Abstract

Open Spaces refers to a recreational space which is publicly accessible land set aside for sport,

recreation, parklands, sporting fields, playgrounds, bushland or built areas such as civic squares,

plazas or skate parks. The city planning authorities have been proposing the open space area in

their plans, but the achievement of plans has been far from their satisfactory and that area has

been used for other purpose. This paper intent to highlight the key concern of open space and

intimate its value of healthy, social and economically development of city and its growth. Our

research in this paper is to present the significance value of open spaces and make a valuable

conclusion with the help of three live case studies and one is online study of a planned or

unplanned cities and their impact of his neighborhood units. We will analysis the impact of a

planned city to their suburbs and make a healthy conclusion for planned and unplanned city how

to accommodate open spaces for public uses.

Keywords: Open space planning and pattern, neighborhood planning and attachment.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Open spaces are the berating space of cities. This space is generally used by the city people in

several times for many purposes. When we planned a city or studied the principle of open space

it’s clearly known that these open areas play an important role for the development of city and

its growth. The open space helps to enhance the public realm and make healthy relation from

cultural aspect. These kind of open space are key chain of the human relation and help’s to

develop skill, interact to each other share problems or feelings. Open space plays a significance

role for enhance the social value of humans in a micro level. They create a magical impact on

human being where the peoples sit together and spend some time. In these kind of open spaces
SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 1

such an important parts of urban city. The development of successful urban city depends on

their planning scheme of open spaces. In the past there are many utopias have been planned

and suggested with the kind respect of interest for open spaces. The large scale open spaces are

used for recreational purpose and these kind of areas are the backbone of a city.

For an unplanned city where the city has been developed for the reason of transport

junction, commercial market, surrounding national highways or govt. building (court) these

kind of places are unplanned and suffer from less open spaces.

In unplanned city where the local people suffer from the less areas of open spaces, these kind of

city or areas did not developed properly with their social, economic or cultural feature. These

kinds of areas are such barrier of any city development for its growth.

These paper only deals with the significance of open spaces for a planned city and how to

accommodate these open area in a unplanned city which is suffering from lack of open spaces

with the help of case studies. e.g. Ghumar mandi in Ludhiana and Sadar bazaar market in

Ambala cantt is to be suffering less open area and lack of urban facilities. The significant role

of open spaces in both at city or society level is significant to develop the social relation and

manage their growth.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

This paper aims to proportional analysis of open space area for planned or un planed city nd

understand the significance value for open spaces of a city development and their growth .The

main purpose of this paper is to study the existing open spaces of planned neighborhood unit

and analyze them with space syntax in order to assess the reason behind their use by the

urbanity in a planed city. The objectives of the research are -

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 2

1) To study and identify the large public open spaces in a neighborhood unit of a planned city

with live case example of Chandigarh and online study of under proposed planned city Naya

Raipur with their neighborhood attachment.

2) To analyze the social impact of less open spaces in a unplanned unit with a live case example

of Sadar bazaar in ambala cantt and Ghumar mandi in Ludhiana.

3) To find out the solution of how to implement open spaces in a unplanned city for their social

growth.

4) To understand the esthetic value of open spaces for a city or community growth.

3.0 SCOPE

The research only focuses on the significance of open spaces for a healthy environment and

social growth of city or community for its development and understands the esthetic value of

open space. Also how to implement open spaces in an unplanned city with the help of case

examples.

4.0 METHODOLOGY

The findings of the syntactic analysis are triangulated with some observations from literature

which led to some achievement policy. Based on review some criteria for successful open spaces

have been tried to be recognized. The present research is approaches on the signifince value of

open spaces and highlights the implementation Straghty for an unplanned city.
SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 3

5.0 LITREATURE

A. Definition and Importance

Open space are include all private or public land that is open in nature and used as a place for

recreation purpose that may include from a little play. This consists of all ‘wander able’ land

like college campuses, or agricultural areas. (Nabi 1978)

Open spaces are those that are open in quality, which make easy meeting of humans society and

used for recreation purpose. According to Nilufar (1999), there were three functions.

1) Open spaces would meet encouraging human needs both physically and sensitively in

recreation services.

2) It can improve and protect the resource base water, soil,air, plants and in turn the animals.

3) Open spaces would affect economic growth like tourism, beautification of city, expansion,

employment, etc.

REASONS OF FAILURE

External element Internal Element

Inaccessible spaces Lack of good place to sit

Poor entrances Lack of gathering points

Dominance of a place by vehicles Dysfunctional element

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 4

Blank walls or dead zones around the Path that do not go where the people do not want

edges of a area. visit.

6.01 CASE STUDY-1

PUBLIC OPEN SPACES IN CHANDIGARH CITY

Chandigarh is known all over the world as an outstanding example of architecture, neighborhood

planning and his open spaces. The seeds of wide-ranging landscaping with open spaces were

implanted the city layout plan by its architect right at the establishment in form of large number

of open spaces, plazas, green belts, and neighborhood parks.

FIG. 1. Existing land use map (2016) of Chandigarh.

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 5

Around 68 years of establishment, the city will stands out for its high quality of lifestyle and

open spaces. The direct connection of the built form with nature and have profuse access to

green spaces all over the city. Thus city has been competent with a great inheritance of open

spaces. The sector interior adopt a picturesque approached to planning and are in stark contrast

to the formality of the city grid. A system of Small Park and recreation space should be

provided.

AVAILABILITY OF GREEN/OPEN SPACES

 Green area available within the sectoral grid = 2342 acres

 Total planned green area = 2593 acres.

 Total Green Area including Forest = 9455 acres

 Green/Open Spaces (percentage) = 33.5% of the total area

6.01 A Neighbourhood planning of sector-22

Sector-22 is a first developed sector with heavily populated and would effectively function as a

town in its own right, eventually housing almost 20,000 people. The planning facilities and

housing received more attention from the three European architects on site. The whole of the

sector is developed internally. It is entered four points only, and all housed approaches from

inside the sector mind back on to the fast motor road. In all around four side of sector is covered

with commercial belt which is to be segregated in four types.

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 6

Fig. 2. Showing sector-22 planning and open space planning of Chandigarh.

Sector 22 –A- Residential

Sector 22-B- Hotels, commercial and mobile market

Sector-22-C- SAHSTRI MARKET Hotels and cinema

Sector-D – Residential

A green belt running through north side to south side and bisected by a commercial road running

east to west side . The streets were organized in a diminishing hierarchy and labeled arterial

roads that connect one to another.

6.02 CASE STUDY-II

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 7

Naya Raipur is the new planned capital city of Chhattisgarh. Considered to be one of the world's

first integrated city it has provisions even further expansion and infrastructure upgrade in the

future. The scope of this project is to demonstrate the planning and design of a livable, walk able,

and inclusive neighborhood

Fig. 3. Arial view of naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh Highway-6. (Source- Google)

Land Use Distribution

1. Conservation of existing water bodies

2. Conservation of existing plantation

3. Recreation area 26 %

4. Suitable for public transport system

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 8

6.02 A NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING OF SECTOR-31

Fig. 4. View of sector-31, naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh. (Source- Google)

 Sector 31 would demonstrate a built environment that encourages people to walk, use

public transport and cycle, hence discouraging the dependence on personal vehicles.

 The built environment would encourage a mix of uses deviating from mono land use

oriented frameworks and ensure that buildings and streets are scaled to pedestrians and

not vehicles.

 This would also promote lively and safe public places that encourage better social

interactions amongst residents and visitors.

 Planning Development along the Feeder corridor

6.03 CASE STUDY III (UNPLANNED CITY) Ghumar Mandi, Ludhiana

Ghumar Mandi is a major commercial market recognized for retrofitting in proposed area based

expansion under Ludhiana Smart City Plan.

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 9

The section of major commercial corridor of Ludhiana city between inner city and national

highway towards to Ferozepur road.

`Fig.5. Arial view of Ghumar mandi, Ludhiana Showing unplanned Commercial development

surrounding or residential zone (Source- Google)

This ‘L’ shaped road connect to Aarti Chowk and Bhai Bala Chowk with Ghumar Mandi. Aarti

Chowk and Bhai Bala Chowk parallel to National Highway 95. In terms of character, Ghumar

Mandi is traditionally known for potter’s market but has seen mixed development in recent

years. The main problem of guhmar mandi is heavy crowded commercial market area and less

open space for residential zone. The quality of housing unit in this area is not accilent and these

areas are suffering from lack of open spaces, parking problem, traffic etc. However the
SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 10

arrangement patterns of the city are dramatically one to another arrangement within the same

region. In some time these kinds of developments rooted are more political issue

6.04 CASE STUDY IV (UNPLANNED CITY) Ambala cantt

The District has claims of being one of the famous Historical Districts of Haryana State. The

District was planned in British period and later or many others. Ambala is famous for his

railway station and Air force station or army base camp. It is the one of the most crowded

railway station in north zone.

Fig.6. Arial view of Ambala showing unplanned colonial development near National highway

and railway station (Source- Google)

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 11

The city development for the reason of national highway and railway station. The colonial

planning of this area is not good, and the designs of these houses by their dweller. However the

arrangement patterns are varying or dramatically arrangement from one to another within the

same region. The unplanned colonial are more political issue than a technical and design related

defined by government policies or land use area.

Fig.7. Showing unplanned development in Sadar Bazar, Ambala Cantt (Source- Google)

The land use and condition of services should be apparent as the product of the interact social or

economical or political environment. The arrangement pattern results the adaptation of colonial

British patterns. For the result a many number of unauthorized colonies have been developed.
SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 12

The owner of these colonies is greedier or should not provide open space and used maximum

FAR for construction to get maximum profit for their land.

7.0 SUBURBS

It is a residential area with a mixed land uses, either existing a part of city of urban area or

community within certain distance of a city. These kind of area is an part of the metropolitan

area. The main reason of development for this kind of area of job opportunity and other

recreational feature of urban city. These unplanned area are adopt the development pattern and

transportation system of urban city, for these reason these area is a small carbon copy of the city.

The basic difference of this community is to lack or open spaces and unmanned transportation

system. The growth of these suburbs depends on the growth of the urban city. For the

recommendation of local authority when they adopt these suburbs and became a part of city it’s

important that they strictly follow all rules and regulation of urban community so that the

submerging city will be a part of urban community. All kind of infrastructure and required open

spaces will be provided accordingly to their requirement. No political interference will be

involved in their neighborhood attachment. Approaches for pedestrian movement, recommended

set back and required open space area will be provided take necessary action for removed

encroachment and make a policy for developing the unauthorized area accordingly.

8.0 CONCLUSION

The arrangement of unplanned city is to be a big challenge for urban community and its open

space planning. The urban open space represent the city and its characteristic. So it’s necessary

that when we planned a city or a community the open space are provide as per their

requirement.
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The open spaces help to developed city and community with their social, economical value and

create a sustainable environment for their growth.

In arrangements of unplanned city is a major challenge in the twentieth-first century. The

challenge of unplanned arrangements is not simply one of a housing policy, but it is the need for

a holistic approach that addresses the housing needs of the existing residents.

The open spaces developments can be classified in two categories:

1. Street are reconstructions or renewals.

2. Squares (public urban open spaces), or green areas.

It seems that there has been a little hypothetical and experiential research about the improvement

of unplanned arrangements of colonies or community. The recommendations are considered as

the guideline or adopted for the promotion of other similar communities. The recommendation

are :

1. Local body has a vision for contributition to sustaining the city life.

2. Problems of community have to be faced by result for solutions before by replace the

complete city with a new planned.

3. A practical solution provided which are eco friendly or cost effective and retain the city

background.

4. Needed to help the residents area to their role in progress or growth in order to create

characteristic spaces.

5. Creating an area which is reproducing its characteristic identities and pleasing to live in.

6. Generate spaces that give confidence better social communication between the resident’s to

his safety or security factor.

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 14

7. A well defined street network creating that integrate the existing streets of the city to comfort

association.

For a planned city a minimum 15% of open space provide according to NBC. But it’s depending

on the futuristic requirement of city. Open Space categories, as defined and provide a

benchmark for the provision of publicly accessible open space across the capital, categorizing

spaces according to their size, facilities and local importance.

Distances
Type Description Size
from homes

Small Open Sitting out areas, Gardens or other areas of a Under 2 Less than

Space specialist nature, including nature conservation hectares 400.00 meters

areas.

Regional Park Large area, corridors or networks of open space, 400.0 3.20 to 8.0

the majority of which will be provide a range of hectares kilometers

facilities and elements offering recreational,

landscaping, cultural or green infrastructure

benefits .

Pocket Park Small areas of open space that provide shaded Under Less than 400

areas for informal play and passive recreation 0.4 meters

natural surfaces.

Metropolitan Park open space that provide a similar range of 60.00 3.2

benefits to Regional Parks and offer a amenities hectares kilometers

at a sub regional level.

SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 15

Local Parks and children's play, mediation zone sitting out areas 2 Distances

Open Spaces and nature conservation areas. hectares from homes

400 meters

Linear Open Open spaces with pedestrian paths alongside the

Spaces canals, paths and other waterways, railways;

nature conservation areas.

District Park Open space area provide a landscape 20.00 1.200

surroundings with a variety of natural element hectares kilometers

providing a wide range of behavior, including

outdoor sports amenities and playing fields,

children's engage in recreation for different age

groups.

Open space is an simple concept, the factors that affect and that are complex. Through an Open

Space Plan, you identify and examine these factors and layout policy for your community. Open

space component behind every successful community development projects, and a major

contributor to the character of place that forms the foundation of its economy. Local authority

should be strictly followed the rules for development of sector of city, village and colony. The

effective value for development of open space protection is the key to making the right

investment choices, for in the final conclusion, the cost of protecting a community’s important

natural systems and seem higher, but the true cost of not protecting them may be much, more

higher.
SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SPACE IN A CITY GROWTH 16

9.0 REFERENCES

1. Green City Guidelines, Advice for the protection and enhancement of biodiversity in

medium to high-density urban developments, UCD Urban Institute. Ireland, 2008.

2. Guidelines for Greening of Urban Areas and Landscaping, Ministry of Urban Affairs and

Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, 2000.

3. Good Practices for Urban Greening, Environment Division of the Social Programs and

Sustainable Development Department of the Inter-American Development Bank.

Washington, 1997.

4. Guide on Plant Materials for Landscaping in India, Town and Country Planning

Organization, Ministry of Works and Housing, 1980.

5. National Mission for a Green India, Draft submitted to Prime Minister’s Council on

Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, 2010.

6. Manual on norms and standards for environment clearance of large construction

projects, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, 2005.

7. Proceedings of Session Challenges of Urban Green Development, Workshop on Climate

Change Mitigation and Energy Use Optimization, International Congress on Urban

Green Spaces. New Delhi, 2012.

8. Tamás Meggyesi (2004), Településfejlesztés (Urban Development), academic

broadsheet, Budapest, pages 18-19.