PROTEIN  Defect in matrix of tooth enamel

1. effects of protein excess: 5. Effect of protein deficiency on dental caries

A. Kidney problem:  Alteration of salivary gland

 Proteinuria  Defect in enamel matrix

 Production of excess Uric Acid -> Kidney Stones  Protein deficiency may also mean incease in carb ingestion -> increase
caries susceptibility.
B. Liver problem

6. Protein deficiency in perio disease:

2. Inborn Error of protein metabolism- PHENYLKETONURIA
 Protein = negative effect on the activity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts,
cementoblasts
3. Difference of Kwashiorkor and Marasmus:
Manifested through:

- atrophy of connective tissue of the gingiva and perio ligament

A. Kwashiorkor- deficiency in proteins only!
- retardation of cementum matrix
B. Marasmus- defiency in all things like proteins, carbohydrates, fats
- cancellous bone spaces are increased

4. effects of protein deficiency in jaws and teeth

WATER
 Crowded and rotated teeth
7. major positive ion outside the cell- SODIUM
 Hypoplasia of teeth
8. Major positive ion inside the cell: POTASSIUM C. Antibacterial Action

FLUORIDE - fluoride ion has inhibitory effect on ENOLASE- enzyme invloved in carb
metabolism
9. Fluoride treatment used in the clinic:

a. 2.7% Acydulated Phosphate Fluoride

b. 2% Sodium Fluoride

10. Post operative treatment after fluoridization:

- do not eat for 3 hours

- do not brush teeth for 30 mins

- do not rinse with mouth wash for 4-6 hours

11. Mechanisms for anticaries action of fluorides:

A. Decrease in acid solubiity- fluoride increases enamel resistance to dental

caries

- formation of fluoroapatite-> acid resistant

B. Remineralization

-fluoride can remineralize demineralized/hypomineralized enamel

 DEFINITION OF
MINERAL DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
DEFIENCY* TOXICITY

-osteoporosis *reduction of bone

quantity
CALCIUM

-fatigue

IRON -anemia

-low blood hgb level

*goiter * thyroid gland

enlargement, swelling in
IODIDE -mental retardation
front of the neck
-poor growth in infancy

-increase risk in dental

caries
FLUORIDE

*xerophthalmia *thickening of lens

VIT. A

Rickets- kids Osteomalacia- softening of

bone
VIT. D Osteomalacia- adults

VIT. E *hemolytic anemia * rupture/ destruction of

RBC
- nerve degeneration

*Beriberi * nervous tingling

VIT. B1- thiamin *poor coordination

*edema
*megaloblastic anemia
*heart changes
FOLIC ACID (FOLATE)
*weakness

*Pellagra * 4D:

VIT. B3- Niacin -diarrhea