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MIG Welding
Steels   > 4mm

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Steels < 4mm

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Management

Robots and MIG

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MIG / Flux Cored
Pipe Welding
ASTM Welding A403-A643 Carbon Low Alloy Steels.
Welding Advice
Welding Forum Bar Plate and Pipe..

Ed's Bio / Contact

Ed's Weld Projects ALL ELECTRODE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE AT THIS SITE REQUIRE WELD
QUALIFICATION BEFORE THE WELD CONSUMABLES ARE APPROVED.

Welding Books
Note: When you see high tensile weld electrodes required, this is usually an
indication that pre heat interpass and post heat treatment is required for the
welds

Fatigue:
The ability of a metal or weld to withstand repeated loads. Fatigue
failures occur at stress levels less than the metal or weld yield
strength. Some things that can influence fatigue failure:
A Management &
Engineers Guide to Excess weld profiles.
MIG Weld Quality,
Welds which cause undercut.
Productivity and
Costs FCAW or SMAW slag inclusions.
Lack of weld penetration.
Excess weld heat, typically from multi-pass welds without inter-pass temp controls.
Items to a part that adds restraint while welding.
Items added to a part that can concentrate stresses in a specific location.
Incorrect selection of filler metal, weld too weak or weld too strong.

 
Manual and Robotic When welding low and medium carbon steels, the 70XX electrodes and
(MIG) Gas Metal Arc E70S-3-6 MIG wires and E7XT-X flux cored electrodes can be used. When
Welding Book welding low alloy 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo and 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo with up to 0.05% max
carbon, typically 8018-B2L / 9018-B3L (L = low carbon) can be used. When
welding higher strength alloys or when tempering and quenching are
required to attain the higher strengths the higher carbon 8018 B2 and 9018
B3 electrodes are utilized.

Steels Yield Tensile Description Preheat UNS Chemistry

 ksi ksi Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
Austenitic
ASTM
403
    Stainless     see pipe
Pipe
ASTM
405
    Cr Mo pipe     see pipe

Austenitic
Flux Cored and MIG ASTM
    stainless     see pipe
weld process 409
pipe
controls ASTM pressure
A410     vessel plate     E8018-C3

ASTM
412 Stainless
grade
    plate
    E308
201 -202
welded steel
ASTM
chain general
413
purpose , low
Grade #
carbon steel
Manual MIG Welding 30. Proof     not      
Coil
Process Control grade # is
recommended
for over head
strength
lifts
(Also in Spanish)
welded steel
" Proceso de chain general
Soldadur MIG purpose , low
A413
Manual " Grade #
carbon steel
43. High     Stronger than      
Welding CD's grade 30.Not
Test
recommended
for over head
lifts
welded steel
chain general
purpose , low
A413
carbon steel
Grade #
Robot MIG welding. heat treated
70.     Stronger than      
Best Weld Practices Transport
grade 43.Not
and Process Binder
recommended
Controls for over head
lifts
All grades except G
E60XX
ASTM
E70XX
A414 Flange and
A-B-C-D     firebox sheet     E70S-X
E71T-1
E-F-G
Grade G
Manual MIG Welding. E7018-A1
Best Weld Practices Carbon stl pre heat
ASTM 8018
and Process 420     and nickel stl 100 -   80S-D2
pipe fittings 200F
Controls
ASTM Low alloy pre heat
423
    tubes 100-200F  
8018W

E60XX
ASTM Hot rolled E70XX
A425     strip     E70S-X
E71T-1
pre heat
Flux Cored Best ASTM
A426
    Cr Mo Pipe 100 - 600   see pipe
Weld Practices and F
Process Controls
Austenitic
ASTM
430     stainless     see pipe
pipe
AISI
ASTM Quenched and
A434     tempered      
steel bars
DVD Film "MIG Contact Alloy Rod
65-90
90-110 for special
Process Controls A434-BB 448-
620-758       electrode
Made Simple" 620
T4130
Contact Alloy Rod
Order these MIG 80- for special
A434-BC 105-130      
Welding or Flux Cored 110 electrode
Training Materials Now T4130
100- Preheat
A434-BD
130
130-155   250 - 350F    
E7018
ASTM High strength
A440     structural     E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM 40- 60-70 High strength Preheat K1211 carbon
A441 50 413-482 low alloy >25mm 0.22
275- structural 100F Si 0.4max
344 steel used >50mm Mn 0.85/1.25
often for 200F Cu
bridges V 0.2
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
If weathering steel
unpainted
E8018-W
E80T1-W

SMAW and GMAW Mechanical Strength

E6010 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E6011 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E7010 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.
E7018 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

The commom MIG E70S-3-6 wires.

Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

Mechanical Strength of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Electrodes,

reference ANS I /AWS A5.29 1198 Specification. Low Alloy Steel
Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

Tensile Tensile Yield Yield

AWS Classification
ksi MPa ksi Mpa
E6XTX-X-XM 60 - 80 410 - 550 50 340
E7XTX-X-XM 70 - 90 480 - 620 58 400
E8XTX-X-XM 80 - 100 550 - 690 68 470
E9XTX-X-XM 90 - 110 620 - 760 78 540
E10XTX-K9-K9M SEE SPEC 88 610
E71T-1 E70T-1
Second Second
(M) means an argon mix req, 75 to 80
All DCEP number number
argon balance CO2
1 = all 0 = flat and
position horizontal

What is Brittleness?
The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without
appreciable deformation. When a metal gets harder it becomes
more brittle. Preheat, inter-pass temp controls and post heat all
are designed to reduce the potential for brittleness.

How do you measure Hardness?.

The hardness tester forces a small sphere (Brinell, HB), a
diamond pyramid (Vickers, HV) or a cone (Rockwell C, HRC)
into the surface of a metallic material. The indentation is then
measured.
 PRE - INTERPASS OR POST HEAT?

Many manufactures of parts and equipment

containing ASTM steels will not use the
recommended pre or post-heat treatments.

The requirements for weld heat

considerations is greatly influenced by
many factors such as the application, the
governing specifications or codes, the plate
conditions, plate thickness, the weld consumables the weld
procedures, the weld size and amount of welds required.
In many cases the manufacturer that uses ASTM steels will find that
it's not necessary for the weld to match the mechanical properties of
the steel, (its often better for the weld to have more ductility than the
plate) and therefore low hydrogen, highly ductile SMAW E7018 /
E70S-3-6 MIG wires or E7XT-X flux cored electrodes are used.

When using the low hydrogen electrodes, the pre and post heat
treatment recommendations are frequently reduced or eliminated,
however from a weld quality perspective always ensure that the weld
locations are dry, the base metal is over 60 F, and that rust and mill
scale is removed from the weld area.

Its beneficial for all multipass welds to not allow the multi-pass inter-
pass weld temperatures to exceed 350 F.

Multipass welds will have an annealing affect on the welds and base metals
and therefore the need for preheat will either be eliminated or reduced.

If you ignore the heat treat requirements as recommended by the

metal specifications ensure you use low hydrogen consumables
then,

(a) establish the PQR,

(b) qalify both the weld and HAZ mechanical properties.

Welding alloy steels often may require unique weld or heat treat
considerations. Compare the low alloy steels chemistry and mechanicals
with a standard A36 steel. Remember this site is only a guide, weld
responsibility starts with "you" First verify the weld consumable and then
the material heat treat recommendations.

What is yield strength? The stress that can be applied to a base

metal or weld without permanent deformation of the metal is the
yield strength.

What is tensile strength? The ultimate tensile strength is the

maximum strength that the metal or weld can withstand before
failure occurs.

Metric Conversion 1000 psi = ksi x 6.894 = MPa

Yield Tensile
Preheat Post Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
heat weld data
MPa MPa
carbon
Carbon steel pressure
0.22/0.24
vessel plate
Mn 0.6/1.1
ASTM > 30 55 - 75 CSA 300W-T
A442-55 206 379-517 350W-T 350A-T   K02202 Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
380W HSS
E70S-X
380WT- HSS
E71T-1
ASTM >32 60 - 80   Preheat K02402 carbon
A442-605 220 413- >0.26 carbon 0.24/0.27
551 >25mm 100F Mn 0.6/1.1
Si 0.15/0.4
 E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
447     Stainless castings     309

ASTM Galvanized E6010

A444     sheet     E70S-3
ASTM Austenitic stainless
451     pipe     see pipe

ASTM see pipe

452
    Stainless pipe     E308
<9.6mm
<9.6mm carbon
>37
75-95 preheat 0.33
High strength carbon Si 0.10
9-
ASTM 9-13mm manganese steel for 0.26/0.3 Mn
13mm K03300
A455 73-93 pressure vessel 100F 0.85/1.29
>36
plates E7018
>13mm >0.3 carb 200F E70S-X
>13mm
70-90 E71T-1
>35
ASTM stainless plate sheet
A457     strip     E347

ASTM
A458
    stainless bars     E347

ASTM pre heat 100 to E8018 to

A469     low alloy forgings
400 F   E1218
ASTM pre heat 100 to E8018 to
A470     low alloy forgings
400 F   E1218
ASTM Austenitic Stainless
A473
    forgings
     
ASTM austenitic stainless
A477     forgings     E347

pressure vessel
ASTM
A479     austenitic stainless      
parts
ASTM steel castings
A486
    highway bridges
     
preheat carbon
E7018
>0.2 <25mm
A486-70       100F >25mm   E70S-X
E71T-1
250F
A486-90           E808-B2
ASTM
A487 Casting for
other     pressure service      
grades
E7018-A1
check for
A487-2N       pre/post heat req   or
E8018-B2
check for Flux cored
A487-4N       pre/post heat req   E4130
check for Flux cored
A487-6N       pre/post heat req   E4130
check for Flux cored
A487-7Q       pre/post heat req   E4130
check for E9018-B3
A487-8N       pre/post heat req   E90T5-B3
check for E9018-B3
A487-9N       pre/post heat req   E90T5-B3

When mill scale is a problem, what MIG or flux cored weld

parameter will the welder have to change and why? The solutions
are in Ed's books.

STRESS RELIEVING (SR) BASIC GUIDELINES:

STRESS RELIEF - CONTROLLED HEATING & COOLING TO REDUCE STRESS.

STRESS RELIEF MACHINED PARTS FOR DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.
STRESS RELIEF SLOW HEATING AND COOLING REQUIRED
 CONFIRM WITH CODE SPECIFICAIONS FOR STRESS RELIEF REQUIREMENTS.

SR HEAT & COOL RATE PER HOUR

TYPICAL STRESS RELIEF SOAK TIME
400oF 204oC DIVIDE THICKER
ONE HOUR PER INCH OF THICKNESS
PART
STRESS RELIEF CARBON STEELS
PARTS OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES
1100oF 593oC
SR MAX TEMP DIFFERENCE 75oF 24oC
TO 1250oF 677oC
STRESS RELIEF CARBON 0.5% Mo SR 1% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 1.25 % CHROME 0.5% Mo SR 2% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 2.25 % CHROME 1% Mo SR 5% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC 1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC
SR 7% CHROME 0.5% Mo SR 9% CHROME 1% Mo
1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC 1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC
SR 12% CHROME 410 STEEL SR 16% CHROME 430 STEEL
1550oF 843oC TO 1600oF 871oC 1400oF 760oC TO 1500oF 815oC
FOR 300 SERIES STAINLESS SR
SR 9% NICKEL WILL
1025oF 552oC TO 1085oF 585oC RESULT IN CARBIDE
PRECIPITATION
WITH LOW CARBON 300 SERIES SR 400 SERIES CLAD STAINLESS
MAX SR 1050oF 566oC 1100oF 593oC TO 1350oF 732oC
STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM
SR CLAD MONEL INCONEL Cu NICKEL
AZ31B 0
1150oF 621oC TO 1200oF 649oC
500oF 260oC 15 MIN

HK31A H24 550oF 288oC 30 MIN

STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B
H24 300oF 149oC 60 MIN
HM21A T8-T81 700oF 371oC 30 MIN

MAGNESIUM CAST ALLOYS

MAGNESIUM WITH MORE THAN 1.5%
AM100A
ALUMINUM STRESS RELIEF
500oF 260oC 60 MIN
AZ-63A 81A 91C & 92A
500oF 260oC 60 MIN  

   
 

E-Mail Feb 2007. Ed what affect does flame cutting API X-80 or 550 gr. pipe have
on the weld HAZ?
Is 6010 a good root pass electrode for this material?

All X-80 materials are not created equal: They could be seamless quench and
tempered, or DSAW TMCP plate. You can get some seamless that will have high
alloy content that will produce a very hard HAZ, these alloys can be susceptable
to hydrogen cracking. You need to consider minimum preheat and interpass temp
controls and possibly avoid cellulosic electrodes such as 6010. The TMCP
materials typically provide excellent results such as a soft HAZ from low
minimum preheat.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Post Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
heat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM Bar and Wire depends on
A493     stainless grade    
ASTM
A496
    Reinforcing wire 200 to 300   9018m

ASTM carbon steel E70S-3

A500
    tube
100 -200F   E7018
E7018
ASTM Forgings
A508     pressure vessels     E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM austenitic
A511
    stainless tubes
    3xx series

ASTM carbon stl tubes E70S-3

A512         E7018

ASTM carbon and low E70S-3

A513
    alloy steel tubes
100 - 200F   E7018
Quench and
> 90- 100- tempered alloy
ASTM 100 130 steel plate High
A514 620- 689- yields. This spec      
689 896 also applies to
ASTM A517
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn 0.8/1.1
Known as
A514-A     N-A-XTRA 100   K11856 Si 0.4/0.8
Cr 0.5/0.8
Zr 0.5/0.15
B 0.0025
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn 1.0
Si 0.2/0.35
Known as Cr 0.4/0.64
A514-B     T - 1 Type A   K11630
MO 0.15/0.25
V 0.03/0.08
Ti0.01/0.03
B 0.0005
/0.005
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Known as Mn 1.1/1.5
A514-C     JALLOY-S-100   K11511
Si 0.15/0.3
MO 0.2/0.3
B 0.001/0.005
Carbon
0.13/0.2
Mn 0.4/0.7
Si 0.2/0.35
Cr 0.85/1.2
A514-D         K11662
Mo0.15/0.25
Ti 0.04/0.1
Cu 0.4
B 0.0015
to 0.005
Carbon
0.12/0.2
Mn 0.4/0.7
Si 0.2/0.35
Cr 1.4/2.0
A514-E         K21604 Mo 0.4/0.6
Ti 0.04/0.1
Cu 0.2/0.4
B 0.0015
to 0.005
SSS-100
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn 0.6/1
Si 0.15/0.35
Typically Called Cr 0.4/0.65
A514-F     T-1 Steel   K11576
Ni 0.7/1
Mo 0.4/0.6
V 0.03/0.08
Cu 0.15/0.5
B 0.006
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn 0.88/1.1
Si ?
A514-G         K11872 Cr 0.5/0.9
Ni 0.7/1
Mo 0.4/0.6
Zr 0.05/0.15
B 0.0025
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn 0.95/1.3
Si 0.2/0.35
A514-H         K11646 Cr 0.4/0.65
Ni 0.3/0.7
Mo 0.2/0.3
V 0.03/0.08
B 0.005
A514-J         K11625 Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.45/0.77
Si 0.2/0.35
Mo 0.5/0.65
 B 0.001
to 0.005
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn1.1/1.15
A514-K         K11523 Si 0.15/0.3
Mo0.45/0.55
B 0.001
to 0.005
Carbon
0.13/0.2
Mn0.4/0.7
Si 0.15/0.3
A514-L         K11682 Cr1/15/1.65
Mo0.25/0.4
Ti0.04/0.1
Cu 0.2/0.4
B 0.005
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.4/0.7
Si 0.15/0.3
A514-M         K11683
Ni 1.2/1.5
Mo0.45/0.6
B 0.001 to
0.005
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn0.8/1.1
Si 0.4/0.9
A514-N         K11847
Cr 0.5/0.8
Mo 0.25
Zr 0.05/0.15
B 0.0025
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.45/0.7
Si 0.4/0.9
Ni 1.2/1.5
Preheat for
all A514
For all A514
<13mm
welds
For all a514 welds 50F<25mm
E11018-M
keep multi-pass 175F.
E110S-1
welds small to Don't
E110T5-K4
improve notch exceed 200F
A514-P     toughness. Keep inter-pass
K21650 E110T1-G
heat input low use temp.
MIG alternative
stringers instead Always
E80S-D2
of weaves ensure oil or
keep MIG spray
moisture
volts low to
removed
reduce
before weld
Hydrogen
content. Use low
reactive gas mix
like argon 10%
C02.

What is lamellar tearing?

When welding, the weld shrinkage stresses impose tensile

strains in the steel plate or on inclusions paralleled to the plate
surface. The tensile strains can separate the inclusions causing
cracks. Excessive strains can further elongate the cracks.
Carbon, manganese and low alloy steels made at the mill with
inadequate deoxidization are sensitive to lamellar tearing. The potential for
lamellar tearing increases with the amount of inclusions in the plates being
welded. Of special concern is when the inclusions are parallel to the plate
surface. More data in ASTM A770 / A770M Standard Spec for through thickness
tension testing of steel plates.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM     pressure preheat    
A515 vessel steel 0.21 to
plate for 0.25 carb
medium to >50mm
200F
 high temp preheat
service 0.26 to
0.30 carb
<50mm
100F
>50mm
200F
preheat
>0.3carb
<25mm
100F 25
TO 50mm
200F
>50mm
300F

Carbon
0.2/0.28
Mn 0.9
>30 55 - 75
A515-55
206 379-517     K02001 Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1

Carbon
0.24/0.31
Mn 0.9
>32 60 - 80
A515-60
220 413-551     K02401 Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
Carbon
Similar to
0.28/0.33
CSA 300W
Mn 0.9
>35 65- 85 300WT-
A515-65
241 448-586 350W   K02800 Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
350ATY-
E70S-X
380W-T
E71T-1
Carbon
Similar to
0.31/0.35
CSA 300W
Mn 0.9
>38 70- 90 482- 300WT-
A515-70
262 620 350W   K03101 Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
350ATY-
E70S-X
380W-T
E71T-1
preheat
0.2 carb
>50mm
100F

preheat
0.2 to 0.25
carb
>25mm
100F
>50mm
Pressure 200F
ASTM vessel steel
A516     plate preheat
G11160  
AISI 1116 >0.26 TO
0.31carb
13/25mm
100F
>25mm
250F

post heat
over
25mm
1200F is
beneficial
Carbon
0.18/0.26
Mn 0.6/1.2
>30 55-75
A516-55
206 379-517   K01800   Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
Carbon
0.21/0.27
Mn 0.6/1.2
>32 60-80
A516-60
220 413-551   K02100   Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A516-65 >35 65-85 Similar to K02403   Carbon
241 448-586 CSA 300W 0.24/0.29
350W Mn
0.85/1.2
 380W-T Si 0.15/0.4
HSS E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
Carbon
0.27/0.31
Similar to
Mn
CSA 300W
>38 70 - 90 0.85/1.2
A516-70
262 482-620
350W K02700   Si 0.15/0.4
380W-T
E7018
HSS
E70S-X
E71T-1

What is Ductility? The amount that a metal or weld will deform

without breaking. Measured on welds by the % of elongation in
a 2 inch 51 mm test piece. An E71T-1 flux cored electrode
should result in a minimum of 20% elongation. An E70S--6 MIG
weld should produce approx 22%.

What is Toughness?The ability of the metal or weld sample at a predetermined

temperature to withstand a shock.The test for toughness measures the impact of
a pendulum on a notched specimen. You may see that the required impact
properties for the metal or weld are 20ft-lbf @ -20 F (27 j @ -29C)

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
Quench and
produced in
ASTM >100 tempered High
accordance with
A517 690 strength alloy
ASTM A514
plate
Quench and
produced in
ASTM >100 tempered High
accordance with
A517 690 strength alloy
ASTM A514
plate

8018
ASTM carbon stl 100 to
      9018
A519 tubes 400F
1118M
ASTM E7018
A521-CA Die Forgings E70S-X
CC-CC1 E71T-1
A521
AA-AB
E8018-C3
CE-CF
CF1
A521
AE-AG E11018M
AH
A521
AC-AD E8018-B2
CG

ASTM CARBON
        E7018
A523 STL PIPE E70S-3-6

ASTM carbon stl E7018

        E70S-3-6
A524 pipe
ASTM
E6010
A526 Galvanized
E7010
A527 sheet metal
E70S-3
A528
Carbon
0.27
Structural steel Mn1.2
ASTM >42 60-80
plate bars or K02703 Cu0.20
A529 289 413-586
shaped E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM Quenched Preheat
A533 Tempered >0.15
pressure carbon
vessel plate >50mm
200F
 Preheat
0.16/0.2
carbon
13/25mm
100F
>25mm
250F

Preheat
0.2/0.25
carbon
<13mm
100F
>50mm
250F
>50mm
400F

Post heat
benefits
<0.16 carb
>13mm
1150F
Carbon
0.25
A533-A K12521 Mn1.15/1.5
Si0.15/0.4
Mo 0.6

CLASS 1
E8018-C3
E9018-M
E90T1-K2
A533-A 80-100
>50 E80S-D2
class 1 551-689
Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
A533-A 90-115
>70
class 2 620-792
A533-A 100-125
>83
class 3 689-861
Carbon
0.25 max
Mn1.15/1.5
Si0.15/0.4
Ni 0.4/0.7
Mo0.45/0.6

For class 1
Same E8018-C3
A533-B mechanicals K12539 E9018-M
as A533-A E90T1-K2
E80S-D2

Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
Carbon
0.25 max
Mn1.15/1.5
Si 0.4
Ni 0.7/1.0
Mo0.45/0.6

For class 1
Mechanicals E8018-C3
A533-C similar to K12554 E9018-M
A533-A-B E90T1-K2
E80S-D2

Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
A533-D Mechanicals K12529 Carbon
similar to 0.25 max
A533-C Mn1.15/1.5
Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 0.2/0.4
Mo0.45/0.6
 For class 1
E8018-C3
E9018-M
E90T1-K2
E80S-D2

Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G

If you are welding a carbon steel and you

don't know what the composition is or what
the weld consumable should be, try the
following:

If the metal is thicker than 1/4 (>6 mm,)

preheat to 150F.
Use either an E7018 stick electrode, an 0.035 or 0.045 E70S-
3-6 MIG wire.
For your all position welds an 0.045, E71T-1 electrode wire.
For MIG welding use an argon 10 to 20% CO2 mix.
For the flux cored use a mix with 20 to 25% CO2.
Ensure with multi-pass welds you use inter-pass temp
control.
Ensure the inter-pass temp weld temperature does not
exceed 300F.
Use stringer passes.
If possible do a mechanical / destructive test of the weld
samples.
If possible have the hardness and grain size checked after
welding.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa

Heat treated
ASTM
A537     Pressure      
vessel plate

Carbon
0.24 max
Mn0.7/1.6
Si ?
A537 40-50 65-90 Normal Mn ?
class 1 310-344 448-620 Condition   KO2400
Cr ?
Mo ?
Cu ?
E7018
E8018-C3

Preheat
<0.2
carbon Carbon
25/50mm 0.24 max
100F Mn0.7/1.6
>50mm Si ?
Quenched 200F Mn ?
A537
class 2
46-60 70-100 and   Cr ?
tempered Preheat Mo ?
0.2/0.24 Cu ?
carbon E8018-C3
<50mm E9018-M
200F E91T-1
>50mm
300F

ASTM
A538            
Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
A538-A         K92810
Ni 17/19
Mo4/4.5
check other
alloys

Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
A538-B         K92890
Ni 17/19
Mo4.6/5.1
check other
alloys

Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
A538-C         K93120
Ni 18/19
Mo4.6/5.2
check other
alloys

E7018
ASTM carbon stl
A539     tubes     E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A541            

E7018
E70S-6
Pressure E7XT-X
A541-1     vessel     depending on
forgings heat treat
E8018-C3

E7018
E70S-6
E7XT-X
A541-1A           depending on
heat treat
E8018-C3

A541-2
-3-4-5-6           E8018-C3

E7018
A541-2A E70S-6
-3A-6A-7- E7XT-X
7A-7B-8-           depending on
8A heat treat
E110T5-K4

preheat
<25mm Carbon
Quenched
200F 0.15 max
and
ASTM <50mm 250 Mn0.3/0.6
A542     tempered
>50mm
K21590
Si0.15/0.3
pressure
300F Cr2/2.5
vessel plate
Postheat Mo0.9/1.1
1300F
>85 105/125
A542-1
586 723/861       E110T5-K4

>100 115/135
A542-2
689 792/930       E110T5-K4

>75 95/115
A542-3
517 655/792       E110T1-K3

>60 85/105
A542-4
413 586/723       E110T5-K4

Provide the following info on why inter-pass temperature control is

essential
for some multi-pass welds.

[1] Inter-pass temperature control can restrict the weld and base metal grain
 g____h

[2] Inter-pass temp control can limit the weld h___t minimize the H___Z and
reduce the weld o_________on potential

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
Quenched
ASTM and
A543     tempered      
plate
Carbon
0.23max
Mn0.4max
Preheat Si0.2/0.35
<0.2 carb Cr1.5/2
Class 1 <50mm Ni2.6/4
Class 1 85 105/125 150F Mo0.45/0.6
586 723/861 Preheat V0.03max
>0.2 carb
Class 2 Class 2 <25mm Class 1 - 3
A543-A 100 115/135   150F K42338 E11018-M
689 792/930 >50mm E11OT5-K4
250F E120S-1
Class 3 70 Class 3
482 90/115 Post heat Class 2
620/792 1125F over E11018-M
0.2 carb E11OT1-K3
beneficial
E7018 and
8018-C3 often
used
Carbon
0.23max
Mn0.4max
Si0.2/0.35
Cr1.5/2
A543-B         K42339
Ni2.6/4
Mo0.45/0.6
V0.03max
lower P/S

Quenched
and
ASTM tempered
A553     plate used      
for pressure
vessels
Carb 0.13max
>85 100/120 Mn 0.9
A553-1
586 689/827
SEE A353   K81340
Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 8.5/9.5
Carb 0.13max
>85 100/120 Mn 0.9
A553-2
586 689/827     K71340
Si0.15/0.4
Ni 7.5/8.5
ASTM stainless
A554     tubes      
ASTM carbon steel E7018
A556
    tubes
    E70S-3-6
ASTM carbon steel E7018
A557     tubes     E70S-3-6
Carb
0.12 max
Mn1.2 max
Si 0.15/0.5
ASTM >30 55/75 pressure Ti (4x%C)
A562 206 379/517 vessel plate   K11224
Cu0.15max

E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
Stainless
ASTM 410
A565     bars     410Ni Mo
forgings
ASTM Structural E7018
A570
    carbon stl
    E70S-3-6
High strength
ASTM 42/65 E7018
A572 289/448   structural     E70S-3-6
steel/bridges
A572-42 >42 >60   preheat   Carb
289 413 carb 0.22 0.21 max
max Mn1.35 max
 13/25mm Si 0.4
50F Cu0.2min
>25mm
150F E7018
E70S-6
preheat E71T-1
carb >0.23
<13mm
100F
>13mm
175F
Carb
0.23 max
Mn1.35 max
Si 0.4
>50 >65
A572-50
344 448       Cu0.2min

E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
Carb
0.26 max
Mn1.35 max
Si 0.4
>60 >75 Cu0.2min
A572-60
413 517      
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
E8018-C3
Carb
0.26 max
Mn<13 mm 1.35
max
>65 >80 Mn>13 mm 1.65
A572-65
448 551       max
Si 0.4
Cu0.2min

E8018-C3

Name two reasons why pre-heat is essential for some

steels.

[1] Preheat can remove sources of h______ n

[2] Preheat can slow down the c______g rate.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Post Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
heat weld data
MPa MPa
Structural steel
ASTM plate with
A573     improved      
toughness
preheat carb
Carb
0.2/0.25
0.23 max
>25mm
Mn0.6/0.9
100F
>32 58/71 Si 0.1/0.35
A573-58
280 399/489   KO2301
preheat carb
E7018
>0.25
E70S-6
>13mm
E71T-1
150F
Carb
0.26 max
Mn0.85/1.2
>35 65/77 Si 0.15/0.4
A573-65
241 448/530     K02404
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
A573-70 >42 70/90     K02701 Carb
289 482/620 0.28 max
Mn0.85/1.2
Si 0.15/0.4

E7018
 E70S-6
E71T-1
1010
G10100

1023
G10230
steel bars
M1008
merchant
G10080 GRADES
quality M grades
M1008 to
M1012 M1025
conforms to
G10120 E7018
AISI 1010
E70S-6
AISI 1023
ASTM M1015 E71T-1
A575     AISI M1008   G10150
AISI M1012
GRADES
AISI M1015
M1017 M1044
AISI M1017
G10170 E8018-C3
AISI M1020
E80T1-Ni1
AISI M1025
M1020 E80s-Ni1
AISI M1044
G10200

M1025
G10250

M1044
G10440
Carbon steel
bars hot
wrought special
ASTM
A576     quality      
conforms to
over 50 AISI
specs
ASTM E7018
A587
    carbon stl pipe     E70S-3-6
High strength
low alloy
structural steel,
ASTM improved
A588     corrosion      
resistance for
bridges and
buildings
For corrosion
resistance
E8018-W
<100mm <100mm preheat
E8018-C1
>50 >70 13/25mm
E8018-B2
344 428 70F
A588   K12040 E880T1-W
>100mm >100mm 25/100mm
Painted
42 - 46 63 -67 150F
E7018
E70S-3-6
E71T-1
carbon
0.1/0.19
Mn0.9/1.25
A588-A         K11430
Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.4/0.65
V 0.02/0.1
carbon
0.2 Max
Mn0.75/1.25
A588-B         K12043 Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.4/0.7
Ni 0.25/0.5
V 0.01/0.1
carbon
0.15 Max
Mn0.8/1.35
A588-C         K11538 Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.3/0.5
Ni 0.25/0.5
V 0.01/0.1
carbon
0.1/0.2
A588-D         K11552 Mn0.75/1.25
Si 0.5/0.9
Cr 0.5/0.9
carbon
0.15 Max
Mn 1.2 max
A588-E         K11567 Si 0.15/0.3
Ni 0.75/1.25
Mo 0.1/0.25
V 0.05max
A588-F         K11541 carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn 0.5/1
Si 0.3max
Cr 0.3 max
Ni 0.4/1/1
Mo 0.1/0.2
V 0.05max
carbon
0.2max
Mn 1.2max
A588-G         K12040 Si 0.25/0.7
Cr 0.5/1
Ni 0.8max
Mo 0.1max
carbon
0.2max
Mn1.25max
Si 0.25/0.75
588-H         K12032
Cr 0.1/0.25
Ni 0.3/0.6
Mo0.15max
V 0.02/0.1
carbon
0.2 max
Mn0.6/1.0
A588-J         K12044 Si 0.3/0.5
Ni 0.5/0.7
Cu 0.3 min
Ti 0.3/0.05
carbon
0.3max
Mn 0.1 max
Alloy steel Si 0.1 max
ASTM
590     pressure vessel   K91890 Cr 4.5/5.5
plate Ni 11.5/12.5
Mo2.75/3.25
Ti 0.2/0.35
Al 0.4max

Yield Tensile Preheat

Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description Post UNS
weld data
MPa MPa heat
ASTM
Similar to E11018M
A592     A517     E12018M
A-E-F
carbon
0.13max
Mn 0.2/0.4
Alloy steel Si 0.1 max
ASTM
A605     pressure   K91401 Cr0.65/0/85
vessel plate Ni 8.5/9.5
Mo0.9/1.1
V 0.06/0.12
Co 4.25/5
High strength
low alloy Carbon
sheet and 0.22
strip steel Mn1.25
ASTM 45-55 65-7- used for alloys not
A606 310-344 450-480 structural     spec
weight saving
and corrosion E8018-W
resistant E80T1-W
applications
Corrosion
resistance
A606-2     twice that of      
regular
carbon steels
Corrosion
resistance
four times
A606-4     that of      
regular
carbon steels
ASTM     High strength     E7018
A607 low alloys E70S-3/6
Nb - N -V -Cu E71T-1
sheet for
structural For
weight saving corrosion
 applications resistance
Twice the consider
corrosion EXX18-W
resistance of EXXT1-W
carbon steel
if Cu added.
Carbon
0.22
Mn 1.35
A607- 45 >45 >60       Cu 0.2 min
if
specified

A607- 55 >55 >70        

A607- 60 >60 >75        
A607- 65 >65 >80        
Carbon
0.26
Mn 1.65
Cu 0.2 min
A607-70 >70 >85       if
specified

The average person that comes to this site will this week
spend $40 on booze, $60 in a restaurant, $15 on coffee,
$30 for cigarettes, $40 on cable TV, $7 on videos,
however most will have to think twice about purchasing a welding
book or weld video, products that can influence their careers and
future earning potential.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
Carb 0.025
max
Preheat to
Mn 1-1.5
0.2 carb
HIGH Si 0.15 0.4
>13mm
STRENGTH Ni 0.25
100F
LOW TO Cr 0.25
50 81 - 105 Preheat to
A612 MEDIUM TEMP KO2900 Mo 0.08 max
344 588/723 0.21 carb
SERVICE Cu 0.35
<13mm
PRESSURE V 0,08max
125F
VESSELS
>13mm
E8018-C3
175F
FC 81T1-Ni1
E80S-Ni1

Max 0,45
carbon
preheat
bars
3- 11 OK.
bars 14 to
18
75F

Carbon
0.45- 0.55
Bars 7-11
High carbon
50F Use only low
Steel Bars for
A615     concrete
bars 14- KO2900 hydrogen
18, 200F electrodes
reinforcement
Carbon
0.56- 0.65
Bars 3-6
100F
bars 7- 18,
250F

Carbon
>0.66 400F

A615-40 40 70       E7018
 275 482 E7XT-1
E70S-3
60 90
A615-60
413 620       E9018M

A615-75           E10018M
A616-50-
60           E9018m

A617-40           E7018

A617-60           E9018M
low alloy E7018
A618     tubes     E70S-3-6
E60XX
A620           E70XX
E60XX
A621           E70XX

Normalized
high strength
low alloy steel
42- 60 with good
A633 275   notch      
413 toughness.
Used for
service temp
down to -50f

carb 0.18 max

Mn 1-1.45
Si 0.15-0.5
42 63-83
A633-A
289 434-572     K01802
A -B Preheat
<38mm 50f
>38mm 125f
Carb 0.2 max
70-90
Mn 1.1-1.5
A633-C 46-50 min or     K12000
Si 0.15-0.5
65-85
Cb0.01 -0.05
Carb 0.2 max
by Mn 0.7-1.35
thickness Si 0.15-0.5
A633-D similar       K12037 Ni 0.25 max
same as Cr 0.25 max
A633-C Mo 0.08 max
Cu 0.35 max
Carb 0.22 max
Mn 1.15-1.5
Si 0.15-0.5
Cb
V
Preheat
C-D-E
<25mm 50F
25-50mm
55-60 80-100 125f
A633-E 379 or     K12202 >50mm
413 75-95 225f
weld A633
E7018
E70T-5
E70S-6
For good
impacts
E8018-C3
E80S-D2
E81T1-Ni1-
E60XX
A642           E70XX
A643-A           E7018
E8018M
A643-B           E80T5-K1

If you are teaching your self, or providing weld process control training for others,
the following resources are the key to attaining MIG and flux cored weld process
optimization.

Item.1. The Book: "A Management & Engineers Guide To MIG Weld Quality,
Productivity & Costs"
 Item 2. A unique robot MIG training or self teaching resource.
"Optimum Robot MIG Welds from Weld Process Controls".

Item 3. A unique MIG training or self teaching resource.

" Manual MIG Weld Process Optimization from Weld Process Controls".

Item. 4. A unique flux cored training or self teaching resource.

"Optimum Manual and Automated Flux Cored Plate and Pipe welds.

Item 5a."Proceso de Soldadura MIG Manual" (MIG Made Simple. Self teaching in
Spanish)

Item 6a. The Self Teaching MIG Book/ Video. (MIG Made Simple in English).

Note: Items 2-3-4 are the most comprehensive process control, self teaching and
training programs ever developed..

Visit Ed's MIG / flux cored process control books and CD training resources.

Return to www.weldreality.com home page.

 
   

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