Experimental Test for Kinetic Quantum Gravity Theory

Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.
Copyright  2003 by Fran De Aquino
All Rights Reserved

We propose the following

additional experiment to check the 2hf
mge ≅ − ≅ −371 .7 me
possibility of Gravity Control. c2
According to the Eq.(24) of
Kinetic Quantum Gravity ( physics/ Therefore, according to the Eq.(48),
0212033) the gravitational mass of a the gravitational force upon the
particle is changed when it absorbs or electron (electron-Earth) will be given
emits a photon. The Eq.(30), tell us by
that the gravitational mass of the
electron can become negative if it
M⊕ mge  M⊕ 
emits a high-energy photon (γ-ray) with F = −G µ = m ge

 − G µ = mge (− gµ) =
r2  r 2

frequency f > mec 2 h = 1.2 × 1020 Hz .
 2hf   2hf   2hf 
There are several processes to make = − 2 (− gµ) =  2 (gµ) =  2 ge
an electron emits a γ-ray. The  c  c  c 
proposed experiment is based on the
inverse Compton effect. The Compton
effect is well-known: a high-energy This means that the acceleration due
photon collides with an electron initially to the gravity upon the electron
at rest, producing a photon with energy becomes
less than the energy of the incident
photon and a recoil electron. In the g e = gµ (repulsion )

inverse Compton effect a high-energy

electron collides with a low-
Before the collision: g e = − gµ .

energy photon
producing a high-energy photon. Thus
consider the arrangement presented
in Fig.1 where electrons are emitted
from a 100 MeV Betatron with velocity
=0.999986c and collide with infrared
photons (wavelength = 10.6µm ) inside
a evacuated tube. As shown in Fig.1,
φ+θ=30° where θ≅0° . Thus, the
Compton effect theory predicts that
after the collision each electron emits a
photon with frequency f given by:
f ≅ p′e (c h ) ≅  mev′e 1 − (v′e c ) (c h ) ≅
2
Thus, the electrons go up and
strike the metal plate P with velocity
= 2 g e y ≅ 4.4m / s . Then a current of
negative charge, IG , will be observed
by the galvanometer G.
In order to the trajectory of the
electrons be vertical , the diagram of
the inverse Compton effect presented
in Fig.1 must be symmetric of the
diagram of Compton effect where a
photon with frequency f ≅ 2.3×1022Hz
strikes an electron at rest producing a

  photon with wavelength = 10.6µm

≅ 2.3 × 10 Hz
22
(φ = 30° ) and giving to the electron a
At this moment, the gravitational recoil velocity v 'e ≅ 0.999 986c with
mass of the electron, mge , according θ≅0° ( recoil angle).
to the Eq.(30), becomes
 2
IG
G E Pb Metal

Lampblack

steel
quartz
steel
Pulsed CO2 laser
wavelength = 10.6µm -e
slits P -e
g
y=1m
Absorption
W chamber
f '=2.83×1013 Hz hf '

ge
Betatron φ+θ
hf
ve'=0.999 986 c -e
100MeV f = 2.3×1022 Hz

0.60m

φ+θ=30° Lampblack
θ≅0° (infrared absorption)

ge

hf
electron
After the collision, the electron emits a
photon hf ( γ - ray ) which changes
the gravity upon the electron (Eq. 24). Under
these circumstances the new acceleration
due to gravity upon the electron is g e = gµ .
 

Before the collision: g e = − gµ .

 

Fig.1 - Experimental arrangement for studying the gravitational behavior of

electrons at the Inverse Compton Effect ( photon - electron collision ).
 3

Laser hf '
beam
δ=1 mm
hf '
-e

hf '
ge ∆y=½ge(∆t)2
30°
-e
ve'

∆t

hf '

δ
∆y
60°
30°

ve'

Fig.2 - If photons hf ' strike again with the electron of acceleration ge it will be deviated of its
vertical trajectory. So that this doesn't happen, the laser beam must be pulsed and in a
such way that ∆t >√2∆y/ge = √2 (δ / cos 30° )/ge ≅ 0.8 milliseconds ( δ = 1mm is
the diameter of the laser beam. See figure above). Therefore, the interval among the
pulses must be greater than 0.8 milliseconds . The CO2 laser has a relatively long time
nearly 1 milliseconds. This is sufficient for the present experiment.

The idea is that, in the total
absence of gravity , the electron would
remain at rest after the emission of the
γ-ray, because this is its initial position
4
energies of the electrons are very
greater than their inertial energies
at rest (at the direction of the betatron:
Ee = p'e c ≅ mev′ec 1 − (ve′ c ) ≅ 188.9mec2
2

of the electron at the Compton effect

at the direction of the plate P:
where the photon strikes the electron
at rest (see Fig.3(a)). ( )
Ee = mgec 2 ≅ 2hf me c 2 me c 2 ≅ 371.7me c 2 ).
E
' p' That is to say, we must consider the
Scattered electrons inside their polarization
photon clouds (electrons-positrons).
E=hf
p=hf/c φ

Incident photon -e θ
( high-energy )
v e' E e' p e' ⊕ ⊕
Recoil
electron at rest
electron
⊕ - ⊕
(a) ⊕ ⊕
E ' p'

Incident Fig.4 - Polarization of the Vacuum . V irtual

positrons and virtual electrons around the
E=hf photon
electron.
p=hf/c φ

Emitted photon -e θ
( high-energy ) v e' E e' p e' Based on the Eq.(11), the well-
The electron should incident known Compton's equation becomes
remain practically at
electron
rest after the collision
with the photon. λ′ − λ =
h
(1 − cos φ )
(by analogy with Fig.2 (a)) me c

(b)
Note that now we have me and not
E ' = hf '
only me as at the original expression.
p '=hf '/c
E e = √ m e 2 c 4 +p 'e 2 c 2
' This means that the Compton effect is
p e '=m e v e ' / √ 1 - v 'e 2 / c 2 similar for positrons ( anti-matter).
The Eq.(30) tells us that the
Fig. 3 - Symmetric Compton Effect. gravitational mass of the positrons and
electrons are similar, and given by:
2hf
Thus, at the present experiment, m ge = − 2
c
the only one motion of the electron Thus, the gravitational forces upon the
after the collision would be caused positrons will also be repulsive.
exclusively by the gravity. Therefore, if If ne is the number of electrons
the acceleration due to the gravity
at the direction of the plate P, and
upon the electron has been inverted
around each one of these electrons
then the electrons go up right to the
plate P. there are Nep virtual positrons and
At this experiment, in agreement virtual electrons then the total
with the Quantum Electrodynamics, we momentum Qp which they will
must consider the effects of the transfer to the plate P will be given by:
vacuum polarization because the
 5
Q p = M ge V = (ne N ep )mge 2 g e y = values of Qp and Fp will be the
followings:
= (ne N ep ) 2  2 g e y
 2hf  Q p > 0 . 015 kgm / s and F p > 0 .033 N
 c  
This force is sufficiently intense
and the force Fp upon the plate by: to be detected by the electrometer E.
It is important to note that by
Fp = M ge g = (ne N ep ) mge g =


increasing the intensity of the electrons

 

beam from the betatron the force Fp

= −(ne Nep ) 2  g =
 2hf  

can be strongly increased.

 c  Let us now consider a new

= (ne Nep ) 2  ge
 2hf  
situation for the arrangement
presented in Fig.1. See Fig.5(a). We
 c 
have introduced a cathode C and an
Then at the electrometer E will be
anode A to accelerate (electrically) the
observed a voltage proportional to that
force. electrons to the plate P because now
We know that the leptons the direction of the plate P is to 90°
should have length scale less than with respect to acceleration due to
10-19m [1]. This means that a electron gravity g e . 

has, at the maximum, "radius" Assuming that the acceleration

re~10-19m. The plausible relation given due to the electric field between A,C is
by Brodsky and Drell [2] for the ae >> ge = − gµ , the electrons strike the
 

simplest composite theoretical model plate P with velocity = 2a e y . The

of the electrons, g − 2 = re c or


force Fp upon the plate is now

g − g DIRAC re = 3.9 ×10−13 m


, where
a e = (n e N )m
c c
Fp = M ae =


 

−10
g − 2 = 1.1 × 10
ge ep ge
and m [3] gives an
= − (n e N )m


electron radius re ≈ 10 m .On the other −22 eE

ep ge =
hand, based on the uncertainty m ge
principle, we can evaluate the "radius" = − ne N ( )e E


ep
∆r of the polarization cloud around the
electron, i.e.,


c c
 

It is easily verified that this system can

∆r ~ = ≅ ≅ 10 −15 m works as a powerful thrust engine in
∆E m ge c 2
371 .7 m e c any direction.
Mathematically, the particles maximum Note that the system presented
(electrons and positrons) inside the in Fig.1 can also work as an injector of
cloud is given by electrons and positrons with
 ∆r 
3
m ge = − 2hf c into a magnetic toroidal
2

~  
 re  chamber where magnetic fields give to
the electrons-positrons flux a toroidal
The quantity Nep should have the same
form (analogous to the well-know
order of magnitude ( due to the
system of confined toroidal plasma,
distribution of polarization), thus Tokamak). See Fig.5(b).
-19
assuming that re<10 m, we can write The electrons-positrons toroidal
3
 ∆r  flux will then have a total gravitational
N ep ~   > 10 12 mass M ge such that
 re 
Therefore if ne ~ 1013 ; (~ 1µA), the
 6
M ge = −(ne Nep ) 2
2hf
c
Thus, assuming that the gravitational
mass of the toroidal chamber is
M g (TOROID) then if M g (TOROID) + M ge < 0
the system goes up ( with respect to
the ground ). When M g (TOROID) + Mge = 0
the system stop in the air (floating). On
the other hand, increasing the negative
gravitational mass of the electrons-
positrons flux (by increasing ne ), we
can make M g (TOROID) + M ge too small.
For example, if the total gravitational
mass of the system is
M g (TOROID) + M ge = 1kg
the system can acquire an enormous
acceleration
a S = F S M g (TOROID ) + M ge

with a relative small force FS .

Note that this is highly relevant
for the aerospace engineering.
Consider the idea for a
propulsion system, based on gravity
control, presented in Figs.(6),(7),(8). It
reveals a new concept of aerospatial
propulsion.
 7

_
+

ge
-e ae
E
P A C

-e
W hf '
g

v'e

(a)

M g (TOROID)

M ge
Positrons-electrons flux

(b)

Fig. 5 - (a) A new situation for the arrangement presented in Fig.1. (b) Toroidal flux
of positrons and electrons with negative gravitational mass.
 8

+
Electric Field E
ON
OFF

E
_

Relativistic electrons
Laser

Heavy Electrons ( force beam ) ON

Heavy Electrons ( force beam ) OFF

+
+

_
_

Fig. 6 - Propulsion in the direction of heavy electrons flow.

 9

Betatron 1 Betatron 2

Relativistic electrons ON OFF

Laser

Heavy Electrons ( force beam )

Fig. 7 - The System Sun

 10

Betatron
Betaron 11 Betaron
Betatron22

Betatron 1 Betatron
Betaron 22

Fig.8 - Schematic Diagram of the System Sun.

 11
REFERENCES

[1] Fritzsch, H. (1984) Quarks-Urstoff

unserer Welt, R. Piper GmbH&Co.
KG,München, Portuguese version (1990),
Ed. Presença, Lisboa, p.215.
[2] Brodsky, S . J., and Drell, S . D., (1980)
Anomalous Magnetic Moment and Limits
on Fermion Substructure, Phys. Rev. D,
22, 2236.
[3] Dehmelt, H.G.,(1989) Experiments with
an isolated subatomic particle at rest,
Nobel Lecture, p.590.