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A. H. Alwan
Department of Civil Engineering,
Engineerin , University College of Esraa, Baghdad, Iraq
M. H. Hameed
Department of Civil Engineering,
Engineering, University College of Esraa, Baghdad, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Aging is one of the real issues that confronting flexible pavement through the
service life of pavement. The physical and chemical properties of asphalt cement are
change after a period of time.
time Aging are happens during the preparation of mixtures,
service life and when exposed to the different climatic conditions. For the purpose of
this study local materials have been brought and tested. The local materials are
including asphalt cement, coarse and fine aggregate and mineral fillers. In this work,
Portland cement and silica fume were used as mineral filler. Two types of specimens
were prepared and tested.
tested The first type was included 100 % Portland cement as
mineral filler and the second type was included 50 % Portland cement and 50 % silica
fume as mineral filler. The optimum asphalt content of mixtures
mixture was found according
to Marshall Design method. Optimum asphalt content c of mixture was 4.9 for
specimens that contain 100 % Portland cement as mineral filler and it was 5.1 % for
specimens that contain 50 % Portland cement and 50 % silica fume as mineral filler. filler
Fifty one (51)) of asphalt concrete specimens (Marshall Specimens)
Specimens) were prepared.
For the purpose of studying the effect of short term aging, part of specimens was
placed in the oven and subjected it to a temperature of 135 ºC for (2 and 4 hr), while
for the long term aging, another part of specimens was placed in the oven and
subjected it to a temperature of 85 ºC for 72 hr (3 days) and 120 hr (5 days) according
to AASHTO R30. The results of Marshall Test showed that the stability of Marshall
was increased by 13.63%, 27.27%, 51, 81 and 63.63% after S.T.A (2 and 4)hr 4 and
after L.T.A(3 and 5) days, respectively. Flow of Marshall was decreased after S.T.A (2
and 4) hr and after L.T.A (3( and 5) days by 8.82%, 14.7%, and 35.29 % and 38.23%.,
respectively. Also, the results showed that the air voids in total mixture were increased
after short and long term aging. Generally, the results showed that the use of 50%
silica fume as a mineral filler with 50 %Portland cement leads to change the influence
of aging on properties of Marshall by different percentages.
percentages
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K. H. Sultan, A. H. Alwan and M. H. Hameed
Key words: Portland Cement, Silica Fume, Properties of Marshall, S.T.A and L.T.A.
1. INTRODUCTION
Aging is considered as one of the real issues that influence performance of flexible pavement
because modes of failure like rutting, thermal cracks and fatigue cracks affect performance of
pavement. Therefore, aging phenomena is a reason of failure for each mode of failures [1].
The physical and chemical properties of asphalt cement usually change with time. Asphalt
cement become more brittle and stiff after period of time which is alluded to aging of asphalt.
These altered properties directly effect on the performance of flexible pavement. [2].Aging of
asphalt cements happens during two phases. The first phase of aging happens at a very quick
rate when asphalt cement is blends with coarse and fine aggregates and heated to required
temperatures of mixing; therefore, this phase is referred to short term aging (S.T.A). The last
phase of aging happened at a low rate after the mixtures are set down then spread and
compacted. Aging proceeds for around (2 to 3) years after construction until the mixture
arrive to the maximum bulk density. This phase is alluded to long term aging (L.T.A). Aging
of asphalt cement essentially influences the mechanical properties of mixture and
consequently influence the performance of the flexible pavement. So, it is necessary to
describe the aging of asphalt mixtures properly for the fruitful design of flexible pavements
[3].The influence of aging of asphalt cement on the performance of mixture has been
examined according to two methods. The first one is subject different testing conditions to
asphalt cement and after that find the changes in the physical properties to evaluate the
possibility of aging of the asphalt cement, so this method does not take into consideration the
impact of particles of coarse and fine aggregate and does not give realistic expectation to the
performance of the pavement. The last method is exposing the mixture of asphalt to different
testing aging conditions and after that the physical properties of the aged mixtures is
determined. This last method is more accurate because the processes of aging are directly
performed on the mixtures [4]. At normal temperatures asphalt cement is a dark, semisolid
and highly viscous material. It is known as a thermoplastic material because it is soft at high
temperature and hardens at low temperature. For preparing of mixture the temperature of
asphalt cement should not exceed the manufacturer recommended temperature at heating.
Oxidation will be happened if the asphalt cement is heated more. Oxidation makes asphalt
cement more brittle that leading to aging. A lot of amount of hardening (aging) happens
during production of hot mix asphalt when the asphalt cement is heated to facilitate process of
mixing and then compaction. In general, more aging of asphalt cement is not desirable
because it may be decreases durability of pavement [5].Moreagingcan be weaken the bonding
between asphalt cement and aggregate, for this reason, loss of materials will be occur sat the
surface layer, so, aging of asphalt cement is important factor for the durability of flexible
pavements [6,7].
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1. Material Characteristics
2.1.2. Aggregate
Coarse and fine aggregates were gotten from the quarry of alnibaei. Physical properties of
coarse and fine aggregate are showed in Table 2.
E - Parts of Specimens.
= . . . .
(1)
. . .
Where:
w :Total Weight of Specimen (1200 gm.),
w . :Weight of Asphalt Cement, (gm.),
G . ∶Specific Gravity of Asphalt Cement,(gm/ ),
w . : Weight of Coarse Aggregate,(gm.),
G . :Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate,(gm/ ),
w . : Weight of Fine Aggregate, (gm.),
G . :Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate,(gm/ ),
w : Weight of Mineral Filler, and (gm.)
G : Specific Gravity of Mineral Filler (gm/ ).
% *. +. , = -. − 0 × .2 (3)
Where:
G ∶ Bulk Specific Gravity, (gm/ ),
G ∶ Maximum Theoretical Specific Gravity (gm/ ).
where:
Gb :Bulk Specific Gravity,(gm/ ),
P . :Percent of Aggregate, %
Figure 3 Marshall Test Results for Specimens for 100 % Portland cement.
Figure4 Marshall Test Results for Specimens for 50 % Portland cement and 50 % silica fume.
Figure (6-a) Effect of Replacement of Portland cement by 50% of Silica Fume on The Aging of
Asphalt Mixture
Figure (6-b) Effect of Replacement of Portland cement by 50% of Silica Fume on The Aging of
Asphalt Mixture.
5. CONCLUSIONS
• Marshall Stability was increased by 13.63% and 27.27% after 2 and 4 hours, respectively.
• Marshall Stability was increased by 51.81 % and 63.63%after 3 and 5 days, respectively.
• In the short term aging, Marshall Flow was decreased by 8.82% and 14.7%after 2 and 4 hours,
respectively while in the long term aging, the flow was also decreased by 35.29 % and 38.23% for 3
and 5 days.
• Bulk density was decreased with increasing time of aging.
• Voids in total mixture were increased after short and long term aging.
• Generally, the results showed that the using of 50 % silica fume as mineral filler with Portland cement
leads to change the influence of aging on properties of Marshall by different percentages.
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