1. Of the following risks to human health, which causes the most human deaths?

• Consumer risks
• Chemical risks
• Biological risks
• Personal risks
• Physical risks

2. As a country transitions from a poor, developing country to a more affluent, developed country

its health risks for disease change. Which of the following best represents the change in risk

factors from the developing to the developed country?

The initial challenges are obesity and poor sanitation, which change to high blood pressure
•
and poor nutrition
The initial challenges are poor sanitation and sedentary lifestyles, which change to poor
•
indoor air quality and obesity.
The initial challenges are sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition, which change to high blood
•
pressure and poor urban air quality.
The initial challenges are malnutrition and poor sanitation, which change to high
•
blood pressure and obesity.
The initial challenges are malnutrition and availability of tobacco, which change to poor
•
nutrition and poor sanitation.

3. Individuals living on the Japanese islands must live with constant geologic activity in the form of

earthquakes and volcanoes. These people face what type of risk to human health on a daily basis?

• Physical risk
• Parasite risk
• Biological risk
• Biochemical risk
•
Chemical risk

4. A historical pandemic disease caused by bacterium and carried by rodents is

• Cholera
• Tuberculosis
• Plague
• Swine Flu
• Hepatitis
5. Which virus likely spread to humans when hunters butchered and ate chimpanzees?

• H1N1
• Hantavirus
• Ebola virus
• HIV
• Human Monkey Pox

6. Individuals living near the Republic of Congo in Africa face an extreme biological risk. If infected

with this risk, they face a 50 to 90% chance of death due to fever, vomiting, and sometimes

internal and external bleeding. This disease risk is:

• HIV/AIDS
• the Ebola virus
• dengue fever
• malaria
• human monkey pox

7. The disease that led to the destruction of hundreds of thousands of cows world-wide and

prompted wide scale change in the feeding practices of cattle is

• bovine spongiform encephalopathy

• avian influenza
• bovine hemorrhagic fever
• H1N1
• mutated protein prion disease

8. An advancement in medical research allows individuals infected with HIV/AIDS to lead longer

lives due to

• the eradication of the virus in chimpanzees

• antiviral drugs that keep HIV populations in the body low
• antibiotics that cure the related pneumonia
• an isolation of the virus in primates
• antiviral drugs that work as a vaccine against AIDS
9. A pathogen of an emergent disease that lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted

by mosquitoes is

• Plasmodium
• The Avian Flu virus
• The West Nile virus
• The Ebola virus
• Yersinia pestis

10. Use Figure 17-1. In 2009, the greatest increase in the number of women newly infected with

HIV occurred in

• Asia
• sub-Saharan Africa
• Central and South America
• North America and Western and Central Europe
• Caribbean

11. Use Figure 17-1. in 2009, the number of newly HIV-infected individuals worldwide was

approximately

• 200,000
• 1,300,000
• 1,700,000
• 2,600,000
• 26,000,000

12. Use Figure 17-1. In 2009, the percentage of newly HIV-infected individuals who lived in North

America and Western and Central Europe was approximately

• 0.25%
• 1%
• 4%
• 8.5%
• 10%
13. Most insecticides are highly effective due to their ability to impair nerve transmission in insects.

This category of chemicals is known as

• teratogens
• allergens
• neurotoxins
• endocrine disrupters
• carcinogens

14. Which of the following is a carcinogen?

• asbestos
• lead
• atrazine
• thalidomide
• DDT

15. Use Table 17-2. Which risk factor is higher for the overall population than it is for high-income

individuals?

• alcohol use
• illicit drugs
• tobacco use
• All of the factors are higher for the overall population than for high-income
None of the risk factors are higher for the overall population than for high-income
•
individuals.

16. Use Figure 17-2. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the use of tobacco

between North America and Africa?

Individuals in developed countries of North America do not readily use tobacco while
•
individuals in the developing countries of Africa do.
Developed countries of North america have high rates of death related to tobacco use while
•
developing countries of Africa do not.
Developing countries of North America have high rates of death related to tobacco
•
use while developed countries of Africa do not.
Developed countries of North America have one half as many tobacco related deaths as
•
those of developing countries of Africa
There is no difference between the deaths attributed to tobacco use of the developed
•
countries of North America and the developing countries of Africa
17. The teratogen used in the 1950s and 1960s to treat morning sickness in pregnant women was

the drug

• estrogen
• atrazine
• phthalate
• thalidomide
• testosterone

18. A compound in plastics that is classified as an endocrine disruptor is

• formaldehyde
• asbestos
• vinyl chloride
• phthalates
• PCBs

19. Studies conducted by scientists to assess the risk of chemicals include

I. Dose-response studies

II. Chronic studies

III. Retrospective studies

• I only
• II only
• I and III only
• II and III only
• I, II, and III

20. Use Figure 17-4. The threshold of the hypothetical chemical is approximately

• 1 hypothetical unit
• 3 hypothetical units
• 5.5 hypothetical units
• 8 hypothetical units
• 10 hypothetical units
21. Use Figure 17-4. The LD50 of the hypothetical chemical is approximately

• 3 hypothetical units
• 4.5 hypothetical units
• 5.5 hypothetical units
• 7 hypothetical units
• 10 hypothetical units

22. Use Figure 17-4. The point on the curve where the two dashed lines intersect represents all of

the following EXCEPT:

• the dose at which 50% of the test subjects die

• the dose that kills the entire population (correct answer)
• the LD50
• a dose at which scientists can compare this chemical's lethality to other chemicals
• the relative toxicity of the chemical on a specific group of species

23. The US legislation that provides for the regulation of many chemicals by the EPA, not including

pesticides, food, and cosmetics, is the

• Clean Water Act

• Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1996
• Registration, Evaluation & Authorization of Chemicals Act
• Clean Air Act

24. A study was conducted on a new herbicide and the ED50 for mice was determined to be 40

mg/kg. What would be the concentration deemed "safe for humans" by the EPA?

• 40 mg/kg
• 20 mg/kg
• 4 mg/kg
• 0.2 mg/kg
• 0.04 mg/kg (correct answer)
25. A study focusing on the long term effects of a chemical on the reproduction of trout would be

categorized as a/n

• prospective study
• chronic study
• ED50 study
• acute study
• retrospective study

26. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986 has provided scientists with data on the effects of

radiation on humans. This study of radiation sickness and thyroid cancers would be best

classified as a/n

• retrospective study
• chronic study
• acute study
• prospective study
• LD50 study

27. Asbestos exposure is more dangerous to individuals who smoke cigarettes. This is due to

• the bioaccumulation of asbestos in the lungs

• the synergistic interactions between the two risks
• the high LD50 of asbestos
• the solubility of asbestos in the bloodstream
• the biomagnification of the chemicals in tobacco

28. In an estuary a zooplankton consumes a phytoplankton with a small globule of PCBs attached to

it. A fish consumes the zooplankton as well as many other zooplankton. A larger fish consumes

the small fish and then a gull consumes the larger fish. The increased concentration of the

chemical at the top of the food chain is an example of

• biomagnification
• bioaccumulation
• synergistic properties
• PCB persistance
• synergistic interactions
29. Which of the following represents an environmental hazard?

I. UV radiation

II. pregnancy

III. arsenic

• I
• III
• I and II
• I and III
• I, II, and III

30. When a chemical manufacturing company develops a chemical, extensively tests it, discovers it

to be unsafe, and never brings it to market, it is the following the

• precautionary principle
• actual risk probability principle
• risk management principle
• risk assessment and management principle
• innocent-until-proven-guilty principle

31. Which international agreement placed restriction on a list of 12 chemicals, known as "the dirty

dozen?"

• the Montreal Protocol of 1987

• the REACH Convention of 2007
• the Cairo Convention of 1994
• the Kyoto Accord of 1997
• the Stockholm Convention of 2001

32. What disease is caused by mutated bovine prions?

• bubonic plague
• malaria
• ebola
• mad cow disease
• tuberculosis