Ointment

  Type   Gre Water   Water   Absorb/Co Uses   Examples  

asy   Wash   Soluble   ntain  H2O  
-­‐ External  use,  oleaginous  semi-­‐solid   Oleaginous   /   X   X   X   Protectant   Petrolatum  
-­‐ External  application  to  skin  or  mucous  membrane   Emollient   Synthetic  esters  
-­‐ Drug  incorporated  to  oleaginous  ointment   Vehicle  for   Lanolin  derivatives  (Lanolin  
Desirable  Properties  of  Ointment  Base   drug  prone   oil  &  hydrated  lanolin)  
to   Vaseline  
-­‐ Chemically  and  physically  stable   hydrolysis  
-­‐ Non-­‐reactive  and  compatible   Absorption   /   X   X   /   Protectant   Hydrophilic  petrolatum  
-­‐ Free  from  odor   base   Emollient   Wool  fat  (anhydrous  lanolin)  
-­‐ Non-­‐toxic,  non-­‐sensitizing,  non-­‐irritating   Vehicle  for   Aquaphor  
-­‐ Appealing,  easy  to  apply  &  non-­‐greasy   Aqueous   Aqua  base  
-­‐ Remains  in  the  skin,  easy  to  remove   solution   Polysorb*  
Emulsion           Emollient   Hydrophilic  ointment,  
Characteristics  of  Ointments  
base           Vehicle  for   vanishing  cream,  dermabax,  
-­‐ Free  from  grittiness   -­‐ o/w   X   /   x   /   solids  &   velvachol  
-­‐ Becomes  rancid  with  time   -­‐ w/o   /   X   x   /(limited)   liquids   Hydrous  lanolin,  cold  cream,  
-­‐ Easily  spread   eucerin,  nivea,  rose  water  
ointment  
Use   Water   x   /   /   /   Emollient   Polyethylene  glycol  
-­‐ Emollient  -­‐>  skin  pliable   soluble  (no   Vehicle  for   Polybase  
-­‐ Protective  barrier   lipid   Solids  &   PEG  (MW  <600)  clear  
-­‐ Vehicle  for  medication   content)   liquids   PEG  (MW  >  1000)  wax-­‐like  
Local  
Packaging   anesthetics  
 
-­‐ Jar  –  scrape  from  surface,  do  not  dig  
-­‐ Tubes  –  more  preferred,  less  exposure   Creams    

Preparation   -­‐ semisolid  preparation  containing  one  or  more  medicinal  agents  dissolved  or  
dispersed  in  either  o/w  or  w/o  emulsion  base  or  in  another  water  washable  
A. Incorporation/Levigation   base    
a. Mortar  and  pestle  to  reduce  impalpable  powder  from   -­‐ by  Galen  
grittiness,  form  soft  nucleus   -­‐ <600  –  cream;  1000+  waxy    
B. Fusion  method  –  use  of  heat   -­‐ easier  to  spread  and  remove  than  ointment  
a. Heat  high  melting  point  first  (wax,  spermaceti)  H2O  bath  before   -­‐ lighter,  less  viscous  than  ointment,  imparts  pseudo  plastic  flow    
adding  soft  oleaginous  material   -­‐ viscous,  placed  in  tubes  (does  not  need  push,  lotions  need  squeeze)    
Levigating  Agents  
Types  
-­‐ Mineral  oil  –  w/o  
-­‐ Glycerin  –  o/w   1. Oil  in  Water  –  vanishing  cream  (Shaving  cream,  hand  cream,  foundation)  
  2. Water  in  Oil  –  cold  cream  imparts  only  feeling  to  skin  (Emollient,  
  Cold/Galen’s  cream)  
 
  O/W  
 
  -­‐ O  –  discontinuous  phase  /  internal  phase  
  -­‐ W  –  continuous  phase  /  external  phase  
 
 
 Category   Use   Synonyms   Description   Label   Container     Remarks    
White Ointment   Emollient,   Simple  ointment   Homogenous,  viscous,   Red  label;   15g  ointment   Hydrous  ointments  and  
Ointment base   protective   semi-­‐solid  preparation   Official   jar  with   ointments  made  from  it  should  
barrier,  vehicle   with  greasy,  thick  oily   Preparation   glassine   be  kept  in  a  well-­‐closed  
appearance   (USP)   container  in  a  cool  place  
Zinc Medicated   Antiseptic   Unguentum  zinci  oxide   White  semisolid   Red  label;   10g  ointment   Mechanic  Incorporation  
Oxide   Ointment     protectant,  mild   Zinc  ointment   preparation   Official   jar  with   Preserved  in  well  closed  
astringent   Preparation   glassine     container  
(USP)   Avoid  prolonged  exposure  to  
temperature  exceeding  30C  
Sulfur Medicated   Paracitide,  anti-­‐ Unguentum  Sulfuris   Yellow  semisolid   Contains  NLT  9.5%  &  NMT  
Ointment Ointment   ringworm  and   preparation   10.5%  sulfur    
scabies   Same  procedure  as  Zinc  Oxide  
Ppt  sulfur  is  active  ingredient  
Mineral  oil  is  levigating  
White  ointment  is  hydrocarbon  
base  
Cold w/o  emulsion   Used  topically,   Petrolatum  rose  water   White  semisolid   30g  ointment   This  is  water  in  oil  emulsion  
Cream based  cream   rectally  and   ointment,  Galen’s   preparation     jar     based  
vaginally   cerate  unguentum   Preparation  is  fusion  method  
Emollient   aquae   Spermaceti  is  viscosity  modifier  
Cleansing  Cream  
Ointment  base    
 

I. White Ointment Formula II. Precipitated Sulfur Ointment Formula

Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount
White Wax 50g 0.75g Precipitated Sulfur 100g 1g
White Petrolatum 950g 14.25g Mineral Oil 100g 1g
To make 1000 g 15 g White Ointment 800g 8g
  To make 100g 10g
I. Cold Cream Formula
I. Zinc Oxide Formula Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount
Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount Spermaceti 125g 3.75g
Zinc Oxide 200g 20g White Wax 120g 3.6g
Mineral Oil 150g 1.5g = 1.77 mL Mineral Oil 560g 16.8g/19.1mL
White Ointment 650g 6.5g Sodium Borate 5g 1.5g
To make 1000g 10g Purified water 190g 5.7mL
To make 1000g 30g
   

   

   

   

   

   
Solution – liquid preparation containing on or more several substances § WAYS
dissolved in suitable solvent or mixture of mutual miscible liquid • Maceration – soaking 38-48 hours
• Percolation
• Digestion – gentle heat
Ø 2 Components • Infusion – blanching/bleaching
o Solute – dissolved • Decoction – pinakukuluan
o Solvent – dissolver
Ø Methods Mucilage
o Simple Solution
§ Dissolving solute in solvent -­‐ thick viscid, adhesive liquids made by dispersing gum in water or
§ NaCl solution, Strong Iodine extracting the mucilaginous principle from vegetable substance with
o Chemical Reaction water
§ Reacting 2+ solute in solvent -­‐ Has sugar carbohydrate components.
§ Aluminum subacetate, magnesium citrate, -­‐ Soluble in water
sulfurated lime solution -­‐ Precipitates in alcohol
o Solution by distillation -­‐ Gum dispersed in water
§ Used when solute is volatile oil -­‐ Prone to decomposition = never made large quantities unless added
§ Cinnamon oil preservative
o Solution by Extraction
§ Used with drugs of pharmaceutical necessities Caking – forming hard to remove suspension at the bottom
of vegetable or animal origin
§ Called extractives
Category   Use   Synonyms   Description   Label   Container     Remarks    
Cinnamon Pharmaceutic:   Used  in  passive   Aqua  cinnamomi,   Clear  colorless  solution  with   White  label;   30mL  amber   Aromatic  water  is  not  very  stable.  They  
Water Solution   haemorrhage   aqua  cimamomi   cinnamon  odor   Unofficial   bottle   deteriorate  easily  due  to  evaporation  and  mold  
Pharmacological:   from  lungs,   fortis,  aqua     Preparation     growth  
Aromatic  Water     stomach,  kidneys   cinnamomi     Used  to  mask  unpleasant  taste  
or  uterus  in   spirituosa,  spiritus   Precaution:  should  not  be  used  when  fever  or  
chronic  diarrhea   cinnamomi   inflammation  is  present  
and  dysentery  and      
flatulency  
Peppermi Solution   Carminative,  to   Aqua  Menthos,   A  clear  saturated  solution  of   White  label;   30mL  amber   Aromatic  water  is  very  volatile  and  is  prone  to  
nt Water mask   Pepperitas   peppermint  oil  in  purified  water   Unofficial   bottle     decomposition.  It  deteriorates  with  time.    
unpleasant  taste   Concentrata   prepared  by  alternate  solution   Preparation        
  method  of  aromatic  substance    
with  dispersion  
 
Camphor Pharmaceutical:   Drug  vehicle.  Used  in  typhoid  stage  of   Aqua   A  clear  saturated  solution  of  camphor  crystal  in   Red  label;   30mL  amber   Storage:  Preserve  in  
Water Liquid  Dosage   febrile  diseases  to  produce  sleep  and   Camphorae   purified  water.  Prepared  by  alternate  solution   Unofficial   bottle     an  air  tight  
Form  –  Solution   quietness,  and  to  relieve  severe  after-­‐ method  and  aromatic  substance  with  dispersion   Preparation     container    
Pharmacological:   pains,  colic,  mild  neuralgic  pains  and      
Aromatic  Water   dysmenorrhea.    
Calcium Pharmaceutical:   Protectant    Lime  water,    Clear  colorless  solution    Red  label;   30mL  Flint  Bottle       Bottle  filled  up  to  brim  
Hydroxide Solution   Emulsifying   calcium   with  alkaline  taste.  No   Official   Solved  portion  is  not  suitable  for  additional  quantity    
Pharmacological:   Agent   hydroxide   bubbles  in  container  to   Preparation   Special  Technique:  Slaking  (Solution  of  limited  amount  
Topical  Astringent   Employed  with   prevent  formation  of   (USP)   of  water  with  liberation  of  heat)  producing  fixed  
others   CaCO3  (white  ppt)   powders.  
Strong Pharmaceutical:   Antigoiter   Lugol’s  solution,   Transparent  liquid  with   Red  label   30mL  narrow  mouth   Simple  Solution  
Iodine Solution   Germicidal   Liquor  Iodo   deep  brown  color  and   Amber  Bottle   In  weighing  iodine  crystals,  use  porcelain  cause  I  
Pharmacological:   Fungicidal   Fortis,  Iodo   has  odor  of  iodine   reacts  with  metal  
Astringent   Antiseptic   aquasa,  liquor   KI  is  solubilizing  agent  of  I  
Keratolytic   iodi  
Thyrotoxicosis    
Acacia Pharmaceutical:   Pill  binder,   Mucilage  Acacia,   A  thick  viscid,  adhesive   White  label;   15mL  narrow  mouth   Caution:  Acacia  mucilage  must  be  free  from  molds  or  
Mucilage Mucilage   suspending   Mucilage  of  Gum   liquid  prepared  by   Unofficial   amber  bottle   any  indication  of  decomposition  
Pharmacological:   agent,   Arabic   dispersing  gum  in  water   Preparation   Storage:  Preserve  in  tight  container  
Emulsifying  Agent   emulsifying   or  extracting  
agent,   mucilaginous  particles  
demulcent   from  plants  with  water  
Magnesiu Pharmaceutical:   Saline  cathartic,   Citrate  of   Clear  odourless   White  label;   60mL  vial  with  cork   Method  used  was  chemical  reaction  
m Citrate Solution   Purgative,   Magnesia,  Liquor   effervescent  liquid   Official    
Pharmacological:   Laxative   Magnesi  Citratis,   having  sweet  acidous   Preparation   Side  effect:  stomach  pain,  nausea,  production  of  gas,  
Saline  Laxative   Lemonada   taste  and  lemon  flavor   (USP)   diarrhea  
Purgante  
Simple Pharmaceutical:   Flavoring,   Syrup   Clear,  saturated  viscous   White  label;   60mL  flint  bottle   Special  Handling:  preserve  in  a  tight  container  
Syrup Syrup   sweetening   solution  with  sweet  taste   Official   preferably  at  temperature  not  exceeding  25  degrees  
Pharmacological:   agent   Preparation   Celsius    
Flavoring  Agent   (NF)   Technique:  Percolation  
Chocolate Pharmaceutical:   Flavoring  vehicle   Cocoa,  Cocoa   Non  medicated,  dark   White  label;   15mL  narrow  mouth   Na  Benzoate  and  Glycerin  are  preservatives  
Syrup Syrup   Syrup   brown,  viscous  saturated   Official   amber  bottle  
Pharmacological:     aqueous  solution   Preparation  
Flavoring  Agent     (NF)  
Dakin’s Solution   Disinfectant   Sodium   Clear  light  yellow  solution   Red  Label   Sterile  narrow  mouth   Expiry  date  of  solution  is  30  days  after  compounding  
Solution and   hypochlorite   with  characteristic  odor  of     amber  bottle  covered   Beyond  use  is  for  extemporaneous  non  commercial  
antiseptic   solution,  Clorox   chlorine   in  aluminium  foil   products  
  Solution  must  be  discarded  48  hours  after  opening  
It  must  be  stored  at  room  temperature  
Ø Water  =  14  days  beyond  use  date  
Ø Solid  =  30  days  beyond  use  date,  5  mos.  commercial  
Strong Iodine

Calcium Hydroxide Solution Ingredients OA CA

KI 100g 1.5g
Ingredients OA CA Iodine 50g .75g
Calcium Hydroxide 3g 0.09g Purified water qs ad 1000mL 15mL
Purified water qs ad 1000mL 30mL
Magnesium Citrate Sucrose 600g 4g
Glucose 180g 2.7g
Ingredients OA CA Glycerine 50mL 0.75mL
Magnesium Carbonate 15g 2.14g NaCl 2g 0.03g
Vanilla 0.2g 0.003g
Anhydrous Citric Acid 27.4g 3.91g Sodium benzoate 1g 0.015g
Purified water qs ad 1000mL 15mL
Syrup 60mL 8.57mL
Talc 5g 0.71g Peppermint Water
Lemon Oil .1mL 0.01mL Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount
Potassium Bicarbonate 2.5g 0.36g Peppermint Oil 30mL 0.6mL
90% Ethanol 600mL 18mL
Purified water qs ad 350mL 50mL Purified Talc 50g 1.5g
Purified water 1000mL 30mL
Simple Syrup

Ingredients OA CA Cinnamon Water

Sucrose (d= 1.313) 850g 51g
Purified water qs ad 1000mL 60mL Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount
Cinnamon Oil 2Ml 0.06mL
Purified water 1000mL 30mL
Acacia Mucilage

Ingredients OA CA Dakin’s
Acacia 350g 5.25g
Benzoic Acid 2g 0.03g Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount
Purified water qs ad 1000mL 15mL Clorox 5.5% 95mL 2.85mL
Sodium Bicarbonate 27.4g 0.91g
Citric Acid 30g 0.03g
Camphor Water Clear tap water 946mL 0.03mL
To make 1000mL 30mL
Ingredients OA CA
Camphor Crystals 2g 0.06mL OFFICIAL - Syrups, Mg, Ca, I
95% Ethyl Alcohol 40mL 1.2mL RED - Camphor, Ca, I, Dakin’s
Purified Talc 15g .45g Flint - Ca, Simple syrup
Purified water qs ad 1000mL 30mL Vial - Mg
Wrapped in aluminum - Dakin’s

Chocolate Syrup

Ingredients OA CA
Cocoa 180g 2.7g
Ø Computation 1: Ratio & Proportion 5- Reconstitution
Ø Computation 2: Concentration (C1V1 = C2V2)
Ø Calcium Hydroxide Preserved at 60-85% w/v

CaO + H2O à Ca(OH)2 [slaking] Lower than 60 – microbial growth

3g: 1000mL = x: 30mL
X = 0.09g Greater than 80 – crystallization
X: 56 g/mol CaO = 0.09g : 74g/mol Ca(OH)2
X = 0.07g CaO to make 0.09g Ca(OH)2

SYRUPS

-­‐ concentrated solutions of sugar

-­‐ 85% w/v or an approximately 65% w/w
-­‐ Syrup USP is a self-preserved solution with a minimum chance of
crystallization.

o Additives:

Polyols, such as glycerin or sorbitol, may be added to retard crystallization

of sucrose or to increase the solubility of added ingredients.

Alcohol often is included as a preservative and also as a solvent for

flavors.

Further resistance to microbial attack can be enhanced by incorporating

antimicrobial agents.

When heat is used in the preparation of syrups, inversion of a slight portion

of the sucrose may take place, forming dextrose(Glucose & Fructose –
darker and sweeter)

If a sugar solution is excessively heated, the sweet taste is destroyed and a

dark brown liquid is formed. This process is known as caramelization.

Methods of preparation:

1- Solution with heat

2- Agitation without heat

3- Addition of a medicating liquid to syrup

4- Percolation