Arithmetic

Properties of Odd and Even numbers

Addition Subtraction Multiplication

Even + Even = Even Even – Even = Even Even Even = Even
Odd + Odd = Even Odd – Odd = Even Odd Odd = Odd
Even + Odd = Odd Even – Odd = Odd Even Odd = Even

NOTE: The division of two whole numbers does not necessarily result in a whole
number. For example, 1 divided by 4 equals 1/4, which isn't even or odd, since the
concepts even and odd apply only to integers. But when the quotient is an integer, it will
be even if and only if the dividend has more factors of two than the divisor.

Natural number:
Numbers used for daily counting are natural numbers (positive integers).

Prime numbers:
A prime number is a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number divisors,
which are one and the prime number itself.

NOTE-1: Both 0 and 1 are neither prime, nor composite

NOTE-2: Test for Prime: If its not divisible by any of the primes lesser than it, its a
prime

First 30 prime numbers

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97,
101, 103, 107, 109, 113

Prime Factorization
To get the prime factors of a number, choose ANY pair of factors and split these factors
until all the factors are prime.
Test for divisibility
2 If the last digit is even, the number is divisible by 2.
3 If the sum of the digits is divisible by 3, the number is also.
4 If the last two digits form a number divisible by 4, the number is also.
5 If the last digit is a 5 or a 0, the number is divisible by 5.
6 If the number is divisible by both 3 and 2, it is also divisible by 6.
7 • Take the number and multiply each digit beginning on the right hand side (ones)
by 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5. Repeat this sequence as necessary
• Add the products.
• If the sum is divisible by 7 - so is your number.
• Example: Is 2016 divisible by 7?
• 6(1) + 1(3) + 0(2) + 2(6) = 21
• 21 is divisible by 7 and we can now say that 2016 is also divisible by 7.
8 If the last three digits form a number divisible by 8, then so is the whole number.
9 If the sum of the digits is divisible by 9, the number is also.
10 If the number ends in 0, it is divisible by 10.
11 Alternately add and subtract the digits from left to right. (You can think of the first
digit as being 'added' to zero.)
If the result (including 0) is divisible by 11, the number is also.
Example: to see whether 365167484 is divisible by 11, start by subtracting:
[0+]3-6+5-1+6-7+4-8+4 = 0; therefore 365167484 is divisible by 11.
12 If the number is divisible by both 3 and 4, it is also divisible by 12.
13 Delete the last digit from the number, then subtract 9 times the deleted
digit from the remaining number. If what is left is divisible by 13,
then so is the original number.

Comparing Fractions
Same Numerator: The larger the denominator, the smaller the fraction.

Same Denominator: The larger the numerator, the larger the fraction.
Frequent Fractions
1/8 0.125 12.5%
3/8 0.375 37.5%
5/8 0.625 62.5%
7/8 0.875 87.5%
1/2 0.5 50%
1/4 0.25 25%
3/4 0.75 75%
1/3 33 0.33 33.33% or 33 1/3 %
2/3 66 0.66 66.67% or 66 2/3 %

LCM (Least Common Multiple)

We will now consider fractions in which the numerators and denominators are different.
But first, we must learn about the lowest common multiple.

Here are the multiples of 6:

6, 12, 18, 24, . . .
And here are the multiples of 8:
8, 16, 24, 32, . . .

24 is a common multiple of 6 and 8. It is their lowest common multiple, which we

abbreviate as the LCM.

The LCM is the first time that the multiples of 6 meet the multiples of 8.

How can we find the lowest common multiple of two numbers?

Go through the multiples of the larger number until you come to a multiple of the smaller
number.

Ex: Find the LCM of 9 and 12.

Go through the multiples of 12 until you come to a multiple of 9 -- 12, 24, 36.
36 is the first multiple of 12 that is also a multiple of 9. 36 is their LCM.

Ex: Find the LCM of 2 and 8.

8 itself is their LCM.
When the larger number is itself a multiple of the smaller number, then the larger
number itself is their LCM.
Ex: Find the LCM of 5 and 20.
20 is their LCM.

Now the product of two numbers will always be a common multiple. The product of 6
and 4, for example,is 24, and 24 is a common multiple -- but it is not their lowest
common multiple. Their lowest common multiple is 12.

When is the LCM of two numbers simply their product?

When 1 is their only common divisor.

Ex: What is the LCM of 6 and 7?

1 is their only common divisor. Therefore their LCM is 6 × 7 = 42.

Ex: What is the LCM of 8 and 12?

Answer: 24.
Their LCM is not 8 × 12, because 8 and 12 have common divisors besides 1; for
example, 4.

GCD (Greatest Common Divisor)

List all the prime and non prime divisors (including the numbers themselves) of the two
numbers and identity the largest.

Ex: Find the GCD of 16 and 40

16 = 2 * 2 * 2 *2, Divisors 2, 4, 8, 16
40 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 5 Divisors 2, 4, 8, 5
GCD is 8
How to square numbers very fast
Use (a+b)^2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab

Ex: Find (26)^2

This is (20 + 6)^2 = 400 + 36 + 2*20*6
= 436 + 240 = 676
Sometimes it is easier to use (a-b)^2

Ex: Find (19)^2

This is (20 - 1)^2 = 400 + 1 - 2*20*1
= 401 - 40 = 361

Multiply big & a small number / Also Multiplying a decimal

Use a(b+c) = ab + ac

Ex: Find 5 * 37
This is 5*30 + 5*7
= 150 + 35 = 185
Ex (decimal):
Find 7 * 2.7
This is 7*2 + 7*.7
= 14 + 4.9
= 18.9

Divide a Big number by a small number

Ex: 859/7 = 850/7 + 9/7

= 847/7 + 3/7 + 1 + 2/7
= 121 + 1 + 5/7
= 122 + 5/7 (in decimal = 122.7142857)