Tonne

The tonne (/tʌn/ ( listen); non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States and Canada, is a
Tonne
non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms[1][2][3][4] or one megagram (symbol: Mg). It is equivalent to approximately
2,204.6 pounds,[5] 1.102 short tons (US) or 0.984 long tons (UK). Although not part of the SI, the tonne is accepted for use with
SI units and prefixes by theInternational Committee for Weights and Measures.[6]

The tonne is derived from the weight of 1cubic metre of pure water; 1,000 litres of pure water weighs about one tonne.

Contents
Symbol and abbreviations
Origin and spelling
Conversions
Derived units
Alternative usage
Use of mass as proxy for energy
Unit of force One tonne is equal to 1000
kilograms or 1 megagram
See also
Notes and references General information
External links Unit Non-SI unit accepted
system for use with SI
Unit of Mass
Symbol and abbreviations Symbol t
The SI symbol for the tonne is "t", adopted at the same time as the unit in 1879.[2] Its use is also official for the metric ton in the In SI base 1 t = 1000 kg (1 Mg)
United States, having been adopted by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology.[7] It is a symbol, not an units:
abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Informal and non-approved symbols or abbreviations include "T",”Te”,
"mT", "MT", and "mt".[8] Some of these are SI symbols for other units: "T" is the SI symbol for thetesla and "Mt" is the SI symbol for megatonne (equivalent to one teragram); if
describing TNT equivalent units of energy, this is equivalent to 4.184petajoules.

Origin and spelling

In French and all English-speaking countries that are predominantly metric,
tonne is the correct spelling. It is usually pronounced the same as ton /tʌn/, but when it is important to
/ˈtʌnɪ/.[9] In Australia, it is also pronounced/tɒn/.[10]
clarify that the metric term is meant, rather than short ton, the final "e" can also be pronounced, i.e. "tonny"

Before metrication in the UK the unit used for most purposes was the Imperial ton of 2,240 pounds avoirdupois or 20 hundredweight (usually referred to as the long ton in the
US), equivalent to 1,016 kg, differing by just 1.6% from the tonne. The UK Weights and Measures Act 1985 explicitly excluded from use for trade certain imperial units,
including the ton, unless the item being sold or the weighing equipment being used was weighed or certified prior to 1 December 1980, and even then only if the buyer was made
[11][12][13]
aware that the weight of the item was measured in imperial units.

;[7] an unqualified mention of aton almost invariably refers to ashort ton of 2,000 pounds
In the United States metric ton is the name for this unit used and recommended by NIST
(907 kg), and tonne is rarely used in speech or writing.

Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in general use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages (cf. Old English and Old Frisian tunne, Old High German and
Medieval Latin tunna, German and French tonne) to designate a large cask, or tun.[14] A full tun, standing about a metre high, could easily weigh a tonne. An English tun (an old
wine cask volume measurement equivalent to 954 litres) of wine weighs roughly a tonne, 954 kg if full of water
, a little less for wine.

The spelling tonne pre-dates the introduction of the SI in 1960; it has been used with this meaning in France since 1842,[15] when there were no metric prefixes for multiples of
106 and above, and is now used as the standard spelling for the metric mass measurement in most English-speaking countries.[16][17][18][19] In the United States, the unit was
originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau,[20] but these terms are now obsolete.[3] The Imperial and US customary units comparable to the tonne are both
spelled ton in English, though they differ in mass.

Conversions
One tonne is equivalent to:

Metric/SI: 1 megagram (Mg) (by definition). Equal to1 000 000 grams (g) or 1000 kilograms (kg).

Megagram, Mg, is the official SI unit. Mg is distinct from mg, milligram.

1000
Pounds (lb): Exactly 0.453 592 37
lb (by definition of the pound),[21] or approximately 2 204.622 622 lb (10 s.f.).

US/Short tons (ST): Exactly 0.9071184 74 short tons, or approximately1.102 311 311 ST (10 s.f.).

One short ton is exactly0.907 184 74 t.[22]

1
Imperial/Long tons (LT): Exactly 1.016 046 9088
long tons, or approximately0.984 206 5276 LT (10 s.f.).
 One long ton is exactly1.016 046 9088 t.[22]

Derived units
For multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more usually used for the energy of nuclear
explosions and other events in equivalent mass of TNT, often loosely as approximate figures. When used in this context, there is little need to distinguish between metric and
other tons, and the unit is spelt either aston or tonne with the relevant prefix attached.[23]

Tonnes Grams Equivalents*

Tonnes Kilograms Grams Imperial/long tons

Multiple Name Symbol Multiple Name Symbol US/short tons (ST)†
(t) (kg) (g) (LT)†

100 Tonne t 106 Megagram Mg 1t 1,000 kg 1 million g 1.1023 ST 0.98421 LT

1 million
103 Kilotonne ktǂ 109 Gigagram Gg 1,000 t 1 billion g 1,102.3 ST 984.21 LT
kg

106 Megatonne Mt 1012 Teragram Tg 1 million t 1 billion kg 1 trillion g 1.1023 million ST 984,210 LT

1
109 Gigatonne Gt 1015 Petagram Pg 1 billion t 1 trillion kg quadrillion 1.1023 billion ST 984.21 million LT
g
1 1
1012 Teratonne Tt 1018 Exagram Eg 1 trillion t quadrillion quintillion 1.1023 trillion ST 984.21 billion LT
kg g
1 1 1
1015 Petatonne Pt 1021 Zettagram Zg quadrillion quintillion sextillion 1.1023 quadrillion ST 984.21 trillion LT
t kg g
1 1
1 sextillion
1018 Exatonne Et 1024 Yottagram Yg quintillion
kg
septillion 1.1023 quintillion ST 984.21 quadrillion LT
t g

*The equivalent units columns use theshort scale large-number naming system currently used in most Engli
sh-language countries, e.g. 1 billion = 1,000 million = 1,000,000,000.

†Values in the equivalent short and long tons columns arerounded to five significant figures, see Conversions for exact values.

ǂThough non-standard, the symbol "kt" is also used forknot, a unit of speed for aircraft and sea-going vessels, and should not be confused with kilotonne.

Alternative usage
A metric ton unit (mtu) can mean 10 kilograms (22 lb) within metal (e.g. tungsten, manganese) trading, particularly within the US. It traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore
containing 1% (i.e. 10 kg) of metal.[24][25] The following excerpt from a mining geology textbook describes its usage in the particular case of tungsten:

"Tungsten concentrates are usually traded in metric tonne units (originally designating one tonne of ore containing 1% of WO3, today used to measure WO3
quantities in 10 kg units. One metric tonne unit (mtu) of tungsten (VI) contains 7.93 kilograms of tungsten." (Walter L Pohl, Economic Geology: Principles and
Practices, English edition, 2011, p 183.)

Note that tungsten is also known as wolfram and has the atomic symbol W
.

In the case of uranium, the acronym MTU is sometimes considered to bemetric ton of uranium, meaning 1,000 kg.[26][27][28][29]

A gigatonne of carbon dioxide equivalent(GtCO2eq) is a unit used by the UN climate change panel,IPCC, to measure the effect of a technology or processon global warming.

Use of mass as proxy for energy

The tonne of trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as a proxy for energy, usually of explosions (TNT is a common high explosive). Prefixes are used: kiloton(ne), megaton(ne),
gigaton(ne), especially for expressing nuclear weapon yield, based on a specific combustion energy of TNT of about 4.2 MJ/kg (or one thermochemical calorie per milligram).
Hence, 1 t TNT = 4.2 GJ, 1 kt TNT = 4.2 TJ, 1 Mt TNT = 4.2 PJ.

The SI unit of energy is the joule. Assuming that a TNT explosion releases 1,000 small (thermochemical) calories per gram (4.2 kJ/g), one tonne of TNT is equivalent to 4.2
gigajoules.

In the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ. There are
several slightly different definitions. This is ten times as much as a tonne of TNT because atmospheric oxygen is used.

Unit of force
Like the gram and the kilogram, the tonne gave rise to a (now obsolete) force unit of the same name, the tonne-force, equivalent to about 9.8 kilonewtons: a unit also often called
simply "tonne" or "metric ton" without identifying it as a unit of force. In contrast to the tonne as a mass unit, the tonne-force or metric ton-force is not acceptable for use with SI,
partly because it is not an exact multiple of the SI unit of force, thenewton.

See also
 Ton

Short ton
Long ton
Tonnage
Ton (volume)
Metre–tonne–second system of units
Tonne of oil equivalent
Orders of magnitude (mass)

Notes and references

1. Weights and Measures Act 1985(http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/contents). National Archives (London), 2014. Accessed 13 Aug 2014.
2. Table 6 (http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table6.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20091001100650/http://www
.bipm.org/en/si/si_br
ochure/chapter4/table6.html)2009-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. BIPM. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
3. "Metric System of Measurement: Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20111015081850/htt
p://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/SIFedReg.pdf)(PDF). Federal Register. 63 (144): 40338. July 28, 1998. 63 FR 40333. Archived fromthe original (http://physics.n
ist.gov/cuu/pdf/SIFedReg.pdf)(PDF) on October 15, 2011.
4. The International System of Units (SI)(http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf) (PDF), 8th Edition, 2006, Section 4.1
5. United States National Bureau of Standards (1959-06-25)."Notices "Refinement of values for the yard and the pound
" " (http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LI
B/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf)(PDF). Retrieved 2006-08-12.
6. Corey, Pamela L (1 February 2016)."NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix B.8: Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically"
(https://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/appe
nb8.cfm#T).
7. Metric System of Measurement: Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States (http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/63fr40333.pd
f) (PDF). See corrections in the Errata section of[1] (http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/nist-interpretation.html).
8. "Metric ton (MT)" (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/metric-ton-MT.html). BusinessDictionary.com. WebFinance, Inc. 2015. Retrieved October 25,
2015.
ʌn/ and /ˈtʌnɪ/
9. The Oxford English dictionary 2nd ed. lists both /t
10. Macquarie Dictionary (fifth ed.). Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. 2009.
11. A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units, edited by Donald Fenna, Oxford University Press
12. "Weights and Measures Act 1985".Section 8(1), Act No. 72 of 30 October 1985 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72). Retrieved 11 Apr 2016.
13. "Weights and Measures Act 1985".Schedule 11(13 - 14), Act No. 72 of 30 October 1985 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72). Retrieved 11 Apr
2016.
14. Harper, Douglas. "tonne" (http://www.etymonline.com/?term=tonne). Online Etymology Dictionary.
15. "Recherche d'un mot" (http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/tlfiv4/showps.exe?p=combi.htm;java=no;)
. atilf.atilf.fr.
16. "Guidance Note on the use of Metric Units of Measurement by the Public Sector"(http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov
.uk/20110207120946/http://www.nm
o.bis.gov.uk/Docs/Legislation/Units%20of%20Measurement/Gnotes%20for%20public%20sector%20on%20use%20of%20metric.pdf) (PDF). National
Measurement Office. 2007. Archived fromthe original (http://www.nmo.bis.gov.uk/Docs/Legislation/Units%20of%20Measurement/Gnotes%20fo r%20public%
20sector%20on%20use%20of%20metric.pdf)(PDF) on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2010-02-13. "Tonne" is listed under "The Principal Metric Units of
Measurement" on p. 7.
17. "National Measurement Regulations 1999 |"(http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrumentCompilation1.nsf/framelodgmentattachmen
ts/35F21696B4C9E27CCA2575EC001FA5D1). Australian Government. 1999. Retrieved 2010-02-13. "Tonne" is listed under Schedule 1, Part 3 asa non-SI
unit of measurement used with SI units of measurement.
18. "Appendix 4: Units of Measurement and Conversion Factors"(http://www.maf.govt.nz/statistics/forestry/annual/nzstats2000/appendix/append4.htm). MAF
(Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (New Zealand))
. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
19. "Canada Gazette" (http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p2/1999/1999-11-10/html/sor-dors430-eng.html). Government of Canada. 1998–2007. Retrieved
2010-02-13. "The Corporation shall pay to producers selling and delivering wheat produced in the designated area to the Corporation the following sums
certain per tonne basis..."
20. Act of July 28, 1866, codified in15 U.S.C. § 205 (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/205)
21. Barbrow, L.E.; Judson, L.V. (1976). Weights and measures standards of the United States – A brief history(https://web.archive.org/web/20080511153143/htt
p://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/contents.html). Archived from the original (http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/contents.html)on 2008-05-11.
22. National Institute of Standards and T
echnology. Butcher, Tina; Crown, Linda; Harshman, Rick; Williams, Juana, eds. (October 2013).
"Appendix C – General
Tables of Units of Measurement"(https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/appc-14-hb44-final.pdf)(PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical
Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices (https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/hb44-14.cfm). NIST Handbook. 44 (2014 ed.). Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and eTchnology. p. C-13. ISSN 0271-4027 (https://www.worldcat.o
rg/issn/0271-4027). OCLC 58927093 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58927093). Retrieved 10 December 2013.
23. The Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed. gives both megaton and megatonne and adds "The unit may be calculated in either imperial or metric tons; the form
megatonne generally implies the metric unit". The use for energy is the first definition; use for mass or weight is the third definition.
24. "Platt's Metals Guide to Specifications - Conversion aTbles" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080908055702/http://www
.emis.platts.com/thezone/guides/platts/
metals/conversion.html). 8 September 2008. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008.
25. How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement(http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictM.html). Unc.edu. Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
26. Reference.Pdf (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/rwmp-3/REFERENCE.pdf)
. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
27. "Glossary (http://www.hanford.gov/rl/uploadfiles/ea/ea1319/ea1319.html)". (June 2000). Disposition of Surplus Hanford Site Uranium, Hanford Site, Richland,
Washington. US Department of Energy.
28. "Acronyms (http://www.y12.doe.gov/library/acronyms/letter.php?index=M)". Y-12 National Security Complex.
29. NRC Collection of Abbreviations (NUREG-0544, Rev . 4), United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission(https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nur
egs/staff/sr0544/r4/). Nrc.gov (2011-03-13). Retrieved on 2011-07-10.
External links
NIST Special Publication 811,Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)

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