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CHAPTER 3
CONVENTIONAL CONVERTER
3.1 INTRODUCTION
∆I
Vin = L (3.1)
t1
∆I
t1 = L (3.2)
V in
∆I
Vin − V0 = −L (3.3)
t2
∆I
t 2 = −L (3.4)
V in −V 0
During the second operating mode, the power switch is turned OFF,
and current completes its path via inductor as shown in Figure 3.3. At this
mode, inductor releases the stored energy, and the load receives the load
current. The diode and MOSFET switch is operating in a complementary
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manner. The current flows through the inductor, diode, capacitor and load.
The output side capacitor across the load used as a filter in the converter
circuit (Rashid 2009). For high switching frequencies the switching device
can be replaced by IGBT.
T
V0 = Vin (3.5)
t2
V in
V0 = (3.6)
(1−D)
Io
Iin = (3.7)
(1−D)
∆I
Ts = L V0 (3.9)
V in (V o −V in )
Peak to Peak value of ripple current and ripple voltage in this boost
converter is calculated given in Equation (3.10) and (3.12). The ripple current
mainly depends on the value of inductance connected in the input side, while
the ripple voltage mainly depends on the capacitance connected in the load
side (Rashid 2009).
V in (V o −V in )
∆I = (3.10)
L V0f
1 t1
∆Vc = 0 c
I dt (3.11)
C
I 0 (V o −V in )
∆Vc = (3.12)
f Vo C
100(200 − 100)
∆I =
1000
∆I = 10A
15
Current Ripple
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Inductance in mH
later in this section. These models are based on the state space averaging
technique.
The state variables are inductor current and voltage across the
capacitor. “~” is employed to represent small perturbation signals, and Z1, Z2
are state variables. Consider the following perturbation:
d=D+d (3.13)
Vo = Vo + Vo (3.15)
Z=Z+Z (3.16)
Where Z= Z1 +Z2
For the first operating mode, from the Equations (3.1) and (3.2), the
small signal equations and state space representations are given below
Y = A z +B Vin (3.17)
Vo = C T z (3.18)
0 0
A= 0 −
1 (3.19)
RC
1
L
B= (3.20)
0
C= 0 1 (3.21)
For the second operating mode, from the Equations (3.3) and (3.4),
the small signal equations and state space representation given below
1
0 −
L
A‟ = 1 1 (3.24)
−
C RC
1
𝐿
B‟ = (3.25)
0
C‟ = 0 1 (3.26)
The averaged state space model for boost converter are given
below, where B =B‟=B” and C=C‟=C”
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d−1
0
L
𝐴= 1−d 1
(3.27)
−
C RC
0
B" = 1
(3.28)
L
C" = 0 1 (3.29)
The switch is kept in the OFF position during the first switching
stage and the DC output of PV cell is directly transferred to the load via L1
and D3. The inductor current reduces linearly, because at this point, the main
inductor voltage reaches Vin-Vo. The second switching will start in case the
switch becomes ON in ZCS condition. The output voltage is then given to the
resonant inductor L2 increasing the current linearly. When the inductor current
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L1 and L2 becomes equal, the output side diode D3 current reaches zero. When
the Dout, i.e., output side diode, current reaches zero, the switch turns OFF
leading to the beginning of switching period. At this point, the auxiliary
capacitor C1 and the auxiliary resonant inductor L2 resonate resulting in fall of
C2 voltage to zero at the output voltage. During this time, the main inductor
L1 current passes through L2 and the switch. Steady state equations for
different switching stages are given below
V o − V in
iL1 t = iL1 t7 − t (3.30)
L
iL2 t =0
(3.31)
Vcr 1 t = V0 (3.32)
Vcr 2 t =0 (3.33)
Vo
iL2 t = L t (3.34)
r
Vcr 1 t = V0 (3.36)
Vcr 2 t =0 (3.37)
Vo
iL2 t = imin + sinωr1 t (3.38)
Zr 1
Vcr 2 t =0 (3.41)
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During the fourth switching period, this mode starts. The result of
auxiliary resonant capacitor voltage becomes zero and turning ON of the two
auxiliary diodes D1 and D2 occurs. The splitting of auxiliary resonant inductor
current into two occurs at this stage: (1) Main inductor L1 current and (2) The
current turning through two auxiliary diodes. The current of the main inductor
increases linearly and the entire current is supplied to the boost converter.
V in
iL1 t = imin + t (3.42)
L1
Vcr 1 t =0 (3.44)
Vcr 2 t =0 (3.45)
Two current loops occur during the fifth switching period. One of
them is the LI-C1-Vin loop and auxiliary resonant capacitor C2 increases
linearly from zero to the output voltage Vout. The second resonance occurs at
the other loop L2-C2 –D1. The energy stored at L2 moves to C2. On complete
storing of the energy, the current of L2 reaches zero while the voltage of C2
reaches the maximum value.
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V o − V in
iL1 t = iL1 t5 − t (3.49)
L
Vo
iL2 t = iL1 t6 iL2 t 3 sinωr2 t (3.50)
Zr 2
Vcr 1 t = V0 (3.51)
Parameters Values
Rated Power 1kW
Input Voltage 200V
Output Voltage 360V
Inductor L1 1.5mH
Switching frequency 10kHz
Capacitor C1, C3 10nF
Inductor L2 50µH
Capacitor C2 100nF
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The seventh switching period also has two current paths. The main
inductor L1 current transfers the current to the output via Dout and the current
decreases linearly. The current of the auxiliary resonant inductor L2 transmits
the energy to the load through Dout and flows through the anti-parallel diode
of the switch. If the current of the auxiliary resonant inductor L2 becomes
zero, mode ends.
V o − V in
iL1 t = iL1 t6 − t (3.53)
L
Vo
iL2 t = iL1 t6 t (3.54)
L2
Vcr 1 t =V (3.55)
Vcr 2 t =0 (3.56)
Table 3.2 depicts the parameters of the boost converter. For the
tabulated parameters the converter can produce the maximum power of 1kW.
The resonant inductor and capacitor are selected such that to operate the
converter with soft switching. The following equations are used to calculate
the resonant frequency and the impedance at resonant condition.
1
ωr1 = (3.57)
L1 C3
1
ωr2 = (3.58)
L2 C2
L1
Zr1 = (3.59)
C3
L2
Zr2 = (3.60)
C2
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100
Efficiency in %
90
80 Efficiency (%)
Soft Switching
70
Efficiency (%)
Hard Switching
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Load in Ω
V out
= 2 ND (3.61)
V in
In the above topology the stress on the switch is more and usage of
transformer increases the cost and losses too. The switch S1 should be turned
OFF before the switch S2, otherwise L2 will continue to charge through S1
even S2 is in OFF. Moreover, the size of the transformer is bulky which
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maximizes the size. The steady state equations for multi input isolated DC-
DC converter is derived as follows
di 1
L1 = V1 − i1 . r1 − Vcs − Vt (1 − d1 ) (3.62)
dt
dV cs
Cs = ics d1 + i1 (1 − d1 ) (3.63)
dt
di L L 0
= Nics d1 + NVt 1 − d1 − Vdc (3.64)
dt N
di 2
L2 = V2 − i2 . r2 − Vcs − Vt (1 − d2 ) (3.65)
dt
dV cs
Cs = ics d2 + i2 (1 − d2 ) (3.66)
dt
di L L 0
= Nics d2 + NVt 1 − d2 − Vdc (3.67)
dt N
di 3
L3 = V3 − i3 . r3 − Vcs − Vt (1 − d3 ) (3.68)
dt
dV cs
Cs = ics d3 + i3 (1 − d3 ) (3.69)
dt
di L L 0
= Nics d3 + NVt 1 − d3 − Vdc (3.70)
dt N
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All the above reported DC-DC boost converter topologies have one
or more of the difficulties given below:
3.5 SUMMARY