Sky Advanced Safety Helmet

Abstract:

Every year in India a large number of deaths occur due road accidents.
Drivers on two-wheeler contribute significantly to these numbers. In a large
number of two wheeler accidents, deaths occur because no preventive actions have
been taken beforehand by the driver or those sitting in the two-wheeler. As greater
risk is involved in riding a two wheeler therefore, it becomes essential to use
protective guard while riding the vehicle. In our paper we propose one such
security systems that make it mandatory for the user to wear a protective guard or
helmet before riding a two wheeler. This system reduces the probability of a severe
injury or death during an accident. We also take into consideration a prototype that
has been developed for motor cycle riders.

INTRODUCTION

There has been a sharp rise in the total number of deaths that occur due to road
accidents in the past few years. Reckless driving, ignorance of traffic rules and
absence of a protective shield have been some of the most important reasons for
these deaths. The driver must have a line of defence in case an accident occurs
survey performed in India confirmed that there were a total of 1,34,513 deaths due
to road accidents in India in the year 2014. The number increased to 1, 42,485 in
the year 2011. Accidents involving two wheelers are more dangerous due to the
absence of protective guards like air bags and the direct interaction of the user with
the environment. It becomes utmost essential for the users have a line of defence in
case they encounter an accident. Fatal injuries to the brain are an important reason
behind deaths due to the road accidents. Therefore, a person riding a two wheeler
must wear a helmet in order to protect his skull. Riders wearing a helmet have a
greater probability of survival during accident. Many riders however do not prefer
to wear helmets due to in significant reasons. The traffic rules also do not affect
these riders much. In our proposed safety system for two wheelers, we have
proposed an approach that makes it compulsory for the user to wear a helmet. The
two wheeler
Would not start until the user wears a helmet and rides the two wheeler. We were
successful in implementing a prototype for this human safety system.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

Review of Literature:

This is a report about a smart helmet which makes motor cycle driving safer than
before. The main aim of this project is that it makes sure that the biker can’t start
the bike without wearing the helmet. A similar proposed work that has been put
forward earlier which is based on the principle of pressure sensing that is wearing a
helmet creates a pressure on the helmet and a data signal is passed to the
transmitter which redirects the bike ignition control to turn on. Moreover the
transmitter and the receiver modules used are IR based. However, both the
technologies have certain drawbacks:

DRAWBACKS:

 Pressure can be created inside the helmet by putting any dummy material
inside it. Thus the rider instead of wearing a helmet can create the required
pressure by putting any dummy material inside the helmet. Hence the basic
purpose of starting the bike by wearing the helmet can be easily by passed.

 The IR technology is of short range.

 IR modules work on the principle of line of sight.

 IR based devices cannot move around while the transmission is in progress.

 Keeping all these drawbacks in mind, we have a proposed system which

overcomes all these problems. Instead of pressure sensor a unique
technology of SKIN SURFACE POTENTIAL has been used which
enforces the biker to wear the helmet for starting as well as riding the bike
and cannot bypass it by any means. Moreover this system is RF based which
not only has a long range but also eliminates the problem of need of line of
 sight. Moreover RF based transmitter and receiver can be moved while the
data transmission is in progress.

OVERVIEW:

A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. The main aim of the smart helmet is to prevent the biker from starting his
bike until and unless he actually wears the helmet. It incorporates the concepts
of GSM and GPS to track a location of the accident and to provide the victim
prompt medical attention. The project also carries the concept of a TILT
sensor which senses the tilt of the bike above a permissible limit (>60◦) and
informs the family and friends of the biker about the accident by the concepts
of GSM and GPS

BACKGROUND:

In today’s era, especially in the young generation, the craze of motorbikes is really
remarkable. The middle-class families prefer to buy motorbikes rather than four
wheelers, because of their low prices. As the bikes in our country are increasing,
the road mishaps are also increasing day by day, due to which many deaths occur,
most of which are caused due to most common negligence of not wearing a helmet.
According to a survey of India, there are around 698 accidents occurring due to
bike crashes per year. If accidents are one issue, lack of proper treatment is another
reason for deaths. In India out of the 698 deaths occurring annually, nearly half of
the people die due to lack of proper treatment in proper time. The many reasons for
this are late arrival of an ambulance, no person at the place of accident to give
information to the ambulance or parents, etc.
This is a situation we observe in our day to day life; a thought of finding some
solution to resolve this problem comes up with this idea of giving information
about the accident as soon as possible because of TIME………!!!!!!!!! matters a
lot. If everything is done in time, at least, we can save half the lives that are lost
due to bike accidents.
Objective Of Project

The objectives of this project are I. To design the circuit that can
improve the safety of motorcyclists. II. To develop an Smart safety helmet for
complete rider. III. To study and understand the concept of RF Transmitter RF and
Receiver circuit in implementing the project.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The idea of our work is that a biker must wear a helmet in order to start up his
bike, otherwise the bike won’t start. It also gives information about the location, in
case, the biker meets an accident. The location of the accident is given by a GSM
module to the cell phones of family and friends, through an SMS. Sending
the SMS regarding the accident alone cannot help the rider until and unless the
location of the accident is also known. So as to trace out the location of an
accident, we use a GPS module. Thus an SMS containing the information about
the accident as well as the location (latitude and longitude) of the area is sent to the
family and friends using a microcontroller.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Hardware Features:
 ARDUINO
 LCD: 16*2 , 120 mA ,5V Alphanumeric Display
 Power Supply: 5V, 750 mA current.
 ADXL335
 ALCOHOL SENSOR.
 GPS
 GSM
 BUZZER
 Switch (over kill switch).
Soft ware Features:
 KEIL
 FLASH MAGIC
 diptrace

Project description-

THE HELMET

The helmet was a normal driving helmet that had been instilled with 4 infra-red
sensors that were connected to an Arduino microcontroller board. This
development board also had a CC-2500 wireless receiver/transmitter attached
to it. The 89s52 was the brain of this section of the setup and was concerned with
the transmission of messages to the receiver part as soon as the helmet is worn
by a human being. A MAX-232 IC is used for conversion of data to RS-232
protocol.
Alcohole sensor

A large number of road accidents occur due to excess alcohol consumption of

drivers. Adding an extra alcohol meter to the helmet would ensure that the vehicle
does not start if the driver has consumed a large amount of alcohol. Even if the
vehicle starts its speed is restricted to a threshold in order to minimize the chances
of accidents

IR SENSOR

One Infra-Red sensors have been embedded in the helmet. These sensors have a
low logic level when there is no object present in their sensing range and change
their state to a high logic level as soon an object is present in their range. This
sensor when instilled in a helmet can be used for determining the presence of a
human head inside the helmet. All the sensors will be high if a human head is
present inside the helmet. The sensors are attached to an microcontroller that
continuously monitors the logic levels of these sensors. The microcontroller signals
the receiver section to stop the motor if all the sensor are not high. When all the
sensors are high, the microcontroller sends a message to the receiver section to
keep the motor moving. In case of real time

IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM ON AN ACTUAL TWO WHEELER

Our initial aim is to implement this security system on an actual two wheeler, so
that the security system may function in a real time environment. The receiver
section can be used for switching the start button of a two wheeler and can be
attached to the two wheeler.
ADXL 335 vibration sensor:

The principle of capacitive can be applied for measurement of non –contact type
vibration , if the vibrating device or a related part of it is useable as a plate of a
capacitor. In order to do measurements, a second plate is needed. Now the whole
setup works like any common capacitor. The variation of the distance of the two
plates is proportional to the capacity. An AC supply is connected to the capacitor.
Depending on the space between the plates, a specific amplitude can be perceived
by the sensor which can be used for further processing.
ALCOHOL SENSOR
This alcohol sensor is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration on your
breath, just like your common breathalyzer. It has a high sensitivity and fast
response time. Sensor provides an analog output based on alcohol concentration.
Today’s sensors, while featuring a high sensitivity to a wide gases variety,
are very compact in size and have significantly reduced their power consumption
to better adapt to portable solutions. Building a system with an Alcohol sensor is
not as easy as it could appear. Despite the sensor could be treated, basically, as a
variable resistor (which value depends on gas concentration in air) the practical
implementation in a project should be done considering some design rules,
especially if the final circuit is a device to be used in a field where reliability is
strongly required (e.g. safety). As an example the internal elements of a sensor
(heater and gas sensitive resistors) have to be constantly kept under control to
avoid failures leading to a wrong alarm indication; furthermore, if the application
needs to achieve a good measurement accuracy, factors like environment
temperature, sensor life etc... have to be taken into account.

Fig. 4.1 ALCOHOL SENSOR

4.2 Applications

 Breath Analyzer
 Blood Alcohol Concentration Checker
 Alcohol Gas Sensor

Features

 High sensitivity to alcohol and small sensitivity to Benzine

 Fast response and High sensitivity
 Stable and long life
 Simple drive circuit of 5V DC with analog output
 Operation Temperature: -10 to 70 degrees C

Warm up Time

 The sensor needs 10 minutes of warm up time after first power is applied.
After 10 minutes you can take its readings. During warm up time the output
analog voltage would go up from 4.5V to 0.5V in variation down gradually.
During this warm up time the sensor reading should be ignored
.
Using the Sensor

 The sensor needs 5V to operate, Give regulated +5V DC supply, The sensor
will take around 180mA supply. The sensor will heat a little bit since it has
internal heater that heats the sensing element.

Testing the sensor

Measure the output voltage through multi-meter between A.OUT and

Ground pins or Use a microcontroller to measure the voltage output. Best way to
check the sensor is take a bottle of after shave liquid and open the cap. Take the
sensor near the bottle output. You will see increase in the readings.
 Fig. 4.2 SENSITIVITY CHARACTERISTICS

Typical Sensitivity Characteristics of sensor for several gases in their

Temp: 20 deg C
Humidity: 65%

Oxygen concentration: 21%

RL = 10K Ohm
Ro = Sensor resistance at 0.4mg/L of

Alcohol in clean air Rs = Sensor resistance at various concentrations of gases Here

is a the equation which convert analog output to mg/L gas concentration Mg/L =
Analog Voltage in mV x 0.002
Example: Gas sensor voltage is giving output as 2500mV(2.5V) So the gas
concentration in mg/L = 2500x0.002 = 5 mg/L
Fig. 4.3 ALCOHOL SENSOR
GSM

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in
1970. It is widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an
open and digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data
services operates at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency
bands.

GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access
(TDMA) technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the
data, then sends it down through a channel with two different streams of client
data, each in its own particular time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry
64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.

Features of GSM Module:

 Improved spectrum efficiency
 International roaming
 Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)
 Support for new services.
 SIM phonebook management
 Fixed dialing number (FDN)
 Real time clock with alarm management
 High-quality speech
 Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
 Short message service (SMS)
The security strategies standardized for the GSM system make it the most secure
telecommunications standard currently accessible. Although the confidentiality of
a call and secrecy of the GSM subscriber is just ensured on the radio channel, this
is a major step in achieving end-to- end security.
GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a device which can be either a mobile phone or a modem device
which can be used to make a computer or any other processor communicate over a
network. A GSM modem requires a SIM card to be operated and operates over a
network range subscribed by the network operator. It can be connected to a
computer through serial, USB or Bluetooth connection.

Working of GSM Module:

From the below circuit, a GSM modem duly interfaced to the MC through the level
shifter IC Max232. The SIM card mounted GSM modem upon receiving digit
command by SMS from any cell phone send that data to the MC through serial
communication. While the program is executed, the GSM modem receives
command ‘STOP’ to develop an output at the MC, the contact point of which are
used to disable the ignition switch. The command so sent by the user is based on an
intimation received by him through the GSM modem ‘ALERT’ a programmed
message only if the input is driven low. The complete operation is displayed over
16×2 LCD display
GPS

What is GPS?
GPS or Global Positioning System is a satellite navigation system that furnishes
location and time information in all climate conditions to the user. GPS is used for
navigation in planes, ships, cars and trucks also. The system gives critical abilities to
military and civilian users around the globe. GPS provides continuous real time, 3-
dimensional positioning, navigation and timing worldwide.

How does GPS System Work?

The GPS system consists of three segments:

1) The space segment: the GPS satellites

GPS is used on some incidents in several ways, such as:

1. To determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter
pilot the coordinates of your position location so the pilot can pick you up.
2. To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a
lookout to the fire perimeter.
3. To create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire
perimeter and hot spots.
4. To determine distance between two different points.
3 Advantages of GPS:
 GPS satellite based navigation system is an important tool for military, civil and
commercial users
 Vehicle tracking systems GPS-based navigation systems can provide us with
turn by turn directions
 Very high speed
2 Disadvantages of GPS:
 GPS satellite signals are too weak when compared to phone signals, so it doesn’t
work as well indoors, underwater, under trees, etc.
 The highest accuracy requires line-of-sight from the receiver to the satellite, this
is why GPS doesn’t work very well in an urban environment.
Using a GPS Receiver:

There are several different models and types of GPS receivers. While working with
a GPS receiver it is important to have :

 A compass and a map.

 A downloaded GPS cable.
 Some extra batteries.
 Knowledge about the memory capacity of the GPS receiver to prevent loss of
data, decrease in accuracy of data, or other problems.
 An external antenna whenever possible, especially under tree canopy, in
canyons, or while driving.
 A set up GPS receiver according to incident or agency standard regulation;
coordinate system.
 Notes that describe what you are saving in the receiver.
POWER SUPPLY:
When working with electronics, you always need one basic thing: Power.
In every electronic circuit power supply is required. The proper working of each
and every component, the exact amount of voltage and current to be supplied to it.
If the power exceed its limit, it can be fatal.
Below is the circuit diagram of power supply which gives output of 5V, as only
that much is required for microcontroller. Its circuit diagram and designing
calculation are given below.

Fig.2.3 +5 V Regulated Power Supply

The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC.
This IC contains all the circuitry needed two accept any input voltage from 8 to 18
volts and produce a steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also
contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC
won't be damaged in case of excessive load current; it will reduce its output
voltage instead.
The advantage of a bridge rectifier is you don’t need a centre tap on the secondary
of the transformer. A further but significant advantage is that the ripple frequency
at the output is twice the line frequency(i.e. 50Hz) and makes filtering somewhat
easier.
The use of capacitor c1, c2, c3 and c4 is to make signal ripple free. The two
capacitor used before the regulator is to make ac signal ripple free and then later
which we are using is for safety, if incase there is a ripple left after regulating, then
c3 and c4 will remove it.
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Circuit Design Specification:-
3.1.1Power Supply Component Design:
1. Transformer Design:

Fig.3.1 Transformer Design

We require 5V at the o/p of the regulator.
The drop out voltage of the regulator is 2V As per the data sheet)
Vdc = 5+2 = 7V
So at the regulator input, the voltage applied should be of 7V.
According to the formula,
Vdc = 2Vm/Pi
Assuming there is no ripple Capacitor from
Vm= Vdc .pi/2
=7 x 3.14)/2
 =10.99V
Vm= 10.99V
During one cycle, two diodes are conducting
Drop out voltage of one diode = 0.7V
Drop out voltage of two diode = 1.4V
Vim = Vm+ 1.4V
=10.99+1.4= 12.39V
Vim=12.39V
Vrms = Vim/sqrt(2)
= 12.39/sqrt(2)
= 8.76V
Vrms = 8.76V
So we select transformer of 9V.
Similarly
Im=Idc x pi/2
Im=400m x 3.14/2
= 628mA.
Irms= Im/sqrt(2)
= 628mA/sqrt(2)
` = 444.06mA
Irms = 444.06mA
So we select the transformer of current rating 500mA.
Considering the above transformer rating ,
We take the transformer of 0-9V/500mA
TRANFORMER – 0-9V/500mA Stepdown transformer.
2. Rectifier Design:
PIV of diode = Vm = 12.39V
 Im= 628mA
BRIDGE RECTIFIER -So, we select the bridge IC of 1Ampere rating.
3. Filter Capacitor Design:

Fig.3.2 Filter Capacitor Design

R = Vdc/Idc
= 7 / 400m
= 17.5Ohms.
Vr = 2(Vim – Vdc)
= 2(12.39 – 7)
= 10.78V
C = Vdc/ (FxRxVr)
= 7/ (100x17.5x10.78)
= 371.05uF
So for Safe working we select capacitor of 1000uF
C = 1000uF / 35V
C1= 1000uF/35V Electrolytic Capacitor.
C2,C4 = 0.1uF Ceramic Capacitor.
C3 = 220uF/25V Electrolytic Capacitor.
So the power supply made from the above mentioned components gives the output
of 5V.
 For master PCB we are taking supply from USB. Through USB we get 5V,
500mA supply. This is given to AVR and LM317. Using LM 317 we can get 3.3 V
outputs which are given to RF module.
For the slave side we are using 9V battery. The output of battery is 9V DC is
given to 7805 which is given to AVR controller. The output of 7805 is further
given to the LM317 which gives 3.3V output which is given to RF module.

Software

Development

Dip Trace

Dip Trace is an EDA/CAD software for creating schematic diagrams

and printed circuit boards. The developers provide a multi-lingual
interface and tutorials (currently available in English and 21 other
languages). Dip Trace has 4 modules: schematic capture editor, PCB
layout editor with built-in shape-baseauto router and 3D-preview &
export, component editor, and pattern editor. An operating system (OS)
is software that manages computer hardwareand softwarere sources
and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the
system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of
processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory
allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between
programs and the computer hardware, though the application code is
usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system
calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are
found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones
and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers. The
dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a
market share of around
82.74%. mac OS by Apple Inc. is in second place (13.23%), and the
varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.57%).In the mobile
(smartphone and tablet combined) sector, use in 2017 is up to 70% of
Google's Android ands according to third quarter 2016 data, Android
on smart phones is dominant with 87.5 percent and a growth rate 10.3
percent per year, followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1 percent and a per
year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating
systems amount to just 0.3 percent. Linux distributions are dominant in
the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of
operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for
many applications.

3.5.2. Arduino C language

Arduino is the hardware platform used to teach the C programming
language as Arduino boards are available worldwide and contain the
popular AVR microcontrollers from Atmel. Atmel Studio is used as
the development environment for writing C programs for AVR
microcontrollers
Application:

1. Unmanned Robot
2. Vehicle
3. Car racing
4. Two wheeler safety

FUTURE SCOPE

1. We can connect the PIR Sensor as when the Human is detected In front of
bike then, the bike will stop automatically.
2. We can also use GPS modem which would be connected on the bike side .The
GPS modem will be used to capture the location and the location can be send
wirelessly through the RF and displayed on receiver side.
3. Also GSM modem can be connected to the systems as when the fire is detected
SMS can be sent to the mobile.
4. We were successfully able to implement the safety system on the prototype
level. Certain additions that can be
CONCLUSIONS

This system is very effective for the safety purpose of the user. User has to wear
helmet to ride two wheeler vehicle and hence traffic rules will follow with this.
This system is under pocket control ie. Ride two wheeler vehicle having safety in
hand and in budget also. Easy functioning to operate this system. It provides a
better security to the biker
REFERENCES

[1] International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online):

2319‐7064 Volume 3 Issue 3, March 2014

[2] International Journal Of Computer Science And Applications Vol. 6, No.2, Apr
2013 ISSN: 0974-1011 (Open Access)

[3] Article from The Hindu [online] 2011 Feb. 10 Available

from:URL:http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/10/stori es/2011021063740500.htm

[4] International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue

12, December-2011 1 ISSN 2229-5518

[5] Bishop, R (2002). The road ahead for intelligentehicle v sytem: what”s in store
for riders? 8th Annual Minnesota Motorcycle safety conference

[6] Sayeed and A. Perrig, “Secure Wireless Communications: Secret Keys through
Multipath,” Proc. IEEEInt’l Conf. Acoustics, SpeechSignal Processing, pp. 3013-
3016, Apr.2008

[7] William R. Reagen, (1979) ―Auto theft detection system‖ US4177466 (US
Patent) Computer”, May 2011 [8] www.wikipeia.org/wiki/

[9] www.electronicsforu.com

[10]www.elecktor.com
Arduino Uno -

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on the

MicrochipATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc.[2][3] The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may
be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board
has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable.[4] It can be
powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages
between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo.[5][6]
The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons
Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0.[1] The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE)
were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.[4] The
Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model
for the Arduino platform.[3]The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes
preprogrammed with a boot loader that allows uploading new code to it without the
use of an external hardware programmer.