2.

Table 2.0:.

Raw materials Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

By-product Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Product Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4)

I. Physical and chemical properties of Sodium Chloride

Sodium Chloride is an ionic compound with the molecular formula of NaCl. It was derived
as 1:1 ratio of chloride and sodium ions with molar masses of 35.45 g/mol and 22.99 g/mol
respectively. Generally, 100 grams of Sodium Chloride contains 39.34 g of Sodium and 60.66
g of Chlorine.

The pH of Sodium chloride solution is between 7 this is because the basicity of the Cl- ion
which is the conjugate base of the strong acid HCl. The system pH[20] does not affected by
NaCl diluted solutions due to negligible of ionic strength and activity coefficients.

Furthermore, the chemical balance in our body to the geophysical and biological
equilibrium of the planet causes the present od Sodium Chloride in our live. In the food
industry, Sodium Chloride is usually used in preservation of food (Raúl Fuentes-Azcatl, 2006).
Therefore, the important of physical-chemical properties of Sodium Chloride as a pure
substance or in mixtures is shown in table 2.1 below.
 Table 2.1:

Chemical name Sodium Chloride

Chemical formula NaCl
Physical state and appearance Crystals or powder.
Odour Odourless
Taste salt taste
Molecular Weight 58.44 g/mol
Colour Colourless, White
pH 6.7 - 7.3 Aqueous solution is neutral
pH Range 5.2 - 9.2
Relative Density 2.17 (25 °C)
Boiling Point 1465 °C
Melting Point 801 °C
Flash Point Not applicable
Flammability The product is not flammable.
Refractive index 1.484
Specific Gravity 2.17
Vapor Pressure 1.3 hPa at 865 °C
Viscosity Not applicable
Detection of odour threshold Not applicable
Sensitive Hygroscopic
Solubility 360 g/l (25 °C) Soluble
Storage temperature 24 °C (Room temperature)
Stability Stable
Auto-ignition No information available
Oxidizing properties none
Bulk density 1,360 kg/m3
 II. Physical and chemical properties of Sulfuric Acid

Sulfuric acid is a powerful and extremely corrosive substance with molecular formula of
H2SO4. It is a powerful acid formed by two hydrogen atom, one sulfur atom and four oxgen
gas atoms. The reactivity of sulfuric acid is very reactive toward water and most organic
matter. This result the substance to break down quickly and release a significant amount of
energy from the process (Karpenko, 2017).

The strength of sulfuric acid is determined by its concentration. The higher concentrated
level at 98 percent concentration is dangerous to handle because it can cause immediate burn
to the skin and permanent blindness if had contact with the acid. Additionally, concentrated
sulfuric acid causes most metals to corrode on contact (Parker, R. 2004). Usually, at 62
percent concentration it was used in fertilizer. The used of sulfuric acid also used in batteries
at roughly 33 percent concentration. Lastly, sulfuric acid used for laboratory experiment at 10
percent concentration.

Sulfuric acid is used for a variety of commercial and industrial purposes. It is an essential
component in battery acid, and it is often found in car batteries. It is used in some fertilizers,
toilet bowl cleaners, and powerful detergents.
 Table 2.2:

Chemical name Sulfuric Acid

Chemical formula H2SO4
Physical state and appearance Liquid
Odour Slight
Molecular Weight 98.08 g/mol
Colour Colourless to Brown
Density 1840 kg/m³
Boiling Point 105°C
Melting Point 11°C
Flash Point Not determined
Flammability Not determined
Reactivity Reacts exothermically on dilution with water.
Reacts exothermically with strong alkali
materials.
Specific Gravity 1.5-1.85
Relative Vapor Density Not available
pH Below 1
Corrosivity Corrodes metals
Solubility Miscible with water.
Storage temperature Below 24 °C
Auto-ignition Not available
Vapor Pressure Below 0.0001 kPa at 20°C
Decomposition temperature > 340 °C
2.1 Background study on the product and by-product

i. Physical and chemical properties of Sodium Sulfate (product)

Sodium Sulfate is an inorganic compound with molecular formula of Na2SO4. Generally, at

normal temperature Sodium Sulfate has stable chemical bond and is not reactive toward
reducing agent and oxidising agent. On the other hand, if high temperature was applied it will
be converted to Sodium Sulfide through carbothermal reduction. The chemical reaction for
carbothermal reduction process as shown below:

Na2SO4 + 2C → Na2S + 2CO2

Solutions of sodium sulfate are produced in numerous reactions of sodium compounds

with sulfuric acid or with sulfur dioxide and oxygen (H. v. Plessen et al.,1989). Moreover,
Sodium Sulfate is less reactive at room temperature with the exception of Sulfric acid and with
which various other acid compounds are formed at temperatures below 100°C. On the other
hand, Sodium Sulfate become very reactive at higher temperature. Next, it also known as
neutral salt which forms aqueous solution with pH of 7. Sodium sulfate has unusual solubility
characteristics in water. The solubility characteristic of sodium sulfate is almost independent
of temperature when solubility in water rises more than tenfold between 0 °C to 32.384 °C and
it reached a maximum of 49.7 gram per 100 mL.
 Table 2.1:

Chemical name Sodium Sulfate

Chemical formula Na2SO4
Physical state and appearance Colourless to White crystals, granules or
powder
Odour Odourless
Taste Saline taste
Molecular Weight 142.04 (anhydrous), 322.13 (decahydrate)
Colour white
pH 5.2 - 8.0 (50 g/L, H2O, 20 °C)
Solutions neutral to litmus.
pH Range 5.2 - 9.2
Density 2.68 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point 1700°C
Melting Point 888 °C
Flash Point Not applicable
Flammability The product is not flammable.
Refractive index 1.484
Specific Gravity 2.68
Vapor Pressure Not applicable
Viscosity No information available.
Detection of odour threshold Not applicable
Sensitive Hygroscopic
Solubility H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colourless
Storage temperature 24 °C (Room temperature)
Stability Stable. Incompatible with strong acids,
aluminium, magnesium, strong bases.
Hygroscopic.
Auto-ignition > 400 °C
Method: NF T 20-036
does not ignite
Decomposition > 890 °C
Bulk density ca.1,400 - 1,600 kg/m3
 Hydrochloric Acid is also known as muriatic acid with a molecular formula of HCl. It is
consists of one hydrogen and chlorine atom. It is a colourless corrosive which is strong mineral
acid that used in industrial, to reacts with an organic base to forms a hydrochloride salt
(Speight, 2017). The chemical reaction of producing Hydrochloric acid from the chemically
similar common salt (NaCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as shown below:

2NaCl+H2SO4→2HCl+Na2SO4

The Hydrochloric acid is can be dissolved in water. It is very corrosive due to its strong acid
base and it physical is a light-yellow liquid. Usually, HCl is widely used on production of vinyl
chloride for polyvinyl chloride plastic and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate/TDI for
polyurethane (Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, 2010). Generally, the concentration of HCl is
produced between 0% and 40% kg HCl/kg. The highest HCl produce with 40% is known as
“fuming” hydrochloric acid because of its extremely high evaporation rate (Nicholas P.
Cheremisinoff, 2010). While the lowest HCl produced with 0% concentration, the characteristic
of solution has a similarity with liquid water.

.
 Table 2.1:

Chemical name Hydrochloric Acid

Chemical formula HCl
Physical state and appearance Liquid, Transparent
Odour pungent odor
Odor threshold (ppm) 0.25-10 ppm
Molecular Weight 36.46
Colour Colorless
pH 0.1 (1.0 N Solution)
Vapor Density 1.3 (estimate)
Boiling Point 50.5°C
Melting Point -25 °C
Flash Point Not Applicable
Flammability Non-combustible
Refractive index No information available.
Specific Gravity 1.18
Vapor Pressure 25 kPa at 25°C
Viscosity No information available.
Sensitive React violently with bases and is corrosive
Solubility Miscible with water
Storage temperature Below 24 °C
Stability Stable under normal conditions
Auto-ignition Not applicable