H OW TO W RITE A R ESEARCH

P ROPOSAL

1 MARCH 3, 2019
2 R ESEARCH DESIGNS

 The research designs are divided

into four groups, namely:
historical method, descriptive
method, experimental method,
and case study method.

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3 R ESEARCH DESIGNS

 In historical method, the study is focused in

the past (what was); in the descriptive
method, the study is focused in the present
condition (what is); in the experimental
method, future (what will be); and in the
case study method, past, present, and
future.

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4 R ESEARCH DESIGNS

 Historical Method describes what was.

This method involves investigating,
recording, analyzing, and interpreting the
events of the past for the purpose of
discovering generalizations that are helpful
in understanding the past, understanding
the present, and to a limited extent in
anticipating the future.

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5 R ESEARCH DESIGNS

 To uncover the unknown (some historical

events are not recorded)
 To identify the relationship that the past
has to the present
 To record and evaluate the
accomplishments of individual, agencies, or
institutions.
 To assist in understanding the culture in
which we live (e.g. education is a part of
our history and our culture) MARCH 3, 2019
6 R ESEARCH DESIGNS

 Descriptive Method describes what is. The

study focuses at the present condition.
Descriptive research is used to obtain
information concerning the current status
of the phenomena to describe "what
exists“. The methods involved range from
the survey which describes the status quo,
the correlation study which investigates the
relationship between variables, to
developmental studies which seek to
determine changes over time.
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7 R ESEARCH DESIGNS

 Experimental Method describes what will

be when certain variables are carefully
controlled or manipulated. The
experimental method involves
manipulating one variable to determine if
changes in one variable cause changes in
another variable. This method relies on
controlled methods, random assignment
and the manipulation of variables to test a
hypothesis.
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8 R ESEARCH DESIGNS

 Case Study Method. The advantage of the

case study research design is that you can
focus on specific and interesting cases. This
may be an attempt to test a theory with a
typical case or it can be a specific topic that
is of interest. Research should be thorough
and note taking should be meticulous and
systematic. In a case study, you are
deliberately trying to isolate a small study
group, one individual case or one particular
population.
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G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
 Be concise. Don’t say more than you need.
 Be correct. If you say your data agree with the
experiment within 10%, then that really should
be the case.
 Be clear. Don’t write something that the average
reader would not understand.
 Be relevant. Avoid lengthy discussions about
issues that aren’t related to the point of the
paper.
 Be sure to cite your sources whenever you make
use of an idea from someone else.
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G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
 A table must have, at least, two columns and, at
least, two rows.
 When used in the text, an array of raw data is
relatively useless. A table must provide the summary
or the specifications.
 The contents of tables and the data used for figures
must be the truth and nothing but the truth.
 As much as possible, do not put too much
information in one table or figure. Use several tables
or figures, if necessary.
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G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
 If one wants to show the trends the data follows, a
graph is a better illustration of the data than placing
them in a table. Use the type of graph that can easily
illustrate your point of view.
 The numbering of tables and figures resets every
chapter, including the appendix.
 Every table or figures requires a label or title.
 All text references to a table or figure must not be
introduced by the phrase, “in the following table” or
“in the following figure.”
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12
G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING R ESEARCH PAPER
 All tables and figures must be near the text they
were cited. If the table or figure is cited more
than a page from their location, the page
number of the table or figure must be included.
 If a figure has a label of “Fig 5.3,” it must be
cited in the test as Fig. 5.3. If labeled as Figure
5.3, cite it as such.
 The label of a table is placed on the top of the
table. The label of a figure is placed below the
figure.
 The label of a table must identify the table
briefly.
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13
G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
 In conservative practice percent is still not
considered a noun. Use percentage.
 If the data for a table or figures are not the
writer’s own but are taken from another
source, a source note should be included,
introduced by the word Source(s), in italics,
below the table.

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14
G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING R ESEARCH PAPER
 All tables and figures must be near the text
they were cited. If the table or figure is cited
more than a page from their location, the
page Footnotes to tables may be marked by
letters or symbols (superscripted) and are
explained below, yet within the table.
 If the data for a table or figures are not the
writer’s own but are taken from another
source, a source note should be included,
introduced by the word Source(s), in italics,
below the table.
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15
G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
 Illustrations may be reproduced from
published works without seeking permission
in the work is in the public domain: that is, if
it was never in copyright (as is true of most
publications of the government) or if the
copyright has run full term and lapsed. Even
though permission is not required, it is good
practice to use a credit line out of deference
to the reader as well as the creator of the
material.
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16
G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
 Illustrative material protected by copyright,
whether published or unpublished or
unpublished, usually requires permission from
the copyright owner before it can be reproduced
even in a thesis. It is the writer’s responsibility
to determine what is under copyright and obtain
permission to use it.
 If a table or figure is cited again in the text that
is pages away, the table or figure may have to be
repeated, if possible, in a different manner.
 Use A4 size of bondpaper, substance 20 and
above.
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17
G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
MISTAKES TO AVOID
 Placing a heading at the bottom of a page
with the following text on the next page
(insert a page break!)
 Dividing a table or figure - confine each
figure/table to a single page
 Submitting a paper with pages out of order

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18
G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
IN ALL SECTIONS OF YOUR PAPER:
 As always, pay attention to spelling, clarity and
appropriateness of sentences and phrases.
 Stay focused on the research topic of the paper
 Use paragraphs to separate each important
point (except for the abstract)
 Indent the first line of each paragraph
 Present your points in logical order
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19
G ENERAL S UGGESTIONS IN
W RITING A R ESEARCH PAPER
 Use present tense to report well accepted facts -
for example, 'the grass is green'
 Use past tense to describe specific results - for
example, 'When weed killer was applied, the
grass was brown'
 Avoid informal wording, don't address the reader
directly, and don't use jargon, slang terms, or
superlatives
 Avoid use of unnecessary pictures - include only
those figures necessary to presenting results
MARCH 3, 2019
 R ESEARCH P ROPOSAL

A research proposal is the blueprint

of the details of the operational
plan of a particular project or
investigation that is being
presented for review and
approval.
T HE R ESEARCH P ROPOSAL

The research proposal serves a dual purpose:

First, it provides a systematic plan of procedure

for the researcher to follow.

Second, it provides a basis for the evaluation of

the project and gives the advisor a basis
during the period of his or her assistance.
 I MPORTANCE OF P ROPOSAL

Since a proposal is a plan, it indicates

what will be done, why it will be done,
how it will be done, where it will be
done, to whom it will be done, when it
will be done, and what benefit adds
when it is done (Lewis, Philip V. and
Baker, 1978).
 R ESEARCH P ROPOSAL

A proposal may be prepared for an

academic purpose or for a
sponsoring organization's
purposes. Regardless of the
purpose, the researcher finds
tremendous benefits in preparing
a proposal.
24 C HAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Chapter 1 includes discussion on:

 Introduction
 Statement of the Problem
 Objectives of the study
 Significance of the study
 Scope and Delimitation

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25 T ITLE
 Your paper should begin with a Title briefly
describes the contents of the paper.
 The title is not a section but is necessary and
important. It should be short and
unambiguous, yet be an adequate description
of work.
 The general rule-of-thumb is that the title
should contain the key words describing the
work presented.

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26 T ITLE (E XAMPLE )

 Online Information System for Baliuag

University
 Electronic Information Bulletin Board for
Local Government Units
 Calibration status notification Scheme of
Test Instruments Used by Controlgear
Electric Corporation Using an Android
Phone Application.

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27
I NTRODUCTION

The introduction gives the background of

the project and the rationale for conducting
the study. A good introduction should:
1) tell the background of the study,
2) show the rationale or justification for
choosing the study, and
3) present the research gap that can be
filled by the study.
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28
H OW TO W RITE A G OOD
I NTRODUCTION
Consider these ideas for creating a strong beginning.
 Surprising fact: The Pentagon has twice as many
bathrooms as are necessary. The famous
government building was constructed in the 1940s,
when segregation laws required that separate
bathrooms be installed for people of African
descent. This building isn’t the only American icon
that harkens back to this embarrassing and hurtful
time in our history. Across the United States there
are many examples of leftover laws and customs
that reflect the racism that once permeated
American society.
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29
H OW TO W RITE A G OOD
I NTRODUCTION
 Humor: When my older brother substituted fresh
eggs for our hard-boiled Easter eggs, he didn’t
realize our father would take the first crack at
hiding them. My brother’s holiday ended early
that particular day in 1991, but the rest of the
family enjoyed the warm April weather, outside
on the lawn, until late into the evening. Perhaps it
was the warmth of the day and the joy of eating
Easter roast while Tommy contemplated his
actions that make my memories of Easter so
sweet. Whatever the true reason, the fact is that
my favorite holiday of the year is Easter Sunday.
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H OW TO W RITE A G OOD
I NTRODUCTION
 Quotation: Hillary Rodham Clinton once said
that “There cannot be true democracy unless
women's voices are heard.” In 2006, when
Nancy Pelosi became the nation’s first female
Speaker of the House, one woman’s voice
rang out clear. With this development,
democracy grew to its truest level ever in
terms of women’s equality. The historical
event also paved the way for Senator Clinton
as she warmed her own vocal chords in
preparation for a presidential race.
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31
H OW TO W RITE A G OOD
I NTRODUCTION
 Curiosity: A duck’s quack doesn’t echo. Some
people might find a deep and mysterious
meaning in this fact …
 Definition: A homograph is a word with two
or more pronunciations. Produce is one
example …
 Anecdote: Yesterday morning I watched as
my older sister left for school with a bright
white glob of toothpaste gleaming on her
chin. I felt no regret at all until she stepped
onto the bus … MARCH 3, 2019
32

S TATEMENT OF THE P ROBLEM

 The statement of the problem/dilemma is the
core of any research. Research starts with a
question in the researchers mind. It is this question
which usually leads to a researchable problem.
Explain which dilemma of problems leads to the
research, as well as the stance you intend to take.
The topic or first statement of the (first) paragraph
must state the problem you are intending to solve.
The succeeding sentences (or paragraphs) are to
explain or elaborate the topic sentence.

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33

O BJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 The research objective states
the reasons for conducting the
study and it states what the study
wants to find out.

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 Objectives of the Study
34 The primary objective of this study is to ……. which is …………
Specifically, the proposed study aimed to:
1. To design .............
2. To create .......
3. To construct ……….
4. To test the performance limits of the system in terms of ……….
5. To evaluate the acceptability of the system in terms of:
5.1 Functionality;
5.2 Reliability;
5.3 Efficiency and effectiveness;

5.4 Maintainability and

5.5 Portability. MARCH 3, 2019

35
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
One of the primary
consideration in undertaking a
research is the immediate or
long-term benefit accruing to
the end-user.

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36
BENIFICIARIES

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL ORGANIZATIONAL OTHERS

•Researchers LEVEL •Government
•Students •Firms •Communities
•Employees •Industry •Consumers
•Managers •Associations •Suppliers
•Entrepreneurs •Schools •Funding
•Funding Agencies

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 The End User
37 The people benefit from the system. They would be
informed immediately in case of abrupt notices and
announcements, hence they can prepare for it. They could easily
make comment, suggestions and feedbacks to further improve the
community projects.
To the Local Government Units
A fast and easy way of providing an announcement and
alerts was established. They could also effortlessly relay to the
public momentous reports like water and electricity loss advisories,
class suspensions, and other important events.
The Future Researcher
The system will serve as an inspiration to those who
wanted to develop and improve the existing system. The said idea
also serves as a stepping stone in developing a system using
different devices and approaches. They can also use this research as
a reference for whatever study they will be venturing. Further
revision of this dissertation to improve the system will be intensely
promoted for the good of the community.

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38 S COPE AND D ELIMITATION

This section of the study includes

the coverage of the study area, the
subjects, the research instruments,
the research issues or concerns, the
duration of the study, and the
constraints that have direct bearing
on the result of the study.

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 Limitation Vs Delimitation

Limitations are those conditions beyond the control of

the researcher that may place restrictions on the
conclusions of the study and their application to other
situations.
 Limitation Vs Delimitation

Delimitations. These are boundaries beyond which the

study is not concerned.
41 C OMMON MISTAKES

 Failure to delimit the boundary conditions

for your research.
 Failure to cite landmark studies.
 Failure to cite the intended user of the
proposed study

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42
E XAMPLE ( SCOPE AND
D ELIMITATION )
The study will be focused on the design and
development of ……..
The system will provide……..
The system is intended ………..
The system will be developed using…..
The evaluation will be based ……

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43 MARCH 3, 2019