and the usual minerals and vitamins. However, they did not require organic nitrogen
compounds. These roots got along fine on mineral inorganic nitrogen. Roots are capable of making
their own proteins and other organic compounds. These activities by roots require energy, of course.
The process of respiration uses sugar to make the high energy compound ATP, which drives the
biochemical reactions. Respiration also requires oxygen. Highly active roots require a good deal of
oxygen.
The study of isolated roots has provided an understanding of the relationship between shoots and
roots in intact plants. The leaves of the shoots provide the roots with sugar and vitamins, and the roots
provide the shoots with water and minerals. In addition, roots can provide the shoots with organic
nitrogen compounds. This comes in handy for the growth of buds in the early spring when leaves are
not yet functioning. Once leaves begin photosynthesizing, they produce protein, but only mature leaves
can "export" protein to the rest of the plant in the form of amino acids.

44.What is the main topic of the passage?

(B)What can be learned by growing roots in isolation

45.The word "themselves" in line 2 refers to

(D)roots

46.According to the passage, what is ATP?

(C)A chemical compound

47.The word "intact" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(C)whole

48.The use of the phrase "comes in handy" in line 17 indicates that the process is
(A)useful
49.It can be inferred from the passage that, in the early spring, the buds of plants
(D)obtain organic compounds from the roots

50.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(C)The findings of an experiment are explained.

51. The paragraph that precedes this passage most probably deals with
(D) Methods of growing roots

52. Why is the nutrition of isolated roots quite simple?

(D) Because they require a small amount of nutriments

53. The paragraph that follows this passage most probably deals with
(D) The study of different shoots and leaves

A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the astounding discovery that a sudden increase in the
volume of traffic through an area affects people in the way that a sudden increase in crime does.
Appleyard observed this by finding three blocks of houses in San Francisco that looked much alike and
had the same kind of middle-class and working-classresidents, with approximately the same ethnic
mix. The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia Street (LIGHT street, in
Appleyard's terminology) while Gough Street (MEDIUM street) was used by 8,000 cars daily, and
Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000 cars a day. Franklin Street often had as many cars
in an hour as Octavia Street had in a day.
Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily. That is, the
cars didn't bring in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom picked it up. The cars,
Appleyard determined, reduced the amount of territory residents felt responsible for. Noise was a
constant intrusion into their homes. Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows
and spent most of their time in the rear of their houses. Most families with children had already left.
Conditions on Octavia Street were much different. Residents picked up trash. They sat on their front
steps and chatted with neighbors. They had three times as many friends and twice as many
acquaintances as the people on Franklin.
On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as traffic
increased. People were becoming more and more preoccupied with their own lives. A number of
families had recently moved, and more were considering it. Those who were staying expressed deep
regret at the destruction of their community.

24.The word "astounding" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) startling

25.The three streets mentioned in this passage are different in that

(C) they have varying amounts of traffic

26.Approximately how many cars use Fntnklin Street daily?

 (C) 16,000

27.All of the following are direct results of heavy traffic EXCEPT

(A) increased amounts of trash

28.The author's main purpose in the second paragraph is to

(B) point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic

29.On which street is there the most social interaction?

(A) Octavia Street

30.The word "chatted" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(B) talked

31.Which of the following is NOT a statement you would expect from a resident of Gough Street?
(C) People on this street have more and more space for which they feel responsible.

32.In what order does the author present detailed discussions of the three streets?
(C) HEAVY, LIGHT, MEDIUM

32.2 What did Appleyard observe in San Francisco?

(D) A rise of criminal activities

Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the
development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose
their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching,
since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to
conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.
Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which was
unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to
contraction. The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an
Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were
devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.
Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminum. Mild steel and
aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable that is stronger than
single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes. Single- strand wire, round or oval, is
made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are
galvanized – coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or
cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted together
and barbed. The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by
knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process continues
automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire, in lengths of
400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms.
A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formed into long coils or
entanglements called concertina wire.

10. What is the main topic of the passage?

A type of fencing.

11. The word "unrestricted" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

unlimited

12. The word "snap" in line 9 could best be replaced by which of the following?
Break

13. What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?

Increased strength

14. According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to
protect them against rust

15. The word "fed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

put

16. The knives referred to in line 21 are used to

cut the wire that becomes barbs

17. What is the author's purpose in the third paragraph?

To describe how the wire is made

18. According to the passage, concertina wire is used for

military purposes

19. Based on the information in the passage, what it would be a following paragraph
(A) Purposes of barbed wire
Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relationship they
had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in
ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with
beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried
with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads, and if
they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is
imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.
Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the
desirable characteristics of every collectible: they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and
often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and
touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort
them.
Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural
context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes to unravel. Even the
most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences.
The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a
generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the
problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of
ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.
The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While often regarded
as the "small change of civilizations,” beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to
date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural
sophistication.

8. What is the main subject of the passage?

(C) The reasons for studying beads

9. The word "adorned" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(B) decorated

10. The word "attire" in line 9 is Closest in meaning to

(C) clothing

11. All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT
(D) scarcity

12. According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want to touch beads
EXCEPT the
(D) odor

13. The word "unravel" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(D) discover

14. The word "mundane" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(C) ordinary
15. It is difficult to trace the history of certain ancient beads because they
(C) have been moved from their original locations

16. Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies done by which of the
following?
(A) Anthropologist

17. Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance beads may change?
(B) Lines 6-8

Certain animals have an intuitive awareness of quantities. They know without analysis the difference
between a number of objects and a smaller number. In his book The Natural History of Selbourne
(1786), the naturalist Gilbert White tells how he surreptitiously removed one egg a day from a plover's
nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one. He noted that other
species of birds ignore the absence of a single egg but abandon their nests if more than one egg has
been removed. It has also been noted by naturalists that a certain type of wasp always provides five-
never four, never six-caterpillars for each of their eggs so that their young have something to eat when
the eggs hatch. Research has also shown that both mice and pigeons can be taught to distinguish
between odd and even numbers of food pieces.
These and similar accounts have led some people to infer that creatures other than humans can
actually count. They also point to dogs that have been taught to respond to numerical questions with the
correct number of barks, or to horses that seem to solve arithmetic problems by stomping their hooves
the proper number of times.
Animals respond to quantities only when they are connected to survival as a species-as in the case of
the eggs-or survival as individuals-as in the case of food. There is no transfer to other situations or from
concrete reality to the abstract notion of numbers. Animals can "count" only when the objects are
present and only when the numbers involved are small-no more than seven or eight. In lab experiments,
animals trained to "count" one kind of object were unable to count any other type. The objects, not the
numbers, are what interest them. Animals' admittedly remarkable achievements simply do not amount
to evidence of counting, nor do they reveal more than innate instincts, refined by the genes of
successive generations, or the results of clever, careful conditioning by trainers.

12.What is the main idea of this passage?

(D)Although some animals may be aware of quantities, they cannot actually count.

13.Why does the author refer to Gilbert White's book in line 3?

(C)To provide evidence that some birds are aware of quantities

14.The word "surreptitiously" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(B)secretly

15.The word "abandon" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A)vacate

16.The word "odd;' as used in line 14, refers to which of the following?
(B)Numbers such as 1, 3, 5, and so on

17.The author mentions that all of the following are aware of quantities in some way EXCEPT
(C)caterpillars
18.The word "accounts" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(C)reports

19.According to information in the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to occur as a result
of animals' intuitive awareness of quantities?
(B)When asked by its trainer how old it is, a monkey holds up five fingers.

20.How would the author probably characterize the people who are mentioned in line 15?
(A)As mistaken

21.The word "admittedly" in line 29 is closest in meaning to

(D) undeniably

22.In line 31, the word "they" refers to

(C)achievements

23.Where in the passage does the author mention research that supports his own view of animals'
inability to count?
(D)Lines 27-28

Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspective, on the
function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the
visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of
single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes
have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of
microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of
examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.
The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually
halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly.
During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with
a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In
recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such
as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today
is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available
sources of soft X rays.
The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical
microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements.
Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special
capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy,
X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that
biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The
illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms
(an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact
biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray
microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes.
Rather, their special properties will make possible investiga- tions that will complement
those performed with light- and electron-based instruments.

29.What does the passage mainly discuss?

A new kind of microscope

30. According to the passage, the invention of the visible-light microscope allowed scientists to
discover single-celled plants and animals they had never seen before

31. The word "minuscule" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

tiny

32. The word "it" in line 7 refers to

a type of microscope

33. Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?
To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective

34. Why did it take so long to develop the X-ray microscope?

The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently.

35. The word "enables" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

allows

36. The word "Rather" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

instead

37. The word "those" in line 29 refers to

investigations

38. Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about X-ray microscopes in the
future?
They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes.
 Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe. A galaxy is a giant family of many millions of
stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field. Most of the material universe is organized
into galaxies of stars, together with gas and dust.
There are three main types of galaxy: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Milky Way is a spiral
galaxy: a flattish disc of star with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus. About one-quarter
of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new
stars form; as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust,
triggering the formation of bright young stars in its arms. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical
elliptical or spheroidal shape with no obvious structure. Most of their member stars are very old and
since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them.
The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about 1013 times that
of the Sun; these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio
emission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two-thirds of all galaxies are elliptical.
Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in many sub classes.
Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth. Some terrestrial distances can
be expressed as intervals of time: the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to
drive to work, for example. By comparison with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to the galaxies
are incomprehensibly large, but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this
case, the distance that light travels in one year. On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy, the
Andromeda galaxy, is two million light years away. The most distant luminous objects seen by
telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away. Their light was already halfway here
before the Earth even formed. The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still
dominated the animal world.

39. The word "major" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(B) principal

40. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

(B) Major categories of galaxies

41. The word "which" in line 7 refers to

(B) gas

42. According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to
(B) the compression of gas and dust

43. The word "symmetrical" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) proportionally balanced

44. The word "obvious" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(B) apparent

45. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?
(C) They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.

46. Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage?
(A) They are a type of elliptical galaxy.
47. What percentage of galaxies is irregular?
(A) 10%

48. The word "they" in line 21 refers to

(C) distances

49. Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy in the third paragraph?
(C) To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth

50. The word "dominated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(D) were prevalent in

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from
very inauspicious and humble beginnings.
This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims
landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period
were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and these
university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same
educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an
institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a
college in October 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this
land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin
and is the site of the present-day university.
When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the
fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court
named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest
may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had
found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.
Henry Dunster was appointed in the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in
addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four
students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire
teaching staff consisted of the president and three of four tutors.

1. The main idea of this passage is that ….

B. what is today a great university started out small

2. The passage indicates that Harvard is …

D. the oldest university in America

3. it can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans who traveled to the Massachusetts colony were
A. rather well educated

4. The pronoun “they” in paragraph 2 refers to ….

B. university graduates
5. A “pound” in paragraph 2 is probably ….
C. a type of money / units of money

6. The “English Cousin” in paragraph 2 refers to a ….

A. city

7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about John Harvard?

C. Where he was buried

8. The word “fledgling” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. newborn

9. The passage implies that ….

D. the position of president of Harvard was not merely an administrative position in the
early years

10. The word “somewhat” in the last paragraph could best be replaced by ….
D. more or less

11. Where in the passage does it indicate how much money Minister Harvard was really responsible for
giving to the university?
C. Paragraph 3 / Lines 12-15

Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were both
creatures and creators of communities, as well symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in
the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were already forming the habit of gathering from all
corners of the nation for both public and private, business and pleasure, purposes. Conventions were
the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventions possible. The
first national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the National
Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was
held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in
Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments, helps explain
why many other early national political conventions were held there.
In the longer run, American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant
and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of
groups – not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and
avocations ones – in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By the mid-twentieth century, conventions
accounted for over a third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation; about eighteen
thousand different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million persons.
Nineteenth-century American hotel keepers, who were no longer the genial, deferential "hosts" of the
eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large stake in the community,
they exercised power to make it prosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of the public,”
they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly
shocked by this high social position.

1. The word "bound" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(C) tied
2. The National Republican party is mentioned in line 8 as an example of a group
(D) holding a convention

3. The word "assembling" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(C) gathering

4. The word "ones" in line 16 refers to

(B) conventions

5. The word "it" in line 23 refers to

(C) community

6. It can be inferred from the passage that early hotel keepers in the United States were
(D) influential citizens

7. Which of the following statements about early American hotels is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them.

In the world of birds, bill design is a prime example of evolutionary fine-tuning.

Shorebirds such as oystercatchers use their bills to pry open the tightly sealed shells of their prey;
hummingbirds have stiletto-like bills to probe the deepest nectar-bearing flowers; and kiwis smell out
earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks. But few birds are more intimately tied to
their source of sustenance than are crossbills. Two species of these finches, named for the way the
upper and lower parts of their bills cross, rather than meet in the middle, reside in the evergreen forests
of North America and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.
The efficiency of the bill is evident when a crossbill locates a cone. Using a lateral motion of its
lower mandible, the bird separates two overlapping scales on the cone and exposes the seed. The
crossed mandibles enable the bird to exert a powerful biting force at the bill tips, which is critical for
maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the scales apart. Next, the crossbill snakes its long
tongue into the gap and draws out the seed. Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the bird
cracks open and discards the woody seed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel. This whole
process takes but a few seconds and is repeated hundreds of times a day.
The bills of different crossbill species and subspecies vary – some are stout and deep, others more
slender and shallow. As a rule, large-billed crossbills are better at securing seeds from large cones,
while small-billed crossbills are more deft at removing the seeds from small, thin-scaled cones.
Moreover, the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine
which bill design is the best.
One anomaly is the subspecies of red crossbill known as the Newfoundland crossbill. This bird has a
large, robust bill, yet most of Newfoundland's conifers have small cones, the same kind of cones that
the slender-billed white-wings rely on.

18. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(B) The efficiency of the bill of the crossbill

19. Which of the following statements best represents the type of “evolutionary fine-tuning" mentioned
in line 1?
(A) Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food supply.
20. Why does the author mention oystercatchers, hummingbirds, and kiwis in lines 2-4?
(C) They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food supply.

21. Crossbills are a type of

(D) finch

******22. Which of the following most closely resembles the bird described in lines 6-8?

23. The word "which" in line 12 refers to

(C) force

24. The word "gap" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) opening

25. The word "discards" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(D) gets rid of

26. The word "others" in line 18 refers to

(A) bills

27. The word "deft" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(B) skilled

28. The word "robust" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) strong

29. In what way is the Newfoundland crossbill an anomaly?

(C) The size of its bill does not fit the size of its food source.

30. The final paragraph of the passage will probably continue with a discussion of
(D) how the Newfoundland crossbill survives with a large bill

31. Where in the passage does the author describe how a crossbill removed a seed from its cone?
(B) The second paragraph

If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration or Independence, beyond the
flourished signature of John Hancock and the other fifty-five men who signed it, you will also find the
name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first
official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore
heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.
Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing
shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and
creditors. it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began
publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother
as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in
to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her
brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor's prison, Mary
Katherine Goddard's name appeared on the newspaper's masthead for the first time.
When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard
to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the
documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.
During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's only newspaper,
which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies." She was also the city's
Postmaster from 1775 to 1789 – appointed by Benjamin Franklin – and is considered to be the first
woman to hold a federal position.

32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) The accomplishments of a female publisher

33. Mary Goddard's name appears on the Declaration of Independence because

(B) she published the document

34. The word "heralded" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(B) announced

35. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she
(C) took over her brother's printing shop

36. The word "there" in line 17 refers to

(C) Baltimore

37. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was
(A) an accomplished businesswoman

38. The word "position" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) job

38.1 Mary Goddard's first publication was

(A) Providence Gazette

38.2 The word "its" in line 5 refers to

(B) Signers

38.3 According to the passage, where was located the Continental Congress
(A) In Philadelphia
In the 1500's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United
States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples. These
ancestors, known variously as the Basket Makers, the Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in
the area for at least 2,000 years. They were
an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.
The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houses were originally built
in pits and were entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D., the Anasazi began to build
their homes above ground and join them together into rambling multistoried complexes, which the
Spanish called pueblos or villages.
Separate subterranean rooms in these pueblos – known as kivas or chapels – were set aside for
religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole that was believed to lead to the
underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800 rooms.
The Anasazi family was matrilinear; that is, descent was traced through the female.
The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest female, but the actual
ceremonies were conducted by her brother, or son. Women owned the rooms in the pueblo and the
crops, once they were harvested. While still growing, crops belonged to the men, who, in contrast to
most other Native American groups, planted them. The women made baskets and pottery; the men
wove textile and crafted turquoise jewelry.
Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with land disputes and religious affairs. The war
chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages
and directed the men in community building projects. The cohesive political and social
organization of the Anasazi made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer them.
1. The Anasazi people were considered "agriculturally advanced" because of the way they
(C) watered their crops

2. The word "pits" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(D) holes

3. The word "stories" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(C) levels

4. Who would have been most likely to control the sacred objects of an Anasazi family?
(D) A forty-year-old woman

5. The word "they" in line 16 refers to

(B) crops

6. The word "disputes" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(B) arguments

7. Which of the following activities was NOT done by Anasazi men?

(A) Making baskets

8. According to the passage, what made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer the
Anasazi ?
 (A) The political and social organization of the Anasazi

9. The passage supports which of the following generalizations?

(C) Anasazi society exhibited a well-defined division of labor.

9.1 What does the passage mainly discuss?

(C) The culture of Anasazi people

It would be hard to cite a development that has had more impact on American industry than the
Bessemer process of making steel. It made possible the production of low-cost steel and established the
foundation of the modern steel industry. In many ways it was responsible for the rapid industrialization
of the United States that took place in the formative period of the late 1800's.
The first Bessemer plant in the United States was built in Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1864, near the
end of the Civil War. It was capable of producing only 2 tons of steel ingots at a time. The ingots were
rolled into rails-the first steel rails made in the United States. Acceptance of the process was initially
slow. By 1870, the annual output of Bessemer steel was a mere 42 thousand tons. Production grew
rapidly after about 1875, rising to 1.2 million tons in 1880, when it exceeded that of wrought iron for
the first time.
The rise of the US. steel industry in the last quarter of the 19th century was brought about largely by
the demand for Bessemer steel rails for the nation's burgeoning rail network. Steel rails were far more
durable than those made of iron. Spurred by this demand, the us. steel industry became the largest in
the world in 1886, when it surpassed that of Great Britain.
The Bessemer Process was the chief method of making steel until 1907, when it was overtaken by
the open-hearth process. By the 1950's, the Bessemer Process accounted for less than 3% of the total
U.S. production.

24.With what topic is this passage mainly concerned?

(D) The effects of one method of making steel

25.According to the passage, the Bessemer process contributed to all of the following EXCEPT
(B) the manufacture of weapons during the Civil War

26.What can be inferred from the passage about wrought iron?

(A)At one time, more of it was produced than Bessemer steel.

27. The word "burgeoning" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(C)expanding

28.According to the passage, why were Bessemer steel rails used in place of iron rails?
(A)They lasted longer.

29.The word "Spurred" in line 20 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(A)Driven

30.According to the passage, in what year did the steel industry of the United States begin to produce
more steel than that of Great Britain did?
(D)1886
31.What can be inferred about the steel industry in the United States during the 1950's?
(C)It primarily involved methods of production other than the Bessemer Process.

32.The paragraph following this one probably concerns

(B)the open-hearth method of making steel

33.The author first begins to discuss the growth of the Bessemer Process in
(C)lines 14-16

Just before and during World War I, a number of white musicians came to Chicago from New Orleans
playing in an idiom they had learned from blacks in that city. Five of them formed what eventually
became known as the Original Dixieland Band. They moved to New York in 1917 and won fame there.
That year they recorded the first phonograph record identified as jazz.
The first important recording by black musicians was made in Chicago in 1923 by King Oliver's
Creole Jazz Band, a group that featured some of the foremost jazz musicians of the time, including
trumpet player Louis Armstrong. Armstrong's dynamic trumpet style became famous worldwide. Other
band members had played in Fate Marable's band, which traveled up and down the Mississippi River
entertaining passengers on riverboats.
The characteristics of this early type of jazz, known as Dixieland jazz, included a complex
interweaving of melodic lines among the cornet or trumpet, clarinet, and trombone, and a steady
chomp-chompbeat provided by the rhythm section, which included the piano, bass, and drums. Most
bands used no written notations, preferring arrangements agreed on verbally.
Improvisation was an indispensable element. Even bandleaders such as Duke Ellington, who provided
his musicians with written arrangements, permitted them plenty to freedom to improvise when playing
solos.
In the late 1920's, the most influential jazz artists in Chicago were members of small bands such as
the Wolverines. In New York, the trend was toward larger groups. These groups played in revues, large
dance halls, and theaters. Bands would become larger still during the next age of jazz, the Swing era.

12. What is the main topic of this passage?

(A) The early history of jazz

13. The word "idiom" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(D) style

14. The musicians who made the earliest jazz recordings were originally from
(A) New Orleans

15.When was the first important recording by black jazz musicians made?
(B) In 1923
16.According to the passage, Louis Armstrong was a member of which of the following?
(C) King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band

17.The word "steady" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) constant

18. According to the passage, which of the following instruments helped provide the beat for Dixieland
jazz?
(B) The piano

19.Duke Ellington is given as an example of a bandleader who

(D) used written arrangements

20.Which of the following phrases would be LEAST likely to be applied to Dixieland jazz?
(D) Carefully planned

21.According to the passage, who were the Wolverines?

(D) A small group

22.The author provides the most detailed description of early jazz music in the
(C) third paragraph

23.The paragraph following this one most likely deals with

(B) the Swing era

Nearly 515 blocks of San Francisco, including almost all of Nob Hill, were destroyed by the 1906
earthquake and fires. Many of San Francisco's "painted ladies" -its gaudy, nineteenth century Victorian
houses-were lost in the disaster. Today, some 14,000 surviving houses have been preserved, particularly
in the Cow Hollow, Mission, Pacific Heights, and Alamo Square districts.
Distinguished by their design characteristics, three styles of San Franciscan Victorians can be found
today. The Italianate, which flourished in the 1870's, is characterized by a flat roof, slim pillars flanking
the front door, and bays with windows that slant inward. The ornamentation of these narrow row
houses was patterned after features of the Roman Classical styles. The Stick style, which peaked in
popularity during the 1880s, added ornate woodwork outlines to the doors and windows. Other
additions included the French cap, gables, and three-sided bays. Designs changed dramatically when
the Queen Anne style became the rage in the 1890's. Turrets, towers, steep gabled roofs, and glass art
windows distinguished Queen Anne houses from their predecessors.
In the period after the earthquake, the Victorians came to be regarded as impossibly old-fashioned, but
beginning around 1960, owners began peeling off stucco, tearing off false fronts, reapplying custom
woodwork, and commissioning multi-hued paint jobs. Before long, many of these houses had been
restored to their former splendor.
34.Which of the following is NOT one of the author's purposes in writing the passage?
(B)To discuss housing problems in San Francisco today

35.The word "gaudy" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A)showy

36.According to the passage, in what district of San Francisco are authentic Victorian houses LEAST
likely to be found today?
(D)Nob Hill

37.According to the passage, which of the following styles of architecture was the last to become
fashionable in San Francisco?
(D)Queen Anne

38.As used in the second paragraph, the word "bays" refers to

(C)architectural features

39.Which of the following is most likely to be seen only on a Queen Anne style house?
(B)A tower

40.During which of the following periods were San Francisco's Victorian houses generally thought of
as old-fashioned?
(C)From 1907 to 1960

41.What can be inferred from the passage about Victorian houses after they had been restored?
(A)They were painted in many colors.
41.1 The word "slant" in line 11 is closest meaning to
(D) slope
41.2 The multi-hued paint refers to
(B) In 1960 the houses at San Francisco where restored to the former Roman Classical style
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective.
Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not
offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at
familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or
affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the
values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New
World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating
cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists
objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before
Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of
expression, the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are
read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome
or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness
they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire
rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a
personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it. It his lived because readers appreciate a refreshing
stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap
moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though
rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see,
hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life
resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies
attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.
Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
Reasons for the popularity of satire

40. The word "realization" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

awareness

41. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World, and A Modest Proposal in lines
6-8?
They are famous examples of satiric literature.

42. The word "aesthetically" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

artistically

43. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?

Odd combinations of objects and ideas

44. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be
reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate

45. The word "refreshing" in line 19 is closest ill meaning to

unusual
46. The word "they" in line 22 refers to
people

47. The word "devote" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

dedicate

48. As a result of reading satiric literature, readers will be most likely to

reexamine their opinions and values
49. The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT
introducing readers to unfamiliar situations

50. Why does the author mention “service of humanity" in line 25?
It is an ideal that is rarely achieved

Rachel Carson was born in 1907 in Springsdale, Pennsylvania. She studied biology at college, and
zoology at Johns Hopkins University, where she received her master's degree in 1933. In 1936, she was
hired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, where she worked most of her life.
Carson's first book, Under the Sea Wind, was published in 1941. It received excellent reviews, but
sales were poor until it was reissued in 1952. In that year she published The Sea Around Us, which
provided a fascinating look beneath the ocean's surface, emphasizing human history as well as geology
and marine biology. Her imagery and language had a poetic quality. Carson consulted no fewer than
1,000 printed sources. She had voluminous correspondence and frequent discussions with experts in
the field. However, she always realized the limitations of her non-technicalreaders.
In 1962 Carson published Silent Spring, a book that sparked considerable controversy.It proved how
much harm was done by the uncontrolled, reckless use of insecticides. She detailed how they poison
the food supply of animals, kill birds and fish, and contaminate human food. At the time, spokesmen
for the chemical industry mounted personal attacks against Carson and issued propaganda to indicate
that her findings were flawed. However, her work was vindicated by a 1963 report of the President's
Science Advisory Committee.

33.The passage mainly discusses Rachel Carson's work

(D) as a writer

34.According to the passage, what did Carson primarily study at Johns Hopkins University?
(D) Zoology

35.When she published her first book, Carson was closest to the age of
(C) 34

36.It can be inferred from the passage that in1952, Carson's bookUnder the Sea Wind
(D) sold many copies
37.Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the passage as a source of information for The
Sea Around Us?
(C) A research expedition

38.Which of the following words or phrases is LEAST accurate in describing The Sea Around Us?
(A) Highly technical

39.The word "reckless" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(D) irresponsible

40.According to the passage, Silent Spring is primarily

(C) a warning about the dangers of misusing insecticides

41.The word "flawed" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) faulty

42.Why does the author of the passage mention the report of the President's Science Advisory
Committee (lines 23-24)?
(B) To support Carson's ideas

Sea otters dwell in the North Pacific. They are the largest of the mustelids, a group which also includes
freshwater otters, weasels, and badgers. They are from four to five feet long, and most weigh from 60
to 85 pounds. Large males may weigh 100 pounds or more.
Unlike most marine mammals, such as seals or dolphins, sea otters lack a layer of blubber, and
therefore have to eat up to 30% of their body weight a day in clams, crabs, fish, octopus, squids, and
other delicacies to maintain body heat. Their voracious appetites do not create food shortages, though,
because they are picky eaters, each animal preferring only a few food types. Thus no single type of
food source is exhausted. Sea otters play an important environmental role by protecting forests of
seaweed called kelp, which provide shelter and nutrients for many species. Certain sea otters feast on
invertebrates like sea urchins and abalones that destroy kelp.
Sea otters eat and sleep while floating on their backs, often on masses of kelp. They seldom come on
shore. Sea otters keep warm by means of their luxuriant double-layered fur, the densest among animals.
The soft outer fur forms a protective cover that keeps the fine underfur dry. One square inch of
underfur contains up to 1 million hairs. Unfortunately, this essential feature almost led to their
extinction, as commercial fur hunters drastically reduced their numbers.
Under government protection, the sea otter population has recovered. While elated by the otters
return, scientists are concerned about the California sea otter population growth of 5% a year, lagging
behind the 18% a year rate among Alaska otters. Sea otters are extremely sensitive to pollution. In 1989
up to 5,000 sea otters perished when the Exxon Valdez spilled oil in Prince William Sound, Alaska.

42.According to the passage, what are mustelids?

(C)A group of mammals that contains sea otters
43.It can be inferred from that passage that, if a large male sea otter weighs 100 pounds, it must eat
approximately how many pounds of food a day to maintain its body heat?
(C)30 pounds
44.The author refers to sea otters as "picky eaters" Oine 11) because
(D)each sea otter eats only a few kinds of food
45.The word "exhausted" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(B)used up
46.According to the passage, which of the following best describes sea otters' relationship with kelp
forests?
(B)The otters protect the kelp by eating animals that destroy it.
47.Which of the following could best replace the word "luxuriant" in line 19?
(C)Abundant
48.According to the passage, the outer fur of sea otters
(A)keeps the underfur from getting wet
49.The word "elated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(D)overjoyed
50.According to the passage, why are scientists concerned about the population of California sea
otters?
(C)Its growth rate is not as fast as that of the Alaska sea otters.
51. In 1989 what cost, more than 5,000 sea otters to perished?
(A) A petroleum ship sank, spreading oil
 The technology of the North American colonies did not differ strikingly from that of Europe, but in
one respect, the colonists enjoyed a great advantage. Especially by comparison with Britain, Americans
had a wonderfully plentiful supply of wood.
The first colonists did not, as many people imagine, find an entire continent covered by a climax
forest. Even along the Atlantic seaboard, the forest was broken at many points. Nevertheless, all sorts
of fine trees abounded, and through the early colonial period, those who pushed westward encountered
new forests. By the end of the colonial era, the price of wood had risen slightly in eastern cities, but
wood was still extremely abundant.
The availability of wood brought advantages that have seldom been appreciated. Wood was a
foundation of the economy. Houses and all manner of buildings were made of wood to a degree
unknown in Britain. Secondly, wood was used as a fuel for heating and cooking. Thirdly, it was used as
the source of important industrial compounds, such as potash, an industrial alkali; charcoal, a
component of gunpowder; and tannic acid, used for tanning leather.
The supply of wood conferred advantages but had some negative aspects as well. Iron at that time
was produced by heating iron ore with charcoal. Because Britain was so stripped of trees, she was
unable to exploit her rich iron mines. But the American colonies had both iron are and wood; iron
production was encouraged and became successful. However, when Britain developed coke smelting,
the colonies did not follow suit because they had plenty of wood and besides, charcoal iron was
stronger than coke iron. Coke smelting led to technological innovations and was linked to the
emergence of the Industrial Revolution. In the early nineteenth century, the former colonies lagged
behind Britain in industrial development because their supply of wood led them to cling to charcoal
iron.

1.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(B)The effects of an abundance of wood on the colonies

2.The word "strikingly" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(B)dramatically

3.Which of the following is a common assumption about the forests of North America during the
colonial period?
(D)They covered the entire continent.

4.The use of the word "abounded" in line 8 indicates that the trees were
(A)present in large numbers

5.According to the passage, by the end of the colonial period, the price of wood in eastern cities
(C)was slightly higher than in previous years

6.What can be inferred about houses in Britain during the period written about in the passage?
(D)They were usually built from materials other than wood.

7.Why does the author mention gunpowder in line 19?

(B)To give an example of a product made with wood

8.The word "conferred" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(C)provided
9.The phrase "follow suit" in line 27 means
(A)do the same thing

10.According to the passage, why was the use of coke smelting advantageous?
(A)It led to advances in technology.

11.The phrase "cling to" in line 33 is closest in meaning to

(C)continue to use

12.Where in the passage does the author begin to discuss in detail the disadvantages that an abundant
supply of wood brought to the colonies?
(D)Lines 21-22

The Peales were a distinguished family of American artists. Charles Willson Peale is best
remembered for his portraits of leading figures of the American Revolution. He painted portraits of
Franklin and Jefferson, and over a dozen of George Washington. His life-size portrait of his sons
Raphaelle and Titian was so realistic that George Washington reportedly once tipped his hat to the
figures in the picture.
Charles Willson Peale gave up painting in his middle age and devoted his life to the Peale Museum,
which he founded in Philadelphia. The world's first popular museum of art and natural science, it
featured paintings by Peale and his family as well as displays of animals in their natural settings. Peale
found the animals himself and devised a method of taxidermy to make the exhibits more lifelike. The
museum's most popular display was the skeleton of a mastodon-a huge, extinct elephant-which Peale
unearthed on a New York farm in 180l.
Three of Peale's seventeen children were also famous artists. Raphaelle Peale often painted still lifes
of flowers, fruit, and cheese. His works show the same luminosity and attention to detail that the works
of the Dutch masters show. In the late eighteenth century, however, portraiture was the rage, and so
Raphaelle Peale found few buyers for his still lifes at the time. His brother Rembrandt studied under his
father and painted portraits of many noted people, including one of George Washington. Another
brother, Rubens Peale, painted mostly landscapes and portraits.
James Peale, the brother of Charles Willson Peale, specialized in miniatures. His daughter Sarah
Miriam Peale was probably the first professional female portrait painter in America.

13.What is the main topic of the passage?

(D)A family of artists

14.The author probably mentions that Washington "tipped his hat to the figures in the painting" (lines
6-7)to indicate that
(A)Charles Willson Peale's painting was very lifelike

15.The word "settings" in line 12 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(A)Environments

16. For which of the following terms does the author give a definition in the second paragraph?
(D) Mastodon
17.Which of the following questions about the Peale Museum does the passage NOT supply enough
information to answer'
(D) In what year was it founded?

18. The word “unearthed” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(B) dug up

19. Which of the following words could best be substituted for the word "rage" in line 2l?
(A)Fashion

20.According to the passage, Rembrandt Peale and his father both painted
(B)portraits of George Washington

21.Which of the following is NOT one of the children of Charles Willson Peale?
(D) Sarah Miriam Peale

22.The author's attitude toward the Peales is generally

(C)admiring

To date, Canada has produced only one classic children's tale to rank with Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland and the works of Mark Twain; this was Lucy Maud Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables.
Lucy Maud Montgomery was born in Clinton, Prince Edward Island. Her mother died soon after her
birth, and when her father went to Saskatchewan to assume a business position, she moved in with her
grandparents in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. There she went to school, and later qualified to be a
teacher.
Montgomery wrote the Anne books while living in Cavendish and helping her grandmother at the
post office. The first of the books, Anne of Green Gables, was published in 1908, and in the next three
years she wrote two sequels. Like Montgomery, the heroine of the book is taken in by an elderly couple
who live in the fictional town of Avonlea, and Montgomery incorporated many events from her life in
Cavendish into the Anne books.
In 1911, Montgomery married Ewan MacDonald, and the couple soon moved to Ontario, where she
wrote many other books. However, it was her first efforts that secured her prominence, and the Anne
books are still read all around the world. Her novels have helped create a warm picture of Prince
Edward Island's special character. Several movies, a television series, and a musical play have been
based on her tales, and today visitors scour the island for locations described in the book.

1.The main purpose of this passage is to

(A)introduce Montgomery and her Anne books

2.The word "this" in line 3 refers to

(D)a Canadian children's classic

3.According to the passage, Montgomery was raised primarily

(B)by her grandparents

4.Approximately when did Lucy Maud Montgomery write the two sequels to her book Anne of Green
Gables?
 (B)From 1908 to 1911

5.The word "elderly" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(B)old

6.In the Anne books, the main character lives in

(C)the town of Avonlea

7.Which of the following can be concluded from the passage about the Anne books?
(A)They were at least partially autobiographical.

8.The word "prominence" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A)reputation

9.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "character" in line 21?
(B)Nature

10.All of the following have been based on the Anne books EXCEPT
(D)a ballet

11.In line 22, the word "scour" could be replaced by which of the following without changing the
meaning of the sentence?
(C)Search

The time when humans crossed the Arctic land bridge from Siberia to Alaska seems remote to us
today, but actually represents a late stage in prehistory of humans, an era when polished stone
implements and bows and arrows were already being used and dogs had already been domesticated.
When these early migrants arrived in North America, they found woods and plains dominated
by three types of American mammoths. Those elephants were distinguished from today’s elephants
mainly by their thick, shaggy coats and their huge, upward-curving tusks. They had arrived on the
continent hundreds of thousands of years before their human followers. The wooly mammoth in the
North, the Columbian mammoth in middle North America, and the imperial mammoth of the South
together with their distant cousins the mastodons, dominated the land. Here, as in the Old World,
there is evidence that humans hunted these elephants, as shown by numerous spear points found with
mammoth remains.
Then, at the end of the Ice Age, when the last glaciers had retreated, there was a relatively sudden
and widespread extinction of elephants. In the New World, both mammoths and
mastodons disappeared. In the Old World, only Indian and African elephants survived.
Why did the huge, seemingly successful mammoths disappear? Were humans connected with
their extinction? Perhaps, but at the time, although they were hunters, humans were still widely
scattered and not very numerous. It is difficult to see how they could have prevailed over the
mammoth to such an extent.
1.With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?
(D)The relationship between man and mammoth in the New World
2.The word "implements" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) tools
3.The phrase "these early migrants" in line 6 refers to
(B) humans
4.Where were the imperial mammoths the dominant type of mammoth?
(C) In the southern part of North America
5.It can be inferred that when humans crossed into the New World, they
(A) had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia
6.Which of the following could best substitute for the word "remains" in line 17?
(A) Bones
7.The word "seemingly" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(B) apparently

8.The passage supports which of the following conclusions about mammoths?

(C) The cause of their extinction is not definitely known.
9. The word "cunning" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) clever
10.Which of the following is NOT true about prehistoric humans at the time of the mammoths'
extinction?
(C) They were concentrated in a small area.
11.Which of the following types of elephants does the author discuss in the most detail in the
passage?
(B)The mammoth
Under certain circumstances, the human body must cope with gases at greater-than- normal
atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba
gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay
underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1
atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is
exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal
the external pressure applied to the body; otherwise breathing is very difficult. Therefore all of the
gases in the air breathed by a scuba
diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which composes 80
percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of
well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitrogen causes symptoms resembling
alcohol intoxication, known as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct
effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen dissolved in the blood. Deep dives are less
dangerous if helium is substituted for nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not exert
a similar narcotic effect.
As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses
from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs when the diver
surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the
blood, and from the blood into the lungs. If
the return to the surface is too rapid, nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse out rapidly
enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed. They can cause severe pains, particularly around the
joints.
Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent. During ascent from a depth of 10
meters, the volume of air in the lungs will double because the air pressure at the surface is only half of
what it was at 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture.
This condition is called air embolism. To avoid this event, a diver must ascend slowly, never at a rate
exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.

20. What does the passage mainly discuss?

The effects of pressure on gases in the human body

21. The words "exposed to" in line 6 are closest in meaning to

subjected to

22. The word "exert" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

cause

23. The word "diffuses" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

travels

24. What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly?
It forms bubbles.

25. The word "they" in line 21 refers to

bubbles
26. The word " rupture " in line 26 is closest in meaning to
burst

27. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following presents the greatest danger to a
diver?
An air embolism
28. What should a diver do when ascending?
Rise slowly.

28.1 Why does the author mention the human body at the beginning of reading?
(B) To talk about complications while breathing

What is meant by the term economic resources? In general, these are all the natural, man-made,and
human resources that go into the production of goods and services. This obviously covers a lot of
ground: factories and farms, tools and machines, transportation and communication facilities, all types
of natural resources, and labor. Economic resources can be broken down into two general categories:
property resources-land and capital- and human resources-labor and entrepreneurial skills.
What do economists mean by land? Much more than the non-economist. Land refers to all natural
resources that are usable in the production process: arable land, forests, mineral and oil deposits, and
so on. What about capital? Capital goods are all the man-madeaids to producing, storing, transporting,
and distributing goods and services. Capital goods differ from consumer goods in that the latter satisfy
wants directly, while the former do so indirectly by facilitating the production of consumer goods. It
should be noted that capital as defined here does not refer to money. Money, as such, produces
nothing.
The term labor refers to the physical and mental talents of humans used to produce goods or services
(with the exception of a certain set of human talents, entrepreneurial skiIIs, which will be considered
separately because of their special significance). Thus the services of a factory worker or an office
worker, a ballet dancer or an astronaut all fall under the general heading of labor.

43.What is the author's main purpose in writing this passage?

(D) To define economic resources

44.In lines 3-4, the author uses the expression "This obviously covers a lot of ground ..." to indicate
that
(C) the topic of economic resources is a broad one

45.When non-economists use the term "land," its definition

(B) is much more restrictive than when economists use it
46.The word "arable" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(B) fertile

47.The phrase "the latter" in line 15 refers to

(D) consumer goods

48.Which of the following could be considered a capital good as defined in the passage?
(A) A railroad

49.The word "heading" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(C) category

50.The skills of all the following could be considered examples of labor, as defined in the passage,
EXCEPT
(D) entrepreneurs