Transmission Line Models

Transmission Lines consists of:

- Resistance
- Inductance
- Capacitance

The RLC circuit is constraint by

- Function
- Geometry
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

The job of the transmission line is to

transport large amounts (bulk) power from
one location to another with the lowest
loss that can be economically attained
attained.
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Equivalent Circuit

The equivalent circuit that is used for

transmission line calculations depends on the
line length
length.

The longer
Th l the
th line
li th
the more complex
l ththe
equivalent circuit must be for accurate
calculations.
calculations
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

The lines can be categorized as:

- Short Line (up to 93 km)

- Medium Lines (between 94 & 186)

- Long Lines (> 186 km)

Note: for ease of calculation, impedance is considered by

unit length
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
z Short Line (up to 50 miles)
For the line calculations the

- Series reactance is used

- Shunt capacitance omitted since its effect is

negligible
li ibl

Note: Most distribution lines can be considered ‘Short Line’,

hence their equivalent circuit is similar to that of a short
transmission line.
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Short Line Equivalent

q Circuit

Z = zl

IS IR

VS
VR
AC LOAD

Transmission Line
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Short Line Parameters

From the equivalent circuit

Z = zl = Total impedance of the line

and
l = Total length of the line
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Short Line Parameters (cont’d)

and z = (r + jωL) Ω/mi or Ω/km

or Z = zl = (r + jωL)l

= rl + jωLl
j Ll

= R + jXL

Where R = total short line resistance of the line

XL= total inductive reactance of the line

Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Short Line Parameters (cont’d)

( )
From the Equivalent circuit we see that

IS = IR ..................... eq.(1)

VS= VR + IRZ ………eq.(2)

( )
And
S = 3VS IS*………….eq.(3)
eq (3)

Remember that Z is the total line impedance

Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

z Medium Line

For the line calculations it is also necessary to account

for the current flow associated with the shunt
capacitance that exists along the length of the line.

Experience has proven that this line can be accurately

represented by the π – equivalent circuit employing
‘lumped parameters’ as seen in Fig. (2) below
`
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
z Medium Line Equivalent
q Circuit
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Medium Line

From Fig. (2) we see that

Z = zl and Y is the reciprocal of the capacitive reactance

of the line computed as:

1 j 1
Y= = = ∠90°
- j(X C )l (X C )l (X C )l

where (Xc)l is per unit length

Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Medium Line Parameters

It is customary in the analysis of transmission lines to
neglect completely the conductance (G) between lines
and line-ground. Why??

Hence the admittance Y is actually treated as the

susceptance i.e. Y = G + jBC ≈ jBC
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Medium Line Analysis

y
Assuming that the receiving end voltage (VR) and current
((IR) are known then the corresponding
p g sending
g end
quantities can be obtained as follows:
Using KCL :
⎛Y⎞
I Z = I R + VR ⎜ ⎟.....................eq. 4
⎝2⎠

⎛Y⎞
IS = I Z + VS ⎜ ⎟.....................eq. 5
⎝2⎠
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Medium Line Analysis

y
Using KVL

VS = VR + I Z Z.....................eq. 6

where IZ is defined as indicated in Fig. (2)

Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Re-arranging
g g eq.(6)
q ( ) using
g eq.(4)
q ( ) we have

⎧ ⎛ Y ⎞⎫
VS = VR + ⎨I R + VR ⎜ ⎟⎬Z
⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
expanded

⎛ YZ ⎞
VS = VR + I R Z + VR ⎜ ⎟ or
⎝ 2 ⎠

⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫
VS = ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬VR + ZI R ....................eq.
eq 7
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Similarly,
y, using
g eq.(5)
q ( ) and eq.(4)
q ( ) we have

⎛Y⎞
IS = I Z + VS ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
⎛Y⎞ ⎛Y⎞
or IS = VS ⎜ ⎟ + I R + VR ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
Th f
Therefore

⎛Y⎞ ⎛Y⎞
IS = VS ⎜ ⎟ + VR ⎜ ⎟ + I R .....................eq. 8
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Substituting eq.(7) into eq.(8) we have

⎡ ⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫ ⎤⎛Y⎞ ⎛Y⎞
IS = ⎢VR ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬ + ZI R ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ + VR ⎜ ⎟ + I R
⎣ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭ ⎦⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠

⎡⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫⎛ Y ⎞⎤ ⎛Y⎞
⇒ IS = VR ⎢⎨⎜ ⎟ + 2⎬⎜ ⎟⎥ + ZI R ⎜ ⎟ + I R
⎣⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝2⎠
Simplifying the above would give

⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫
⇒ IS = Y ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬VR + ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬I R ..................eq. 9
⎩⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Equations
q ((7)) and ((9)) are in the form of g
generalized four
terminal network equation i.e.

VS = aVR + bI R and
IS = cVR + dI R

⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫
VS = ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬VR + ZI R
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭

⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫
IS = Y ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬VR + ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬I R
⎩⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Where
⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫
a = d = ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
b=Z

⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫
c = Y ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬
⎩⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎭

The ‘a,b,c,d’ constants are called generalized circuit

constants.
t t
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Four Terminal Network
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Four Terminal Network Analysis
y
This network can be evaluated as follows:

Let IR = 0 i.e. no load

VS IS
⇒a = and c =
VR VR

Also, let VR = 0 i.e. short circuit condition

VS IS
⇒b= dd=
and
IR IR
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Four Terminal Network Analysis
y
By applying some basic algebra we find that

VR = dVS - bIS
And
IR = -cVS – aIS

Note that the a,b,c,d

, , , constants varyy with the contents off the
Four Terminal Network
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Example of Medium line calculations
A 3φ, 60Hz Transmission Line is constructed of ACSR
conductors with impedance given by

z = 0.1826 + j0.784 Ω/km per phase

& XC = 185.5 x 103∠-90° Ω.km per phase

(a) Find the total line impedance & admittance for a line
of length 100 km.

(b) Determine VS, IS, PS, QS if the receiving end draws

200MVA at a line to line voltage of 230 kV and unity
pf.
pf
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Solution
(a) The total line impedance is given by

Z = zl = (0.1826 + j0.784) x 100

⇒ Z = 18.26 + j78.4 = 80.5∠76.8° Ω/ph.

Also,
1 j 1 1∠90°
Y= = = ∠90° =
- j(X C )l (X C )l (X C )l ( )
185 x 103 / 100
= 0.5391 x 103 ∠90° S
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Solution (cont’d)
( )
(b) At the receiving end we have

IR = S/(√3.
S/(√3 VL)=200
) 200 x 106/(√3 x 230 x 103)

∴ IR = 502 A or 502∠0° A
Also,
VR = 230 x 103/ √3 = 132.8 ∠0° kV

Using eq.(4) i.e. IZ = IR + VR(Y//2)

Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Solution (cont’d)
( )

⇒ IZ = 502∠0° + 132800∠0o(0.26955 x 10-3∠90°)

Hence,

IZ = 503.3∠4.08° A

Therefore using eq
Therefore, eq.(6)
(6) ii.e.
e VS = VR + IZZ we get

VS = 132800∠0° + (503.3∠4.09°)(80.5∠76.8°)
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Solution (cont’d)
( )
VS =132.8 + 40.514∠80.98° kV or

VS = 139.152
139 152 + j40
j40.01
01 = 144 79∠16 04° kV
144.79∠16.04

Now using eq.(5) i.e. IS = IZ + VS(Y/2) we get

IS = 503.3∠4.09° + (144.79∠16.04°).(0.5391 x 10-3∠90° )

⇒ IS = 491.2 + j73.46 = 496.7 ∠8.5° A

Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Solution (cont’d)
( )
Now that we know VS and IS we can now find S using
S = 3 VS IS*
i.e.
S = 3(144.79∠16.04°)(496.7∠-8.5° )

S = 215.75∠7.54° MVA

Hence the real and reactive power is calculated using

P = S.cosφS and Q = S.sin φS where φS is the sending end
power
po e factor
acto
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Solution (cont’d)
( )

P = 215.75cos(7.54°) MW = 213.88 MW

and
Q = 215.75sin(7.54°) kVAR = 28.31 MVAR
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Solution (cont’d)
( )

This means that there is a change in voltage from the sending

end to the receiving end
end.

We can also work out the line losses byy using

g

│IS│2.│Rline│ = 3 x (496.7)2 x 18.26

= 13.51 MW
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Long
g Line

- As the length
g of the line begins
g to exceed 160 km the use
of the series line impedance Z and the shunt admittance
Y causes noticeable errors.

- Consequently, there is a need to introduce corrective

factors in the circuit parameters to make the equivalent
circuit more representative of the actual line conditions.
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Long
g Line
- In this type of line the analysis takes into account
the distributed nature of the inductance and
capacitance parameters of the line.
line

This is shown in the representative circuit in Fig.3 below at a

distance ‘x’ from the receiving end where the current and
voltage are I and V respectively.

Note: measurements are initiated from the receiving end because we want
to establish specified conditions at the load end
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Long
g Line
dV

I + dI I IR
zdx
dI

AC
LOAD
VS V + dV ydx V VR

dx x

Fig. 3
Representation of a transmission line illustrating the
distributed character of inductance and capacitance at a
distance ‘x’ from the receiving end
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Long
g Line Analysis
y

- Since the quantities are time varying we will work with

r m s values only
r.m.s only, thereby focusing our attention to the
effects of a change in distance ‘dx’ only.

- Thus for and incremental change ‘dx’ there is a

corresponding differential change in the line voltage
caused byy the flow of the current ‘I’ in the differential line
impedance ‘zdx’
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Long
g Line Analysis
y
Mathematically this is represented by

dV = I (zdx)...................................eq.((1)

Similarly, in the presence of two charge-carrying conductor

i space associated
in i t d with
ith this
thi differential
diff ti l distance
di t ‘d ’ it
‘dx’
means that there is a differential current flow through the
differential capacitance existing between the two
conductors
d t i
i.e.

dI = V ( yydx)...................................eqq.((2)
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Long Line Analysis

The objective of the analysis is to obtain general

equations for voltage and current at any point
along
g the line expressed
p in terms of receivingg
end quantities VR and IR
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Differentiating eq.(1) w.r.t. ‘x’ we have
d 2V ⎛ dI ⎞
= z ⎜ ⎟...................................eq.(3)
⎝ dx ⎠
2
dx

But from eq.(2) dI

= yV
d
dx

d 2V d 2V
⇒ 2 = zyV or 2 − zyV = 0........................eq.(4)
dx dx

Similarly,
y, d 2I
2
− zyI = 0........................eq.(5)
dx
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

- solution of equations (4) and (5) permits accounting for

the distributed effects of capacitance and inductance.

- it can be seen that the solution must be exponential

function of time whose characteristic equation is given by

γ = ± zy (called the propagation constant).........eq.(6)

Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

To develop the equivalent circuit we will only consider the

solution and not the derivation. Hence it can be shown that

V = VR coshγx + I R ZC sinh γx.................eq.(7)

And
VR
I = I R coshγx + sinh γx........................eq.(8)
ZC

Note: that V and I are considered at distance ‘x’

Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

where Z C = ± z y
- called the characteristic impedance of the
transmission line

Typically Zc is between 400 & 800 Ω.

Hence the solution for VS and IS is straight forward by merely

inserting x = l
⇒ V = VR cosh γl + I R Z C sinh γl.................eq.(9)
And
VR
I = I R cosh γl + sinh γl........................eq.(10)
ZC
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
It is now p
possible to represent
p eq.(9) yaπ–
q ( ) and ((10)) by
equivalent circuit since it involves sending and receiving
quantities.

Previously, we saw that

⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫
VS = ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬VR + ZI R ....................eq. (11)
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭

⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛ YZ ⎞ ⎫
⇒ IS = Y ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬VR + ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬I R ..................eq.
q ((12))
⎩⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

This means that the series impedance to be used in the π –

equivalent circuit of the long line is not the same as the value
used to represent the short and medium lines.

Hence we can rewrite the previous equations (11) and (12) as

⎧⎛ Y′Z′ ⎞ ⎫
VS = ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬VR + Z′I R ....................eq. (13)
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭

⎧⎛ Y′Z′ ⎞ ⎫ ⎧⎛ Y′Z′ ⎞ ⎫
⇒ IS = Y′⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬VR + ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬I R ..................eq.
eq (14)
⎩⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎭ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Comparing
p g VR in eq.(9)
q ( ) and ((13)) we have

⎧⎛ Y′Z′ ⎞ ⎫
⎨⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬ = coshγl
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭

And

Comparing IR in eq.(9) and (13) we have

Z′ = Zcsinhγl
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Expressing
p g Z’ in terms of Z, we saw from before that

Z′ = Zcsinhγl

but ZC = ± z y

⇒ Z′ = ( )
z y sinh γl or ( z z )( )
y z sinh γl

Therefore

Z′ = ( z ) ( yz )sinh γl
 Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

But γ = yz ⇒ Z′ = (z γ ) sinhγl

or Z′ = (zl γl ) sinhγl

Z sinh γ l
but from before Z = zl ⇒ Z ′ = ........ eq.(15)
γl

Similarly, the shunt element in the π – equivalent take on the identity

Y ′ cosh γ l − 1 cosh γ l − 1 Y′
tanh (γ l 2 )
1
= = ⇒ =
2 Z′ i h γl
Z C sinh 2 ZC
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

Hence these results show that:

- the long line can be modeled as a π – equivalent

as seen in Fig.4

- this is similar to a medium line by merely applying

the corrective factors to Z and Y

- corrective factors used to account for the

distributed effects of inductance and capacitance.
Transmission Line Models (cont’d)
(cont d)

These adjustments are not as direct hence we employ the use

of charts developed by L.F. Woodruff for ease of
computation.

Hence the corrective factors are readily obtained from these

charts once Z and Y is determined.

Example to be done in class.

0.37

0.972
1.0144

-0.19