Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NIM : 026SYE17
Vaginal Bleeding
Vaginal bleeding at any time during pregnancy should be reported to the physician at once.
Sexual activity should cease until the cause of the bleeding is determined and should be
resumed only when the physician determines that no danger exists.
Women use problem-solving skills and methods of coping that worked in the past in an
attempt to adjust to this new situation. Provide support as this problem solving accurs and
help the woman work through her unique situation. Explain the normal physioligic changes
and discomforts. Listening and allowing the woman adequate time to verbalize fears can also
help reduce anxieties.
The expectant woman has generally held several roles in her life, such as child, student,
employee, and wife. Pregnancy introduces a totally new role, that of mother. The woman
often looks to her own life for role models and tends to seek guidance from family and
friends. Culture has much to do with how she defines her role.
Dynamics also change between the woman and the baby’s father, particularly witj the first
pregnancy. The mother is no longer just a wife or girlfriend, she is also a mother. While is
coping with the role change to mother, he is coping with the role change to father.
Self-Perception and Self-Concept
The rapid changes in body shape and size can lead to changes in self-image. Many women
feel unattractive when they are pregant. The many also feel a loss of control related to the
changes taking place. They are no longer free to do as they please because all their actions
mau affect the growing fetus.
Maternal Adaptation
Adaptation to the maternal role involves a complex social and cognitive learning process.
Pregnancy functions as a rite of passage and indicates that physiologic maturity has been
reached. Reva Rubin began studying maternal role adaptation in the 1960s. Sge described the
developing tasks of pregnancy as accepting the pregnancy, identifying the role of mother,
reordering the relationships between her mother and herself and between herself and her
partner, establishing a relationship with the unborn child, and un preparing for the birth
experience.
Woman who are prepared to accept a pregnancy seek medical validation early. When
pregnancy is confirmed, a woman’s emotional respons may range from delight to shock,
disbelief, and despalt. A general state of well-being predominates, but emotional labillity is
common. These rapid mood changes include incroased irritabillity, explosions of tears and
anger, and feelings of great joy and cheerfulness. Such changes are often attributed to
hormonal changes.
Rubin describes changes in pregnancy as follows. The subjective exprience of time and space
changes during pregnancy, early in pregnancy, nothing seems to be happening, and the
woman spends much time sleeping. With quickening ( feelings of fetal movement) in the
second trimester, there is a reduction of time and space, both geographiv and social, as the
woman turns her attention inward to her pregnancy. She examines or fosters relationships
with her mother and other woman who have been or are pregnant. With the third trimester,
there is a slower place and a sense that time is running out as the woman’s activities and
curtailed. A mother’s reaction to her daugther’s pregnancy signifies her acceptance of the
grandchild and of her daughter. If the mother is supportive, the daugther has an opportunity
to discuss pregnancy and labor and her feelings of joy or ambivalence with a knowledgeable
and accepting woman.
The partner’s emotional support is an important factor in successfully accomplishing the
developmental tasks of pregnancy. Pregnant women express two major needs concerning
their partner: feeling loved and valued, and having the child accepted. The addition of a child
changes forever the nature of the bond between partners. The partner can be a stabilizing
influence, a good listener to expressions of doubts and fears, and a source of physical and
emotional reassurance. The partner can also feel jealous of the unborn baby. Lesbian and
unpartnered women have received little attention in the literature. Some suggest that a woman
partner may be better able to understand and nurture her partner. An unpartnered woman may
seek out her mother or orther women friends to meet her dependence needs.
TRANSLATE
Perdarahan Vagina
Perdarahan pada setiap saat selama kehamilan harus dilaporkan ke dokter sekaligus. Aktivitas
seksual harus berhenti sampai penyebab perdarahan ditentukan dan harus dilanjutkan hanya
ketika dokter menentukan bahwa tidak ada bahaya yang ada.
Kehamilan adalah landasan sebuah perkembangan. Fisiologi menandai akan dewasa, tidak
perduli terhadap usia wanita itu. Seperti perubahan perkembangan yang lain yang signifikan,
kecemasan yang dirasa itu normal. Semua perubahan fisik dan hormon kehamilan tempat
tambahan stress pada wanita. Ketakutan menjadi meningkat. Apakah tenaga untuk kerja dan
berpindah menjadi sulit ? Apakah bayi akan normal ? Dia akan mampu memberikan
perawatan yang layak? Apakah akan cukup uang ? perasaan hati yang berubah dan ambisi (
komplet emosi) ini umum sebagai wanita bekerja melalui ketakutannya dan datang untuk
dihadapi dengan realitas kehamilan dan bagaimana itu akan mempengaruhi hidupnya.
Para wanita telah mempunyai beberapa peran dalam hidupnya, seperti anak, mahasiswa,
karyawan, dan istri. Kehamilan memperkenalkan peran baru sebagai ibu. Wanita sering
terlihat hidupnya sendiri sebagai panutan dan cenderung untuk mencari petunjuk dari
keluarga dan teman-teman. Budaya pun mempunyai banyak hubungannya dengan bagaimana
dia mendefinisikan perannya.
Dinamika juga dapat berubah antara wanita dan ayah bayi, terutama dalam kehamilan
pertama. Ibunya tidak hanya lagi menjadi seorang istri atau teman, tetapi dia juga seorang
ibu. Sementara itu berperan dengan perubahan peran sebagai ibu, dia berperan dengan
peranan ayah.
Persepsi diri dan Konsep diri
Perubahan yang begitu cepat dalam bentuk tubuh dan ukuran dapat menyebabkan perubahan
dalam citra diri. Banyak wanita merasa tidak menarik ketika mereka hamil. Banyak juga yang
merasa kehilangan kontrol yang berkaitan dengan perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi. Mereka
tidak laggi bebas untuk dilakukan seperti yang diharapkan karena semua tindakan dapat
mempengaruhi pertumbuhan janin.
Adaptasi Ibu
Adaptasi terhadap peran ibu melibatkan sebuah komples sosial dan kognitif proses belajar.
Kehamilan berfungsi sebagai siklus peralihan dan menunjukkan bahwa kedewasaan fisiologis
telah tercapai. Reva Rubin mulai belajar peran adaptasi ibu di tahun 1960-an. SGE
menggambarkan tugas-tugas yang mengembangkan kehamilan sebagai penerima kehamilan,
mengidentifikasikan peran ibu, penataan kembali hubungan antara ibunya dan dirinya sendiri
dan antara dirinya dan pasangannya, membangun hubungan dengan anak yang belum lahir,
dan tidak mempersiapkan untuk pengalaman kelahiran.
Wanita yang bersedia untuk menerima kehamilan mencari keakuratan medis dari kehamilan.
Ketika kehamilan dikonfirmasi, seorang wanita biasanya menanggapinya dapat bermacam-
macam dari menyenangkan menjadi syok, tidak percaya, dan benci. Keadaan umum dari
kesejahteraan mendominasi, tetapi emosi yang labil adalah hal yang umum. Perubahan
suasana hati yang cepat ini mencakup tidak terarah, kesedihan dan kemarahan, perasaan
sukacita yang besar dan penuh kepedihan. Perubahan tersebut dikaitkan dengan perubahan
hormon,