Construction Automation in high-rise

building construction

By
Dr Sachin Jain
.

Dr Sachin Jain 1
 Construction has always considered as labor oriented and dangerous
industry and there is always a short of labor in construction.

 Japanese contractor uses and experiments single task robots since from
late 1980 but contractors found that these robots payoff are limited unless
more process could not be automated.

 Hence they started exploring the application of manufacturing principle to

construction.

 In 1991 first full scale application of construction automation was used to

construct 20 story offices building in Japan.

Dr Sachin Jain 2
 Concrete
work

Activity wise
Maintenance Wall
use in High-rise
construction

Use of robot in construction

Ceiling
work

Dr Sachin Jain 3
 Automatic Concrete distribution system with tower crane

• System is developed by
KONOIKE Construction
Co ltd

• It is used to carriage of
concrete in case of high-
rise building construction

• Mainly developed for

manpower saving, time
saving, improving
productivity

Dr Sachin Jain 4
 crane automatic
operation system

crane operation
Subsystems watch system
concrete bucket

concrete supply
base

Dr Sachin Jain 5
 Crane automatic operation system

• The system makes the operation of the

crane to the specified destination
possible only in pen operation without
operator doing complicated lever
operation

• Crane operator begins crane automatic

operation system with the destination
input equipment which was installed in
the operation room and without the
complicated lever operation, he can
carry it to the purpose position.

• Also it controls in the acceleration and

the deceleration according to the
vibration period with hanging wire
length, there is not a movement of
hanging load and it is possible to carry
at high speed compared with the
manual operation.

Dr Sachin Jain 6
 Crane operation watches system

• The system is the one which

prevents from collision,
watching over the running
crane and operate a crane
efficiently it records work
contents and time for the place
automatically and it analyzes a
situation

• The crane operation watch

system has the function to
stop a crane, emitting a
caution so as not for the crane
and the hanging load to collide
with the obstructs such as the
other crane and the building.

Dr Sachin Jain 7
 Concrete supply base

• The concrete supply base is the machine to replace by moving the concrete
which was carried in with the concrete mixer car to the bucket with the guide
which was operated like a cone, the set of the bucket is easy and a work
member for its purpose is not needed.

Dr Sachin Jain 8
 Concrete bucket

• It has electric power battery

to open and shutting work.

• worker can operate easily

using the radio
communication from the
placing floor in the opening
and shutting.

• According to the adopting of

the radio communication
there is not danger of cable
cutting by hanging of
operation line.

Source: Publication IAARC 1998

Dr Sachin Jain 9
Dr Sachin Jain 10
 Multipurpose traveling vehicle for concrete slab (MTV-1)
• MTV-1 is designed for helping grinding
and cleaning concrete surfaces
automatically in concrete slab finishing.

• It has a vehicle and work module while

vehicle has power steering mechanism,
a control computer, sensors, and
batteries whereas cleaning module has
rotating brush, filters, a dust container
and brush motor.

• The grinding module has whetstones,

gearbox, and driving motor.

• MTV-1 can also travel and avoid

obstacles like column and walls
automatically without use of cables.

Components of MTV-1 for Grinding Work (Courtesy of

Shimizu Corporation) (Kangari, and Yoshida, 1989)

Dr Sachin Jain 11
• Robot movement is controlled
by data from sensors and
traveling distance is measured
through rotary encoder which is
connected to measuring wheels.

• Direction of robots is measured

through gyro-sensors and
ultrasonic sensors are mounted
around the robots to avoid
collision.

• Robot has capacity of 8 m2 /

min cleaning and for 2 m2 / min
for grinding. (Kangari, and
Yoshida, 1989)

Components of MTV-1 for Cleaning Work (Courtesy of

Shimizu Corporation) (Kangari, and Yoshida, 1989)

Dr Sachin Jain 12
 Concrete finishing robots

Modular mobile light weight

concrete finishing robot

The Tokimec Robocon

radio-controlled system
Dr Sachin Jain 13
 Takenaka’s concrete
compactor robot

Concrete finishing
robot

Dr Sachin Jain 14
 Precast concrete works

• Precast concrete element production also has high automation and

robot use as production moved from mass production to mass
customization.

• This has become possible due to flexible production systems which

use robots for setting moulds, placing reinforcement bars or mats,
distribute concrete for floor, roof, wall, beam and column elements.

• Now a day’s computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and computer

integrated manufacturing (CIM) of pre-fabricated concrete parts for
ceiling, walls and roof is developing.

• Portal robots are generally used as formwork robot which can be

further developed and transformed into installation robots for
electrical cabling operations.

Dr Sachin Jain 15
Multifunctional robot placing magneto moulds on 3 to 12 m dimensioned steel pallet for PC panel production

Dr Sachin Jain 162008)

Source:(Bock,
Tele-operated concrete distribution
 Concrete
work

Activity wise
Maintenance Wall
use in High-rise
construction

Use of robot in construction

Ceiling
work

Dr Sachin Jain 17
 Wall finishing robot (OSR-1)

• Ohi Saikaihatsu Robot (ORS-1) is an automatic spray painting system for

high-rise buildings.

Dr Sachin Jain 18 1989

(Kangari, and Yoshida,
• The robots have a traveling device, control device, horizontal arm,
vertical arm and guiding device.

• The robot has 223 Kg weight, and 20 m/min traveling speed.

• At site finishing process has three parts i.e. undercoating, tile

spraying and top coating. Robot can produce 80 m2/day using three
workers.

• However conventional work require 4 workers hence robot can do

labor saving, improve safety and eliminate scaffolding.

Dr Sachin Jain 19
 Wall assembly

• NCC Komplett
factory has 60
operators and 1000
apartments making
capacity.

• Here automation
and mechanization
is used to reduce
labor fatigue
economically.

• All apartments are

90% prefabricated
and investment
about 30 million
euro.
Dr Sachin Jain
(Bock, 2008)
20
• "Mighty Hand" robot from Kajima, which lifts heavy elements in
construction as concrete walls, etc.

Dr Sachin Jain 21
 Glazing fixing

• SN Murdoch Ltd used GGR

glass services ergonomic
manipulating unit in Daily Masil
building at London.

• The systems has 26 T crane

combined with four 300 mm
Pannkojke vacuum suction caps
and multi-positioning head.

• System can handle 500 Kg load

with 2.1 m and 3.1 m jib.
Though this systems is initially
used for glass, but can be also
used for steel and aluminum
plates, stone and concrete
elements. (Taylor, et al 2003)

Dr Sachin Jain 22
 Concrete
work

Activity wise
Maintenance Wall
use in High-rise
construction

Use of robot in construction

Ceiling
work

Dr Sachin Jain 23
 Ceiling works

• Ceiling panel positioning robots

(CFR-1) can fix plaster board
panels, which are made from
plaster and covered with paper,
are generally used in ceilings of
office buildings.

• Plaster board construction method

contributes 70 to 80% of total
ceiling work in Japan.

• Eight floors and 500 m2 building

requires 400 panels for each floor.

• Ceiling procedure requires

temporary scaffolding over the
floor which is cleared after work.

Dr Sachin Jain
(Kangari, and Yoshida, 1989)
24
• Workers have to raise large and heavy panels over their heads for
placement against the hanging ceiling flat bars.

• More such repetitions exhaust the workers and cause delay of total building
due to shortage of skilled panel setting workers.

• CFR-1 consists of a robot and a panel carrier separately when transported.

• The robot is having a base frame with a traveling device and X-Y horizontal
table, lifting arm with panel holder, and control box.

• The angle of panel holder can be changed by swing.

• Weight of robots is 300 Kg and has 4 DOF and can work 25 panels /hour
with a speed of 3 m/min.

• Robot system eliminates scaffolding and release workers from heavy tasks.

Dr Sachin Jain 25
• Tokyu lightweight
material manipulator is
used for practical
problem of placing
oversized heavy
components with
construction
environment.

• A material handling
manipulator is used for
ceiling erection as
shown in figure.

• This system has 635 Kg

weight and controlled
through joy stick.
(Taylor, et al 2003)

Dr Sachin Jain 26
 Concrete
work

Activity wise
Maintenance Wall
use in High-rise
construction

Use of robot in construction

Ceiling
work

Dr Sachin Jain 27
 Maintenance works
• ROMA climbing inspection robot can travel in a complex 3D environment and do
inspection works in various civil structures.

• Key issue in this robot is grasping method i.e. grippers, electrometers, suction
cups etc.

Dr Sachin Jain 28
(Balaguer, and Abderrahim, 2008
• CAFÉ robotic façade cleaning system has cleaning speed in above 200 m2
per hour; system is usable at facade areas of under 7000 m2; can save up
to 5 € / m2.

. (Gambao et al 2008)

Dr Sachin Jain 29
 Basic components of construction Automation

 On site factory which is protected by an all weather enclosure.

 Automated jacking system
 Automated material carrying system
 Centralized information control system

 Most of systems or factories work on principle of JIT for delivery of

material and bar coding for tracking and placing materials once
delivered on site.

 According the job required number of Single task robot was used
and they are integrated with great degree of repetition of task.

Dr Sachin Jain 30
 T –UP system
SMART system

MCCS system

Types of
systems

Roof pushup system

AMURAD system

BIG CANOPY
Big canopy

Dr Sachin Jain 31
 SMART system

• It is developed by Shimizu
manufacturing system by
Advanced Robotics Technology
(SMART).

• It controls all phases of building

construction from underground
work and superstructure work to
finishing and equipment work.

• It also controls various construction

management tasks for automated
construction of high rise buildings.
Inside view of construction plant of the SMART
Source: Publication IAARC 1998
 Goals set

 Provide all weather work environment

 Provide safe working conditions

 Shorten construction time

 Reduce material wastage

 Reduce labor and management hours

 Evaluation of goals
 All weather sheeting was used to protect robots, equipments and workers
from wind, rain and snow. During construction work is done on rainy and
windy days, which are about 20% of working days.

 Automating steel erection helps in reducing dangerous and heavy work of

assembly. The time saved was used to monitor, maintain and quality
assurance.

 Computerized control system, prefabrication reduces man hours and due to

SMART system a 50 % labors saving were achieved and hence over all
saving is about 30%.

 Number of days for constructing one floor was reduced from nine to five
days. Experience of workers, better techniques and refinements in software-
knowledge gained from project helps to achieve this. Further saving in
future projects is expected as 20-40%.

 Since construction automation demands uniformity of materials,

components were prefabricated as pre cast floor panel, structural members,
external panels, piping shafts, toilet units etc. This helps in reducing
wastage by 70%.
 T –UP system
SMART system

MCCS system

Types of
systems

Roof pushup system

AMURAD system

BIG CANOPY
Big canopy

Dr Sachin Jain 37
 T –UP system

 It is totally mechanized construction

system and Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
Yokohama building at Yokohama ,
Japan was constructed by this system.

 This is a office building which had 34

stories and a total height as 145.3
meter.

 It had a total floor area as 110918 sq

mt and was constructed by Taisei
Corporation from 4/92 to 3/94.

Dr Sachin Jain 38
Steps in T Up System

Dr Sachin Jain 39
 Special techniques
 Here building core tower is designed as earthquake resistance and supports
system.

 Framework used for core is called “Hat girder’ and eventually became the
Top floor.

 System can handle multi core, twin core and asymmetrical core structure
also.

 Automated material handling system was used to erect above and below
the girder simultaneously.

 Jib cranes which are located above girder will deliver steel for core erection
and a traveling crane and manipulator delivers steel for erecting columns
and beam below the girder.

 Another system is used to deliver materials from supplier (primary plant) to

job site (secondary plant) to appropriate floor (Tertiary plant).

Dr Sachin Jain 40
• T-Up has a hat-truss, a production platform, two 150-tonne jib
cranes, two 10-tonne overhead cranes, guide columns with 300-
tonne hydraulic jacks, and a control room.

• The construction process begins with erection of the building core,

built of either structural steel or reinforced concrete, as the support

• Next the production platform (base), weighing approximately 2000

tonnes, is constructed at the ground level.

• Eight guide columns and hydraulic jacks are positioned and

activated to elevate it to the desired floor.

• The jib cranes and overhead cranes are fixed to the top and
underside of the platform, respectively.

Dr Sachin Jain 41
• The floor cycle of the T-Up System is 3 days per floor

 On the first day, the building core is constructed using the jib cranes.
Structural steel members are conveyed into the interior of the hat
while prefabricated concrete wall panels are installed along the
perimeter by overhead cranes.

 On the second day, the steel members of the core are tightened and
welded while the building structure below the hattruss is constructed

 By the third day, the welding of structural steel members is

complete and the hat is ready for lifting. The climbing process is
synchronized, within a difference of 5 millimetres. The system is
sequentially jacked at 800 mm per stroke to a working height of
about 4 m. Using the building core as a support base, it takes five
strokes to complete the entire lifting phase.

Dr Sachin Jain 42
• Once in position, the lower floor is constructed by repeating the floor
cycle process.

• After the building structure is completed, the production platform is

lowered and forms the building roof.

• The systems and components are then dismantled and lowered to

the ground.

Dr Sachin Jain 43
 Goals

 Improve construction time by 30%

 Reduce dangerous and disorganized work, freeing staff to concentrate on

the improve quality control

 Provide a clear, safer and quicker work environment

Dr Sachin Jain 44
 Evaluation of goals

 Though horizontal AGV still require one person for operation with better
sensor technology AGV have the potential to work all night and deliver
materials which can be used by workers and robots during morning work.

 In Mitsubishi Heavy Industrial projects 40% of total materials were delivered

by AGV but further efforts are being considered.

 All weather sheeting was not used but may be used in future projects.

Dr Sachin Jain 45
 T –UP system
SMART system

MCCS system

Types of
systems

Roof pushup system

AMURAD system

BIG CANOPY
Big canopy

Dr Sachin Jain 46
MCCS

Source: Publication IAARC 199

 Climbing robot

Robotization and
Column catcher conveying robot
Automation

welding robot
 Climbing robot

• It set each mast

• Has two oil jacks and two

lock pins on top and bottom
which are inserted into holes
of mast

• To lift CF up a computer
simultaneously control all
jacks of masts

Climbing robot
 Conveying robot
• It has active crane and slide
type lift.

• Active carne is an overhead

crane which can swing and
move a head of its boom.

• Slide type lift is applied to

transport finishing materials
vertically and load/unload them
by side table at an appointed
floor by the computer.
 Welding robot
• This is developed to weld joint of column to column.

• A pair of robots travel on the rail which are set on the column and perform
continuous welding without end-tabs from initial layer to the final layer
except slag removing and erection piece cutting works.
 Column catcher

• This device is in strolled

at the bottom of mast
and transfer
catches/detaches the
column under mast and
transfers the
vertical/horizontal load
from CF to Column as a
result it support CF
safely.
 Goals

 Improve work environment

 Reduce construction time

 Reduce labor through automation and mechanization

 Improve productivity

 Guarantee uniform and high quality work

 Evaluation

 Man power can be reduced by 20-30% with multi disciplinary labor.

 Automated task and prefabricate require fewer trade people.

 Prefabrication can reduce a large wastage though it was not planned for this
job.

 Waste reduction requires more coordination between general contractor

and material suppliers.
 T –UP system
SMART system

MCCS system

Types of
systems

Roof pushup system

AMURAD system

BIG CANOPY
Big canopy

Dr Sachin Jain 55
 AMURAD (Automatic Up Rising construction by
Advanced technology)

 Kajima Chigusa Company Housing was constructed at Nagoya Japan by

this system.

 Can be used for residential building with a 9-15 story and height/ width
ratio of 3.0 or less.

 Ca be used to steel (S) structure; reinforced concrte (RC) structure; or steel

encased reinforced (SRC) structure.

 Dose not use crane hence can be used with low ceiling or small area.
 Special features
 It is the only automated system where construction factory was fixed at
ground level and building was assembled as top down construction.

 Lifting system, this is at ground floor pushes up the complete floor.

 All automation occurs at first floor story, erection with in first two story,
installation of exterior panels at third story and installation of finish materials
at the fourth story.

 This system reduces material handling and increases safety as work is

performed at ground.
Z-UP
Z-HAND

Robotization
and
Automation

Z-CARRY
 Z-UP

• It is push system that jacks up the entire building one story at a time

• It consists of six units of 600 ton and four units of 400 ton motor driven
screw type jacks for a total of ten jacks units arranged in the position of
main column

• By controlling all jacks in a centralized and synchorized manner the building

frame can be pushed up with a high degree of accuracy (1 mm)
 Z-HAND
• It is a building frame and mounting system that carries and installs building
frame members on the ground level

• This helps building frame members to be mounted with a high degree of

efficiency.

• It is a five ton loading capacity piece of mechanical equipment that travels

on rails and features the following seven movement:
 Travelling
 Traversing
 Turning
 Ascending/descending
 Inclination of members
 Fine adjustment sliding
 Z-CARRY

• A material carrying system that carries equipment and finishing materials to

the second and third floors

• It is composed of conveyor equipment (1.3 ton loading capacity) travelling

on a three dimensional monorail, a traverse that moves sideways to a
prescribed position, and a control board.

• This conveyer transport material automatically if destinations are specified

through bar codes.
 Goals

 Reduce man power

 Reduce construction time

 Reduce waste
 Evaluation of goals

 30% reduction in construction time, 50% reductions in manpower and 50%

reductions in waste was also observed.

 The all weather protection sheet helps in proper schedule and improve work
environment for workers.

 The over all cost is estimated to be about the same as by conventional

method.
 T –UP system
SMART system

MCCS system

Types of
systems

Roof pushup system

AMURAD system

BIG CANOPY
Big canopy

Dr Sachin Jain 65
 BIG CANOPY
 This is an automated construction system for high-rise
reinforced concrete buildings.

 This system uses similar basic principle of ABCS.

However, BIG CANOPY differs from ABCS on the
following points.
 Automation is difficult for reinforced concrete
construction compared with steel construction in terms
of cost and effect as more manual work is necessary
to connect structural members, and also to assemble
and to dismantle temporary construction shoring than
with steel construction.
 As concrete require time to harden all weather
assembly plant is difficult to provide.

 System was used in a 26 story building consisted of a

26-story apartment house, a 2-story parking space
and a 2-story shopping center.

 The basic floor plan of the apartment house was 34.9

m X 33.7 m with an open ceiling in the center, and an
open corridor along the void.

 The construction area of the basic floor was about

1,200 m2.
General

 BIG CANOPY uses pre cast

concrete (PC) members for
skeleton construction in order to
standardize and simplify field work
and shorten the construction term.

 The PC method has extremely

large weight member, process is
controlled by time of delivery of
member, accuracy of erection
effect the finishing quality and
involves many work division such
as form work builders, rebar
placers etc.

 BIG CANOPY can be used for any

building shape and if building
consists of minimum 12 story then
it will be more cost effective.
Source: T. Wakisaka et al.rAutomation in Construction 9(2000)229–250
Stages from start to removal of temporary roof

Source : T. Wakisaka et al.rAutomation in Construction 9(2000)229–250

 Synchronously climbing
Parallel delivery system
temporary roof

Special features
of system

Prefabrication and unification Material management system

 Synchronously climbing temporary roof
The synchronously climbing temporary roof consists of four tower crane posts erected
independently outside of the building, climbing device, and a temporary roof frame.

Temporary roof frame consists of Tower Climbing deÍice is made by remodeled

crane posts 1.9 m square, 6 m long, 6 the hydraulic-jack of the tower
tons in weight. are utilized as crane180 tm.and converted it into a
temporary posts. The temporary roof is climbing device and a central control
composed of a shingle with folded thin unit to synchronously control the four
steel plates on a steel frame truss hydraulic-jacks. The oil hydraulic
structure and is 42–49 m in area. circuit and the electric control system
Three overhead cranes are installed
under the roof and a jib-crane on top.
The entire weight including the roof
frame, climbing device, overhead
cranes and a jib-crane is about 600
tons. The jib-crane installed on the
temporary roof is used for adding
posts and horizontal braces after
climbing, and for dismantling the
temporary roof frame.
 Parallel delivery system

 The parallel delivery system

consists of a construction lift for
vertical delivery and three
overhead cranes for horizontal
delivery and erection.

 A suspension device is used to

control load rotation by gyroscopic
moment to prevent interference
during hoist exchange.

 This helps in to reduce worker and

delivery system idle time, and
shorten the delivery and erection
cycle time also cost of
manufacturing machines is
reduced by using general purpose
equipment.
  The delivery crane on the center line
had two girders for hoist exchange.
The hoist exchange between the
delivery crane and the erection crane
was performed as shown in B. The
sequence was as follows:
1. connect unoccupied one of two girders
of delivery crane to girder of erection
crane;
2. send the empty hoist of the erection
crane to the delivery crane;
3. shift the delivery crane slightly;
4. connect other girder of delivery crane to
girder of erection crane;
5. send the hoist with the delivery crane
load to the erection crane.
 The operator on the erection
 floor controls the process by a remote
radio control device but crane running
A operations,
 such as acceleration, deceleration and
halting during delivery are automated
to reduce the work load of the operator
and to ensure safe connection and
release of crane girders as in A

B
 Material management system

 Material management system consists of material management system for PC

members and finishing material management system.
 The system consists of a material management database and five subsystems. The
hardware of system consists of a workstation, two computers, two bar code
readers, a bar code printer and a page printer.
 Site office is connected to this hardware by an Ether Net LAN.
 A material management database which is linked with three-dimensional CAD shop
drawings was used to plan material delivery, erection and actual management. CAD
is used to feed information about the type of material, shape and erection location
etc.
 Main goals are

 Improve productivity and the work environment,

 Reduce construction period.

 Evaluate the system as a whole to improve both the hardware and

software of the automated construction system and to determine
an adequate number of workers.
 Evaluation
 Results show that cycle time of PC by using regression curve is smallest for 60 m
height.
 The number of workers engaged in the skeleton work for BIG CANOPY was about
25% that of the conventional construction method, about 35% that of the system
formwork construction method and about 65% that of the PC construction method.
Labor saving is achieved due to simplification and standardization of work by
prefabrication, and the reduction in waiting time by an effective delivery system and
the use of versatile workers.
 In system less automation was used as compare to ABCS and it is to exchange the
hoist for the overhead crane. Experiment is done to widen the automation by using
the delivery crane to remove the load from the lift, then moving the load to the
erection crane by hoist, and returning to the lift top after exchanging hoists. The time
for one automatic control cycle was 5–10% more than that for manual control but
work is done with one less operator. Complete automation is technically possible if
this upgraded system combine with the material management system using bar
codes.
 Reduction of physical load was observed.
 Because of system wind velocity had affected the project only for 1.5 days instead of
12 days.
 High approval of the temporary roof is observed during a questionnaire survey as
work efficiency deteriorates due to rise in temperature during hot environment.
 The anticipated construction period for work by two tower cranes (28 months) was
reduced by 4 months.
 Prefabrication and unification

 System uses the

industrialized
construction method for
floors higher than the
third floor by PC
members and
standardization is done
as shown below.

 Prefabrication is done for

71% of concrete volume,
97% of form area, and
79% of bar weight.

 Prefabricated members
are unified and finished
before erection to reduce
labor and minimize the
wastage.
 Main activities of Prefab construction

Source: T. Wakisaka et al.rAutomation in Construction 9(2000)229–250

 T –UP system
SMART system

MCCS system

Types of
systems

Roof pushup system

AMURAD system

BIG CANOPY
Big canopy

Dr Sachin Jain 79
 Roof push up construction method

• It can be used for multi

story building

• Roof floor is construction

first and then other floor
are constructed by
pushing up the roof floor
with oil jacks which acts
as roof.

General view of construction site

Source: Publication IAARC 199
 Features of system

• Roof floor helps in working in raining condition also

• High level of safety is achieved as construction work is carried out

on completed floor

• Number of workers reduced as they can take multiple tasks and

without problem of environment

• Construction can be done on small sites as surrounded by buildings,

sites directly underneath a path or land near airport or railway
facilities.
 7
6
5
4
3
2 2
1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5
Construction Push up the floor Construct the first floor Push up the roof floorConstruct second floor
work of roof
floor,
waterproofing
, installation 6
of push up Repeat the process until specifed floo
system
Push up equipment

Robotization and
automation

Welding robots
 Push up equipment

• The equipment
pushes up the top
floor by anchoring
itself to the main
construction column
while retaining
horizontal
precession via
automatic level
control.

• It raises the top

floor in a safe and
precise manner
 Welding robots
• Helps to reduce need for human resources

• Ensures welding quality and improve work efficiency

 Conclusion
 SMART system saves 20% of working days, 50 % labors and 70% wastage is
reduced.

 MCC system reduces man power by 20-30% with multi disciplinary labor.

 AMURAD uses steel reinforced pre cast concrete, steel, pre cast concrete structure
economical for 12-15 story, 30% reduction in construction time, 50% reductions in
manpower and 50% reductions in waste was also observed.

 ABC System reduces 30% manpower but increases crane time, 315 manpower is
used for robotic welding and filling of joints, sound reduction near floor area,
temperature reduction due to all weather sheet.

 BIG CANOPY uses pre cast concrete (PC) members, cyclic time is minimum at 60 m
height, number of worker is 25% that of the conventional construction method, about
35% that of the system formwork construction method and about 65% that of the PC
construction method, The time for one automatic control cycle was 5–10% more than
that for manual control but work is done with one less operator, wind effected working
days reduced from 12 to 1.5 days, two crane work was reduced from 24 month to
four month.

 Also by using precast it is posible to reduce a large wastage hence using construction
automation with pre cast and automated material handling system it is possible to
improve quality, productivity and better working environment for labor.
Dr Sachin Jain 86
THANK YOU

Dr Sachin Jain 87