Anthocephalus chinensis, the Laran Tree of Sabah
j. E. D. F O X 1
Anthoeephalus chinensis ( Lamk. ) Rich.
ex Walp. has received renewed attention as
a "possible" (Pitt, 1966) fast growing tropi-
cal tree plantation species in recent years.
It has been initially very successful in trial
plots in Puerto Rico (U.S.D.A., 1961) and
elsewhere, has been recommended for West
Africa (Lamb c.1966). It has received eulo-
gies in the Philippines, where it has been
described as "a gem of a tree" (Monsalud
and Lopez, 1967). It was grown near Tiger
Estate, Tawau, Sabah by a Japanese planta-
tion company before World War II on a
small scale--unfortunately on plantations
that were subsequently neglected. Hellinga
(1950) reported that numerous plantations
were established in Java and East Indonesian
Borneo between 1936 and 1940.
This article summarizes present knowledge
of the tree species which may, in the near
future, form an important source of "man
made" industrial raw material.
This tree is a common roadside tree in
the lowland forest areas of Sabah, where it
is known as "Laran" (though why I have
not discovered) and is easily identified by
its unmistakable form (Fig. 1). Botanically,
it is related to the Naucleas (e.g., "Opepe"
---Nauclea diderrichii---an important Gha-
naian timber) of the Rubiaceae. It has
small, light-weight seed, rapidly colonizes
disturbed forest and is easily grown in nur-
series. The wood has been used in India
for a considerable time, and its lightness
and fibre structure render it a potentially
useful industrial material.
The tree is known by a variety of names
in the various languages of its region of oc-
currence. In Malaya, it is generally known
as Kelempayan (Corner, 1940); in the
Philippines--Kaatoan Bangkal (Lee, 1966);
as Kadamba in India (Troup, 1921);
Selimpoh in Sarawak; Bangkal in Brunei
(Browne, 1955) ; Kelampajang in Indonesia
(Ohtani et al., 1962). It appears to be less
common in Malaya than in Borneo. Of the
1Ecologist, Forest Department, Sabah, Ma-
laysia. Submitted for publication 23 June 1969.
221
various lists of species given by Wyatt-Smith
(1965)msome 265 species---for approved
species (5/B-35), silvicultural classification
(5/$4-14) and subseral communities (7/12-
14), no mention is made of Anthocephalus.
There are two species in the genus: An-
thocephalus macrophyllus Havfl is confined
to the Moluccas, while A, chinensis ~ is Indo-
Malesian, being found from India to New
Guinea (Burkill, 1935), where it grows up
to 2000 feet altitude. In India, A. chinensis
is found in the sub-Himalayan tract from
Nepal eastwards, in Bengal, Assam and
Burma (Troup, 1921), down the west coast
to Malabar and Mysore (Pearson and Brown,
1932). It occurs in the low country of Cey-
lon up to 2000 feet altitude (Gamble, 1922),
in all parts of Borneo (Browne, 1955;
Ohtani et al., 1962), Sumatra (Burkill,
1935), west, central and east Java (Backer
and Bakhuizen van den Brink, 1965) and
in Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davas, Basilan,
Zamboanga and Mindanao in the Philip-
pines (Monsalud and Lopez, 1967). W.
Meijer says that it is found in China (p.c.),
although the above mentioned works do not
report on that country.
Corner (1940) reported it as common
throughout Malaya, but Burkill (1935), who
gave it as absent in the Philippines, stated
that it was found chiefly in southern Perak
and Selangor. Since the Javanese name is
the same as the Malayan ( = Kelempayan),
he assumed that the tree may have come to
Malaya from Java and speculated that the
Javanese may in turn have received the
name (and the tree) from India in the early
part of the Christian era. It is certainly
present in south Pahang (Chong, 1965)
and Johore (Gyekis, 1966) at the present
time.
A. chinensis behaves typically as a light-
demanding colonizing tree, and Burkill's
views, that it had been extended by cultiva-
tion from the moist warm sub-Himalayan
tract southwards to the Malabar ghats in
* Called A. cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. by
Burkill.
222 ECONOMIC BOTANY

India and that it was so restricted to well

settled areas in Malaya that it must be re-
garded as an introduced plant, raise inter-
esting problems concerning the origin of the
range of colonizing plants in regions formerly
dominated by dense jungles. In India, it is
found typically on alluvial soils near rivers
and on swampy ground, growing rather bet-
ter on well drained moist alluvium than on
stiff poorly drained soils (Troup, 1921). In
Borneo, it is mainly a tree of secondary for-
ests (Browne, 1955) at low elevations and
also of river banks (Ohtani et al., 1962),
although Ashton's (1964) data suggest that
it is important as an early secondary species
on clay lithosol soils on hill ridges.
In Sabah, it is abundant in the logged-
over areas of the lowland dipterocarp forest
and is one of the few species able to thrive
on soils disturbed by heavy machinery, often
locally dominating such areas (Fig. 2).
It is not absent in virgin forests of this type
and also forms a constituent of flesh-water
swamp forests of the lower Kinabatangan
River and elsewhere. In secondary forest at
higher elevations, it is confined usually to
stream side sites up to about 1000 feet. It
has not yet been recorded from higher ele-
vations and does not form a conspicuous
element in Kerangas forest; it is absent from
peat swamp forests and appears to be in-
tolerant of salt water, although it is said to
grow near the sea on brackish soil in Java
(Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink,
1965). For the most part, the soils on which
it is found in Sabah are clays or clay-loams
derived from sedimentary shales, sandstones,
mudstones, etc.
In the Philippines (Monsalud and Lopez,
1967), in Java (Backer and Bakhuizen van
den Brink, 1965) and in New Guinea (J. F.
Pollard, p.c.), it has been recorded from
3000 feet, presumably in primary forests.
Wyatt-Smith (1965) gives the Antho-
cephalus/Eugenia densiflora var. angusti-
folia riverside association the rank of a sub-
seral community---"Riparian Fringe." This
community has a secondary or invasive
status, found on "river banks subject to
<.-
FIG. 1. Anthocephalus chinensis planted in
1961, photographed at age 7, Sibuga Forest Re-
serve, Sandakan, showing form of this species.
 FOX: ANTHOCEPI-IALUS CHINENSIS 223

Fic. 2. Tractor path in an area logged three years previously. The climber on the Antho-
cephalus trees is mainly Mesoneuron sumatrana. Note alternate pairs of opposite branches.

flooding and on newly formed accreting where Anthocephalus is the twelfth most
soil on the inside of river bends." Wyatt- abundant species when Pometia pinnata is
Smith gives an example of a lowland forest the commonest, Ints~a palembanica the next,
poor in Red Meranti and Keruing species, and the most abundant dipterocarp species
224 ECONOMIC
Fic. 3. Natural regeneration in RP.242---an area logged in June, 1967, in which the first
seedlings of Laran were found in January, 1968.
is Shorea leprosula. This association of spe-
cies is not unlike that found in some wet
parts of the Forest Reserves of the lower
Kinabatangan in Sabah; e.g., at Sungei Pin
Forest Reserve. The only other occurrence
given by Wyatt-Smith in possibly virgin for-
est is in one example of White Meranti--
Gerutu and Schima (bamboo) forest. In
Chong's report (1965), A. chinensis is said
to be present in "unproductive" Durian-
Medang swamp forest. Gyekis (1966) found
it present in two examples of Meranti-
Keruing hill forest and in one example of
low lying Keranji-Kasai marginal forest. In
both types, it reached a maximum girth of
seven feet. It was more common in a sam-
ple in "disturbed forest," where it reached
nine feet in girth. In the second report of
Gyekis, (1967), A. chinensis was present in
two samples of Red Meranti hill forest, and
in one lowland and one hill forest of Red
Meranti/Merbau.
Occasional trees of six to eight feet in
girth or larger are encountered in virgin
BOTANY
Lowland Dipterocarp Forest in Sabah, gen-
erally near water. Over much of the areas,
where it is now abundant in Sabah, it must
be considered part of a seral stage, second-
ary forest which--providing seed is avail-
able will eventually revert to Dipterocarp
forest.
Uses of L a r a n
Gamble (1922) gives a full and detailed
list of the uses of Laran. Flowers were of-
fered at Hindu shrines and the fruits were
eaten. In Darjeeling, its main use was for
tea boxes. He also recorded it as being
employed for beams and rafters, because of
its cheapness and light weight. The joiners
liked it, although it tended to be brittle. In
Burma, it was used for match sticks, not
because it was ideal but because of its
availability. Kumarasamy and Menon (1966)
describe Laran, with several other species,
as being a suitable matchwood for boxes
and splints, of good colour, etc., but of no
value in Malaya, as it is an uncommon tree
 FOX: ANTHOCEPHALUS
FIG. 4. Larvae of Arthroschista hilarilis feeding on young Laran leaves. The tree is four feet tall
and has been growing three months.
and the supply is scattered. This is one
'minor' potential industry which may not
be viable in Sabah, as a result of the small
size of the market rather than from shortage
of supply. However, an entrepreneur of elan
may appear to develop this potentiality.
Pearson and Brown (1932) record its
secondary uses, as in dugouts, carving, ca-
noes, yokes, spools and for turnery. In the
Philippines, it has been utilized for shoes
(Monsalud and Lopez, 1967), and treated
poles are said to be durable. Burkill (1935)
describes its employment as cattle fodder in
India and states that the young leaves are
slightly aromatic with an objectionable taste,
while the older leaves are odorless and are
sour. He reports the bark as being valued
as a febrifuge and tonic and the use of a
decoction of the leaves for gargling. In
southern Perak, he mentions the application
of a poultice prepared from the pounded
leaf to the chest for fevers or the applica-
tion whole of a heated leaf smeared in oil.
At Tapah, augury was read from the state
CHINENSIS 225
in the morning of the leaf applied overnight
- - t h e subject may recover if the leaf is
found whole, but he will not recover other-
wise. Burkill mentions also that an infusion
of the root is taken for an illness of uncer-
tain origin which is attributed to evil
spirits.
On the Labuk River in Sabah, bark of
the mature tree forms flooring of the houses
(Maryioh Gingil, p.c.), although this is not
by any means the only species so used.
A comprehensive account of the wood
structure of Laran was given by Pearson
and Brown (1932), and more recently Bur-
gess (1966) has reviewed present knowl-
edge.
The wood is light colored, variously
described as white or faint yellow (Pearson
and Brown, 1932); pale yellow or yellowish
white (Browne, 1955); pale straw (Mon-
salud and Lopez, 1967); white with a yel-
lowish tinge (Gamble, 1922); yellowish
white to yellow (Keith, 1947) ; turning
creamy on exposure (Burgess, 1966).
226 ECONOMIC
The timber, which has no apparent heart-
wood, is soft and light in weight:
Weight/ Specific
Author cu. ft. Gravity
Pearson and Brown 34 lb. ( 12% 0.53
( 1932 ) moisture)
Browne (1955) 27 lb.
(air dry)
Gamble (1922) 25-50 av.
40 lb.
Ohtani et al. 0.43-0.67
( 1962 )
Monsalud and Lopez 0.35
( 1967 )
Tropical Prod. Inst. 23.6 lb.
(1963) (oven dry)
Burgess (1966) 26 lb.
( air dry)
It has generally been reported as free of
odor or taste, although Gamble (1922)
mentioned that Assam wood often has an
unpleasant smell. In Malesia, growth rings
are not distinct, although Pearson and Brown
(1932) say that they are in India and that
there are generally two to eight per inch
which appear in transverse section as faint
pink bands due to denser fibrous tissue on
the outer margin of the ring. The grain has
usually been recorded as straight, but Ohtani
et al. (1962), perhaps mistakenly, described
the grain as rather interlocked. The wood
is soft, of fine and even texture, and there
is no figure.
The vessels are small to medium sized in
section, occurring singly or in small radial
rows. The parenchyma is sparse, diffuse,
occasionally forming short lines between
rays which are fine, light in colour (Browne,
1955) and numerous (Gamble, 1922), some-
times forming a conspicuous fleck on the
radial surface (Pearson and Brown, 1932).
The fibres are long, measuring up to 1.5
mm (T.P.I., 1963), coarse and harsh (Bur-
kill, 1935).
Strength tests are reported by Pearson
and Brown (1932) and Burgess (1966),
while Gamble (1922) refers to early experi-
ments in India from 1831 to 1899. It has
not been used structurally largely because
of its softness and low durability in the open
when untreated. It is rapidly attacked by
termites when exposed, and Monsalud and
Lopez (1967) record a graveyard life of
BOTANY
only 8.4 months. Da Costa and Osborne
(1967) found it, in comparison with a range
of other species, relatively very low in re-
sistance to decay, and its retention of water-
borne preservative was 44 lbs. per cu. ft.
(exceeded only by one of other species
tested). Monsalud and Lopez (1967)
learned that up to 39 lbs. per cu. ft. of creo-
sote was retained after treatment by the
full cell process.
The timber saws and splits well and sea-
sons readily with little structural degrada-
tion (Pearson and Brown, 1932), despite
high shrinkage (Burgess, 1966). It should
be converted as rapidly as possible after
felling to avoid attack by blue stain moulds
and should be transported with the bark on
(Hellinga, 1950). It can be peeled, but
veneers tend to be brittle (Monsalud and
Lopez, 1967), although Hellinga (1950)
compares it in quality to Okoum6.
Anthocephalus chinensis has long attracted
attention as a potential pulp wood (Keith,
1947). Burgess (1966) has reviewed work
done in London on Sabah material (Tropi-
cal Products Institute, 1963) as well as
similar work in the Philippines and Aus-
tralia using sulphate and neutral sulphite
processes. Although pulp can be obtained
from both processes, the sulphate method
gives a product of higher strength. The
neutral sulphite method, however, appears
to give a pulp of better color (Monsalud
and Lopez, 1967). This agrees with the
summary of earlier Indian reports by Bur-
kill (1935), who reported that, with the
techniques then available, bleaching was
not easy, and a pure white was scarcely
attained.
Laran is said to fruit early. Troup (1921)
reports five years, although it is probably
more nearly correct to remark that the trees
do not fruit until they reach 40-60 feet in
height. The small white to orange flowers
are borne in typical rubiaceous heads 1.5-2
inches in diameter. The fruit is green at
first, becoming brown, and pendant on a
long stalk. These ripen in Sabah by De-
cember. Dispersal of the seeds appears to
be due mainly to bats and birds feeding on
the fruits while they are still on the tree,
although cattle and other animals (Troup,
1921) will also feed on the fallen fruit.
Browne (1955) believes that dispersal is
 FOX: ANTHOCEPHALUS CHINENSIS 227

effeeted mainly by water. This may be true plants may be potted after one or two
for the origin of river-side stands, but it months and planted out three to six months
cannot explain the dense regeneration on from sowing when about one foot high
newly exposed roadsides, often far from (Hellinga, 1950). Seedlings have been re-
major rivers. Troup gives an example of ported as susceptible to root nematode at-
18,000 seedlings per acre, and it is common tack in the Philippines (Postrado and Glori,
to find 15 to 20 or more per milliacre on 1968).
land adjacent to tractor paths in Sabah. On Several authors have emphasized the
exposed soil (e.g. tractor workings), the ability of Anthocephalus chinensls to pro-
most plausible explanation of its origin ap- duce coppice shoots. Hellinga (1950) advo-
pears to be bat droppings subsequently cates the use of stumped plants 1 cm. thick
slightly dispersed over the surface by heavy for planting, and Monsalud and Lopez
rain. In a recent study of a freshly logged (1967) report that coppice 16 months old
area, Laran regeneration (Fig. 3) was not had grown to 8.5 cms. diameter breast high
observed for the first six months (June to and 6.31 m. in height. Little success has
December). This may be a seasonal effect been found in Sabah with cuttings or stumps,
or due to the need for a dormant period. however, and there is little reason for using
A theory has been advanced that the seeds stumps in a climate with adequate rainfall,
can persist in the soil for some time and when potted transplants can be raised so
that soil disturbance stimulates germination simply. Coppice systems of management
by exposing dormant seed. may conceivably work, but no large trees
In Sabah, it has been found that germina- have been observed to sprout from the
tion occurs more readily with seed which stump on felling; and the growth of coppice
has been stored for six to 12 months. The from pole-size trees is, generally, poor. This
seed retains its viability for at least two is due mainly, no doubt, to the light needs
years when kept in airtight containers in a of the species. In natural regeneration, small
refrigerator (Monsalud and Lopez, 1967). individuals cannot persist in shade when
Hellinga (1950) stated that old seed ger- they have lost the race upwards for light,
minates with best results in full sunlight, and Laran characteristically forms even-
while fresh seed should be sown under height (-: even-age) stands under natural
shade. Lopez and Valbuena (1966) report conditions. In both plantations and natural
95% germination after two months refriger- regeneration, it has not as yet been shown
ation, compared with 5% with fresh seed capable of regenerating under its own
and water flotation to remove the pulp, canopy. If a stand were clear-felled and the
in laboratory tests. soil disturbed, natural regeneration might
Since the seed is small and the fruit con- then ensue this is a valid field of investi-
tents very fleshy, special methods of sepa- gation.
rating out the seed must be used. Monsalud The rapid growth in height and light-
and Lopez (1967) recommend maceration demanding character of Laran result in
while Hellinga recommends drying, crush- stands' cleaning themselves (Figs. 1, 6, 7).
ing and re-drying in the sun, followed by Small crowned trees usually die off, and the
winnowing. These techniques are similar to lower branches of the trees that persist are
those employed to obtain seed of Nauclea rapidly shed. This is not universally true.
diderrichii in West Africa. They are like- Some dense natural stands--far denser than
wise similar to mixing of the light seed with anyone could conceive a plantation to b e - -
five to 10 times its bulk of sterile sand. The will stagnate at 20 to 40 feet in height and
mixture is then sown on prepared seed beds. suffer smothering from climbers, especially
Germination takes about three weeks: of Merremia borneensis (Fig. 5) and Meso-
the 20 million or so seed per kilogram, some neuron sumatranum (Fig. 2). Conversely,
25% will germinate. Small seedlings (up some individual trees grown in the open re-
to 2 inches) are liable to die from damping tain their branches and develop a strongly
off (Lopez and Valbuena, 1966), so that tapered stem. Dense stands are also appar-
watering should be done carefully. The ently more prone to Lepidoptera caterpillar
228 ECONOMIC BOTANY

Fro. 5. A roadside tree of Anthocephalus chinensis near Sandakan smothered by Mer-

remia borneensis.

defoliation. At least three kinds of caterpil- (Pyralidae), which appears in dense, gre-
lar are responsible for defoliation of Antho- garious colonies (Fig. 4), often attacking a
cephalus chinensis in Sabah. T h e most stand of some size and all sizes of trees.
severe is Arthroschista hilarilis Walker The other two species, a hawk moth
 FOX: ANTHOCEPHALUS CHINENSIS 229

FIG. 6. Plantation of Laran at Sibuga Forest Reserve, set out in 1953 (photographed at age
15 years) showing very variable growth, due largely to differential soil-moisture effects.

(Sphyngidae) and an as yet unidentified deciduous during the drier months (Febru-
species, are seldom found more than two or a r y - M a r c h or June--September), about the
three individuals a tree (R. S. Thapa, pers. time of flowering. If defoliation by cater-
comm.). W h e n large, the trees are partially pillars occurs early in the year, very little
230 E C O N O M I C BOTANY
Fio. 7. A 1961 plantation at age 7 years, Sibuga Forest Reserve, showing an area of ex-
ceptionally good growth.
growth can be expected. A beetle of the
Scarabaeidae has been found feeding gre-
gariously on succulent leaves of young trees
(Fig. 8). Any system of management should
aim at maintaining maximum growth and a
sufficient stocking to prevent unduly long
crowns, but, at the same time, open enough
to minimize loss of vigor. It remains to be
seen whether or not Arthroschista hilaralis is
likely to be a serious pest of plantation
crops. If plantations are weeded carefully
during establishment, climbers are not likely
to be a menace thereafter. Laran shows
very poor growth in unweeded, grassy areas,
and it is sensitive to microclimate effects,
especially soil moisture (J. F. Pollard, pers.
comm.). All plantations to date have shown
better growth in patches, often on moist
sites (Fig. 6). Deer may occasionally browse
the shoot and leaves of the young tree
(Hellinga, 1950).
Peal has stated: "It is a pity that it is not
more extensively grown, especially as it
takes such a short time to reach useful size"
(Troup, 1921). In germination, the seed-
ling produces small paired leaves, and, in
India only, two to six inches of height is at-
tained in the first season (Troup, 1921).
This is far surpassed in Sabah, however,
where seedlings can easily reach five feet
the first year (Fig. 4). When the plants
are two to three feet tall, opposite pairs of
branches are produced in the axils of the
leaves of the main stem (see Fig. 3). These
alternate in direction so that the crown of
a tree 10 to 20 feet tall is composed of al-
ternating pairs of branches on the main stem
(Fig. 2). Growth is distinctly monopodial,
although shoot borer or climber damage
may flatten the apex or occasionally pro-
duce a fork in tall trees. The mature tree
has a typically straight, clean bole with a
rounded crown of drooping branches. Sec-
ondary and subsequent orders of branching
do not commence until the tree attains 20
to 40 feet: e.g., they are absent in Figs. 2
and 5, present in Figs. 1 and 6. Large trees
are swollen at the base and a form of broad
stilt root is found in swamp forest in Sabah.
The rate of growth is extremely rapid at
 FOX: ANTHOCEPHALUS CHINENSIS 231

Fic. 8. Anthocephalus defoliation by adult Scarabaeidae beetles.

first, but it tapers off as competition is felt
or maturity is reached. Troup (1921) de-
scribes avenue growth at Rajabhaknawa of
two feet of girth and 30 feet of height at
four years, and trees 16 years old reach 65
inches in girth at six feet from the ground.
He records also girths of 67, 77, and 90
inches and heights of 120 feet for a 22 year-
old stand on an alluvial flat. In the Philip-
pines (Manila Sunday Times, 1967), Laran
is said to grow 20 times faster than Pinus
insularis. Monsalud and Lopez (1967) de-
scribed a nine year-old stand of 26 trees the
maximum diameter of which was 42 cms.
breast high (c.4 feet girth), mean 25.3 ems.
(30 inches girth) and with heights of 9.5 to
26.7 metres (28-81 feet). These authors
further offer data on a group of eight 15-
year-old trees of mean girth of four feet,
maximum six feet.
Browne (1955) reports rapid growth to
about 20 years and then a decline. He men-
tions growth of 20-30 feet in height at four
years for Malaya and a mean annual incre-
ment of girth of three inches and of six to
seven feet in height for Indonesia. Height
growth is particularly fast in young trees,
where a tall slender stem is rapidly formed.
232 E C O N O M I C BOTANY

Gamble (1922), quoting Peal, states that rapidly, even though large sizes may be at-
the period of r a p i d growth occurs during tained. The utility of its wood, general ease
the first eight to 10 years and that a rota- of establishment, and rapid growth render
tion of 12 years would be suitable for tea- it a species of considerable potential for
box wood. Thirteen species on shallow clay tropical forest plantation schemes. T h e
loam in Puerto Rico and 21 species on Sabah Forest D e p a r t m e n t is undertaking a
mountain clay soil were outgrown in repli- number of growth studies of both planted
cated plots by Anthocephalus chinensis and natural stands to obtain more informa-
(U.S.D.A., 1961). These trees were being tion on its rate of growth and the factors
thinned at four years of age, when the trees responsible for variation. In addition, tests
were averaging 18 inches in girth (U.S.D.A., for industrial uses have been made, and the
1967). results m a d e freely available to entrepre-
To date, little information is available neurs.
from re-measurements of permanent sample
L i t e r a t u r e Cited
plots in Sabah (Fox, 1968). The earliest
plantation, set out in 1953 (Fig. 6) at Ashton, P.S. 1964. Ecological Studies in the
Sibuga Forest Reserve, unfortunately suf- Mixed Dipterocarp Forests of Brunei
State, Oxf. For. Mem. No. 25.
fered damage from a road-widening scheme.
Backer, C. A., & R. C. Bakhuizen van den
In this plot, the largest trees had a mean Brink. 1965. Flora of Java, Vol. II,
annual increment of girth of four to five p. 303.
inches at 10 years and were still growing Browne, F. G. 1955. Forest Trees of Sarawak
at the rate of one to two inches a year. They and Brunei, pp. 310-311.
were up to 75 feet in height. In a second Burgess, P. F. 1966. Sabah Forest Record,
plantation (1961), seen in Figs. 1 and 7, No. 6. Timbers of Sabah, pp. 436-439.
the girths at five years were a mean of 29 Burkill, J . H . 1935. A Dictionary of the Eco-
nomic Products of the Malay Peninsula,
inches for the best 20 trees and a mean of
Vol. I, pp. 172-174.
34 inches for the best five trees. These were Chong Peng Wah. 1965. For. Res. Reconn.
still growing at the rate of three and a half Sur. of Malaya, Report No. 1. Part of
to four inches a year. A recent plantation Pekan District, Pahang.
at Dagat, Lumerau Forest Reserve, had a Corner, E. J. H. 1952. Wayside Trees of
mean height of 10 feet after one year, with Malaya, Ed. 2, p. 533.
the better trees over 20 feet tall. da Costa, E. W. B., & L. D. Osborne. 1967.
Measurement of yield plots in natural re- Comparative Resistance of New Guinea
Timbers, Comm. For. Rev. Vol. 4 6 ( 0 ,
generation at Segaluid-Lokan Forest Re-
No. 127, pp. 63--74.
serve showed a decline in rate of growth Fox, J. E. D. 1968. Some Data on Growth
certainly after seven years, possibly earlier. of Anthocephalus cadamba in Sabah,
The best eight trees per acre exceeded 24 Mal. For., Vol. XXXI(2), pp. 89-100.
inches in girth at nine years from logging, but Gamble, J. S. 1922. A Manual of Indian
the same category at seven years was al- Timbers, pp. 400-401.
ready 21 inches or better. In logged over Gyekis, K. D. 1966. For. Res. Reconn. Sur.
forest, particularly on moist sites, Laran is of Malaya, Report No. 7, Segamat Dis-
trict, Johore.
always conspicuous: with the Macarangas,
1967. For. Res. Reconn. Sur. of
it forms extensive stands of initially fast Malaya, Report No. 12, Upper Perak
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