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Cells carry out (1) _______________ to release energy for cellular activities. To ensure the
supply of (2) _______________ to cells and the removal of (3) _______________
_______________ from cells, gas exchange (氣體交換) takes place continuously between the
cells and the external environment.
In humans, a (4) _______________ _______________ (呼吸系統) is developed for efficient
gas exchange. A (5) _______________ _______________ (運送系統) is also developed to
carry gases between the sites of gas exchange and other body cells.
The human breathing system consists of the (6) _______________ ______________ (呼吸道)
and structures that aid breathing.
(10) _______________
(7) _______________ (會厭)
(鼻孔)
(11) _______________
(喉)
Nostril With (14) _______________ to filter larger dust particles from the air
Pharynx Where the respiratory tract and the alimentary canal meet
Epiglottis Covers the opening of larynx during (17) _____________ to prevent choking
No cartilage
Bronchiole
Larger ones lined with mucus-secreting cells and ciliated epithelial cells
Makes up the rib cage (肋骨籃) with (21) _______________ (胸骨) and
Rib
vertebral column (脊柱) to protect the lungs
Go to
Practical 7.1 Examination of the mammalian breathing system
(Book 1B, p. 7-4; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-1)
Practical 7.2 Examination of pig lungs
(Book 1B, p. 7-9; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-4)
blood from
pulmonary artery
oxygen
red blood cell carbon dioxide
water film
epithelium
(one-cell thick)
blood to
pulmonary veins
Uptake of oxygen by the blood Removal of carbon dioxide into the air sacs
1 Inhaled air flows into the air sacs. 1 Since the carbon dioxide concentration in
2 Oxygen in the inhaled air the blood is (4) _______________ (lower
(1) _______________ in the water film / higher) than that in the water film lining
lining the air sacs. the air sacs, carbon dioxide diffuses
3 Since the oxygen concentration in the water across the walls of the capillaries and the
film is (2) _______________ (lower / air sacs into the air in the air sacs.
higher) than that in the blood, oxygen 2 Carbon dioxide is removed from the body
(3) ______________ across the walls of the when we exhale.
air sacs and the capillaries into the blood.
Feature Adaptation
Large in number Provides a very large (5) _______________
_______________ for the diffusion of gases
(7) _______________ inner surface Allows gases to dissolve before diffusing across
the walls of the air sacs
Richly supplied with capillaries Allows rapid transport of gases, which helps
maintain a steep (8) _______________ gradient
of gases between the air sacs and the blood
Inhaled Exhaled
Reason for the difference
air air
Oxygen in inhaled air diffuses from the air sacs
Oxygen 21% 16% into the blood during gas exchange. It is then
used by the body cells for (10) _____________.
Exhaled air is warmer than inhaled air because exhaled air is warmed by the blood in the
(13) _______________.
I: (2) ____________ II: (3) ____________ & (4) ____________ III: (5) ___________
inhaled air
air sac
oxygen
1 The oxygen concentration in the air sacs is (6) _______________ (low / high) due to the
continuous replacement of air from the external environment.
2 Oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into red blood cells.
3 Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form (7) _______________ (氧合血紅蛋白), which
gives the blood a bright red colour.
4 The red blood cells containing oxyhaemoglobin are then carried to the body tissue.
body cell
1 The oxygen concentration in the body tissue is (8) _______________ (low / high) because
the body cells in the tissue consume oxygen for respiration.
2 Oxyhaemoglobin in the red blood cells breaks down into haemoglobin and oxygen.
3 The oxygen diffuses into the body cells and the blood becomes purplish red.
body cell
enzyme + – –
CO2 + H2O H + HCO3 HCO3 capillary
plasma
red blood cell blood flow direction
1 The carbon dioxide concentration in the body tissue is (9) _______________ (low / high)
because carbon dioxide is continuously produced by body cells through respiration.
2 Most carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells and reacts with (10) _______________
to form (11) _______________ _______________ (碳酸氫鹽離子).
enzyme
carbon dioxide + water hydrogen ion (H+) + hydrogencarbonate ion (HCO3–)
3 The hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cells and are carried by the
(12) _______________ to the air sacs.
exhaled
air sac
CO2
– – + enzyme capillary
HCO3 HCO3 + H CO2 + H2O
plasma
red blood cell blood flow direction
1 The carbon dioxide concentration in the air sacs is (13) _______________ (low / high)
because carbon dioxide is continuously removed through exhalation.
2 Hydrogencarbonate ions in the plasma enter the red blood cells and break down into carbon
dioxide and water.
enzyme
hydrogen ion (H+) + hydrogencarbonate ion (HCO3–) carbon dioxide + water
3 The carbon dioxide diffuses into the plasma and then into the air sacs, and is finally exhaled.
Ventilation (換氣) is necessary to bring fresh air to the lungs to maintain a high
(1) _______________ content in the air sacs and to remove (2) _______________
_______________ from the lungs.
It includes (3) _______________ (吸氣) and (4) _______________ (呼氣).
Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation:
Inhalation Exhalation
movement movement
of rib cage of rib cage
movement of movement of
diaphragm diaphragm
0 2 4 6 time (s)
The change in air pressure in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation:
atmospheric
pressure
0 2 4 6 time (s)
1 Intercostal
muscles 3 Volumes of the 3 Volumes of the
contract. thoracic cavity thoracic cavity
and lungs and lungs
1 Intercostal
increase. decrease.
muscles
relax.
A (29) _______________ model can be used to show how the movement of the diaphragm
brings about inhalation and exhalation.
In the model, the rubber sheet represents the (30) _______________. The wall of the bell jar
represents the (31) _______________ _______________. The balloons represent the
(32) _______________.
Inhalation Exhalation
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4