MATHEMATICS FORMULAE

1 . SETS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Commutative property
AUB = BUA
A nB=Bn A
2. Associative property
AU( BUC) = (AUB)UC
An(BnC) =(AnB)nC
3. Distributive property
AU( BnC) = (AUB)n(AUC)
An( BUC) = (AnB)U(AnC)
4. De Morgan’s laws
i) (AUB)’ = A’ nB’
ii) (A nB)’ = A’UB’
iii) A -(BUC) = (A -B)n(A -C)
iv) A -(BnC) =(A -B)U (A -C)
5. Cardinality of sets
i) n(AUB) = n(A) +n(B) -n(An.)
ii) n(AUBUC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) -n(AnB) 13. The sum of first n odd natural
-n(BnC) -n(AnC) +n(AnBnC)
6. Representation of functions
a set of ordered pairs, a table , an arrow numbers,
diagram, a graph
7. Types of functions
3. The number of terms n= l-a/2
4. General term tn=a +(n -1 )d
5. The sum of the first n terms (if the
common difference d is given.)
Sn = [2a+ (n -1)d ]
6. The sum of the first n terms (if the
last term l is given.)Sn= n/2[a+l]
Geometric Sequence or Geometric
Progression (G.P.)
7.General form
a,ar,a𝑟 2 ,a𝑟 3 ,.. ,a𝑟 𝑛−1 , a𝑟 𝑛 , . . . .
8. General term tn = a𝑟 𝑛 −1 ,
9. Three consecutive terms a/r,a,ar........
Special series;
11. The sum of the first n natural
numbers1 + 2+ 3+ . . .+n =n(n+1)/2
12. The sum of the first n odd natural
2 𝑥=
numbers, 1 +3 + 5+ . . . + ( 2k -1) =𝑛 ,
numbers (when the last term l is given) . ∆= 𝑏 2 - 4ac
(𝑙+1)2
1 +3 + 5+ . . . . + l=
2
14. The sum of squares of first n natural
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
12 + 22 + 32 + . . . . + 𝑛 2 =
6
13. (x +a) (x+b) = 𝑥 2 + (a+b) x + ab
14. (x +a)(x+b)(x+c) = 𝑥 3 + (a+b+c) 𝑥 2 +
(ab+bc+ca) x + abc
17 Quadratic polynomials a𝒙𝟐 +bx+c=0
18 sum of zeros
( a+ ß ) = -coefficient of x
coefficient of 𝑥 2
19 product of zeros
( a ß ) = constant term
coefficient of 𝑥 2
20 Quadratic polynomials with
zeros a and ß. :𝑥 2 -( a+ ß ) x + ( a ß)
20 Relation between LCM and GCD :
L CM x GCD = f(x) x g(x)
21 Solution of quadratic equation by
formula method
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
22 Nature of roots
∆> 0 Real and unequal
∆ = 0 Real and equal.
∆< 0 No real roots.
(It has imaginary roots)
23 Formation of quadratic equation

1. One-One function
Every element in A has an image in B.
2Onto function
Every element in B has a pre-image in A.
3. One-One and onto function
Both a one-one and an onto function.
4.Constant function
Every element of A has the same image
in B.
5. Identity function
An identity function maps each element
of A into itself.
2. SEQUENCES AND SERIES OF
REAL NUMBERS
Arithmetic sequence or Arithmetic
Progression (A.P.)
1. General form a,a+d , a+2d , a+3d, . . .
2. Three consecutive terms a -d ,a,a+d ..
15. The sum of cubes of the first n when roots are given
natural numbers, 𝑥 2 – ( sum of roots) x + ( product of
(𝑛+1) 2
13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . + 𝑛 3 = roots ) = 0
2
3. ALGEBRA 4.MATRICES
1 Row matrix :
2 2 2
1.(a + b) = 𝑎 + 2ab + 𝑏 A matrices has only one row.
2.(a - b)2 = 𝑎2 - 2ab +𝑏 2 𝐴 = (𝑎 𝑏)
3.𝑎2 - 𝑏 2 = (a+ b) (a-b) 2. Column matrix :
4.𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = . (a + b)2 - 2ab A matrices has only one column.
5 .𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (a - b)2 + 2ab 3 Square matrix :
6.𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (a + b) (𝑎2 – ab + 𝑏 2 ) A matrix in which the number of rows
7.𝑎3 - 𝑏 3 = (a - b) (𝑎2 + ab + 𝑏 2 ) and the number of columns are equal
8.𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 – 3ab (a + b) 4 Diagonal matrix :
9.𝑎3 - 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 + 3ab (a - b) A square matrix in which all the
10.𝑎4 + 𝑏 4 = (𝑎2 +𝑏 2 ) - 2 𝑎2 𝑏 2 elements above and below the leading
11.𝑎4 - 𝑏 4 =(a +b)(a - b)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) diagonal are equal to zero
12(a + b+𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 + 2(ab + bc +ca) 5 Scalar matrix :
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 MATHEMATICS FORMULAE
A diagonal matrix in which all the 10. Slope of the line ax+by +c=0
elements along the leading diagonal are 5. COORDINATE GEOMETRY is m = -coefficient of x =-b/a
equal to a non-zero constant Distance between Two points AB coefficient of y
6. Unit matrix : 11.The straightlineax +by+ c =0
AB= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2
A diagonal matrix in which all the , y-intercept c y =mx+c
leading diagonal entries are 1 12. Two lines are parallel if and only if
2 The line segment joining the two
7 Null matrix or Zero-matrix : their slopes are equal. : m1=m2
points A(x1,y1), and (x2,y2)
A matrices has each of its elements is 5 Two lines are perpendicular if and
internally in the ratio l : m is
zero. 𝑙𝑥2+𝑙𝑥1, 𝑙𝑦 2+𝑙𝑦 1 only if the product of their slopes is -1 :
P( , )
8 Transpose of a matrix : 𝑙+𝑚 𝑙+𝑚 m1 m2= - 1
A matrices has interchanging rows and The line segment joining the two points Equation of straight lines
columns of the matrix A(x1,y1), and B(x2,y2) 14. x-axis y=0
9 Negative of a matrix : externally in the ratio l : m is 15. y-axis x=0
𝑙𝑥2−𝑙𝑥1, 𝑙𝑦 2−𝑙𝑦 1
The negative of a matrix A is -A P( , ) 16.Parallel to x-axis y=k
𝑙−𝑚 𝑙−𝑚
10 Equality of matrices : 17. Parallel to y-axis x=k
Two matrices are same order and each 4 The midpoint of the line segment , ) 18.Parallel to ax+by+c =0
element of A is equal to the M(x,y)=(
𝑥1+𝑥2, 𝑦1+𝑦2
, 2 ) 19.Perpendicular to ax+by+c =0
2
corresponding element of B 20.Passing through the origin
21. Slope m, y-intercept c , y=mx+c
5 The centroid of the triangle ,
11 Two matrices of the same order, then 𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3, 𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3 22. Slope m, a point (x1 , y1)
the addition of A and B is a matrix C G(x,y)=( 3
, 3
) y-y1=m(x-x1)
12 If A is a matrix of order m x n and B is 23 Passing through two points
a matrix of order n x p, 6 Area of a triangle 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑥1 𝑥2 ⋯ 𝑥3 𝑥1 =
then the product matrix AB is m x p. 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
1
A= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ sq.unit 24 x-intercept a , y-intercept b
2
𝑦1 𝑦2 ⋯ 𝑦3 𝑦1 𝑥 𝑦
13 Properties of matrix addition + 𝑏 +=1
𝑎
Commutative A+B =B +A
Associative A +(B+C)= (A+B)+C 6. GEOMETRY
Existence of additive identityA+O =O+A=A
7 Area of the Quadrilateral
Existence of additive inverse 1.Basic Proportionality theorem or
𝑥1 𝑥2 ⋯ 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥1
A+(-A)= (-A)+ A= O A=2 ⋮
1
⋱ ⋮ sq.unit Thales Theorem :
14 Properties of matrix multiplication 𝑦1 𝑦2 ⋯ 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦1 If a straight line is drawn parallel to one
Not commutative in general AB= BA side of a triangle intersecting the
Associative A(BC) = (AB)C Collinear of three points other two sides, then it divides the two
distributive over addition 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 ⋯ 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥1 sides in the same ratio.
A(B +C) =AB+ AC ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ =0
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 ⋯ 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦1
(A+B)C =AC+ BC 2. Converse of Basic Proportionality
(or)
Existence of multiplicative identity Theorem ( Converse of Thales
Slope of AB = Slope of BC or slope of AC.
AI=IA =A Theorem)
8. If a line makes an angleØ . with the
Existence of multiplicative inverse If a straight line divides any two sides of
positive direction of x-axis, then the
AB=BA= I a triangle in the same ratio,
slope m = tanØ
15 (𝐴𝑇 ) 𝑇 =A then the line must be parallel to the
9. Slope of the non-vertical line passing
(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 =𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 𝑦2−𝑦1 𝑦1−𝑦2 third side.
through the points m= 𝑥2−𝑥1 =
𝑥1−𝑥2
2
 MATHEMATICS FORMULAE
3 Angle Bisector Theorem :
The internal (external) bisector of an
angle of a triangle divides the
opposite side internally (externally) in
the ratio of the corresponding sides
containing the angle.
4. Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem
If a straight line through one vertex of a
triangle divides the opposite
side internally (externally) in the ratio of
the other two sides, then the line
bisects the angle internally (externally)
at the vertex.
5 Similar triangles
corresponding angles are equal (or)
corresponding sides have lengths in the
same ratio
1. AA( Angle-Angle ) similarity criterion
If two angles of one triangle are
respectively equal to two angles of
another triangle, then the two triangles
are similar.
2. SSS (Side-Side-Side) similarity
criterion for Two Triangles
In two triangles, if the sides of one
triangle are proportional (in the same
ratio) to the sides of the other triangle,
then their corresponding angles are
equal
3. SAS (Side-Angle-Side) similarity
criterion for Two Triangles
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one
angle of the other triangle and
if the corresponding sides including
these angles are proportional, then the
two triangles are similar.
6.Pythagoras theorem (Bandhayan
theorem)
In a right angled triangle, the square of
the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two the line joining the centres.
sides.
7.Converse of Pythagorous theorem 15.If two circles touch externally, the
In a triangle, if the square of one side is distance between their centres is equal
equal to the sum of the squares of the tothe sum of their radii.
other two sides, then the angle
opposite to the first side is a right angle. 16. If two circles touch internally, the
8.Tangent-Chord theorem: distance between their centres is
If from the point of contact of tangent equal to the difference of their radii.
(of a circle), a chord is drawn,
then the angles which the chord makes
with the tangent line are equal
7. Trigonometry
respectively 1. sinØ cosec Ø = 1
to the angles formed by the chord in sin Ø = 1/ cosec Ø
the corresponding alternate segments. cosec Ø= 1/ sinØ
9.Converse of Theorem: 2.cos Øsec Ø = 1
If in a circle, through one end of a cos Ø = 1/ sec Ø
chord, a straight line is drawn making secØ = 1/ cosØ
an angle equal to the angle in the 3.tanØcotØ = 1
alternate segment, then the straight tanØ = 1/ cotØ .
line is a tangent to the circle. cotØ =1/ tanØ .
10 If two chords of a circle intersect 4 .tanØ= sinØ/ cosØ .
either inside or out side the circle, the cotØ = cosØ / sinØ
area of the rectangle contained by the 5.𝑠𝑖𝑛2 Ø + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 Ø= 1
segments of the chord is equal to the 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 Ø = 1- 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 Ø.
area of the rectangle contained by the 6.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Ø – 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 Ø = 1
segments of the other 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Ø = 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 Ø
PA X PB=PCXPD 7.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Ø–𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 Ø= 1 ;
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Ø =1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 Ø
Circles and Tangents : 8. sin (90 – Ø)= cosØ
11. A tangent at any point on a circle is cosec (90 – Ø)= sec Ø
perpendicular to the radius through 9. cos (90 – Ø)= sin Ø
the point of contact . sec (90 – Ø) = cosec Ø
12 Only one tangent can be drawn at 10.tan (90 – Ø)= cot Ø
any point on a circle. However, from 11.cot (90 – Ø) = tan Ø
an exterior point of a circle two
tangents can be drawn to the circle.
13 The lengths of the two tangents 8. MENSURATION
drawn from an exterior point to a circle Solid right circular cylinder:
are ual. Curved Surface Area A= 2𝜋rh(sq.units)
14 If two circles touch each other, then Total Surface Area A= 2𝜋r(h+r)(sq.units)
the point of contact of the circles lies on Volume V=𝜋𝑟 2 (cu.units)
3
 MATHEMATICS FORMULAE
Right circular hollow cylinder : 13 No. of new solids obtained by 8. Standard deviation of a collection of
Curved Surface Area A=2𝜋h(R+r)(sq.units) recasting data gets multiplied or divided by the
Total Surface Area A= 2𝜋(R+r)(R-r+h) = Volume of the solid which is melted quantity k, if each item is multiplied or
2 2 Volume of one solid which is made divided by k.
Volume V=𝜋𝑅 ℎ − 𝜋𝑟 ℎ (cu.units)
𝜎
(or) 9.Coefficient ofvariation = 𝑥 X 100
= 𝜋ℎ(R+r)(R-r) STATISTICS It is used for comparing the consistency
3 Solid right circular cone of two or more collections of data.
Range= Largest value(L)-Smallest value(S)
Curved Surface Area A=𝜋𝑟𝑙(sq.units)
coefficient of range=L-S
Total Surface Area A= 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟) 12 . PROBABILITY
L+S
Volume V=1/3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (cu.units) 1.Tossing an unbiased coin once
Standard deviation
1. Direct method S= {H, T}
4 Frustum: 2.Tossing an unbiased coin twice
Volume V=1/3 𝜋ℎ (𝑅 2 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑟)cu.u 𝑥2 𝑥
𝜎= − ( )2 S= {HH,HT, TH,TT }
𝑛 𝑛
3 Rolling an unbiased die once
5.Sphere : 2. Actual mean method S={1,2,3, 4, 5,6}
Curved Surface Area A=4𝜋𝑟 2 sq.units) 𝑑2 4 The probability of an event A
Ungrouped𝜎 = 𝑛
3
Volume V=4/3 𝜋𝑟 cu.u lies between 0 and 1,both inclusive
𝑓𝑑 2
Grouped𝜎 = i.e 0≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≥ 1
𝑓
6 Hollow sphere: 3.Assumed mean method
6 The probability of the sure event is 1.P(S)= 1
3 3 7 The probability of an impossible event is 0.
Volume V=4/3 𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟 ) cu.u
𝑑2 𝑑 8 The probability that the event A will not occur
UnGrouped 𝜎 = − ( )2
𝑛 𝑛
P(A)+ P(𝐴)=1
7 Solid Hemisphere :
Curved Surface Area A=2𝜋𝑟 2 sq.u Grouped
𝑓𝑑 2
− ( )2
𝑓𝑑
Addition theorem on probability
𝑓 𝑓
Total Surface Area A= 3𝜋𝑟 2 P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B) -P(AnB)
d = x-A
Volume V=2/3 𝜋𝑟 3 cu.u
4.Step deviation method
8 Hollow Hemisphere : If A and B are mutually exclusive events,
2 2 𝑑2 𝑑
Curved Surface Area A=2𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟 )sq.u UnGrouped 𝜎 = − ( )2 Xc Then P(AnB) = 0
𝑛 𝑛
Total Surface Area A= 2𝜋 𝑅 2 + 𝑟 2 + 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
2 2 d = x-A Thus P(AUB) = P(A) +P(B)
(or) =𝜋(3𝑅 + 𝑟 )
c ……………………………………..
Volume V=2/3 𝜋(𝑅 3 − 𝑟 3 )
𝑓𝑑 2 𝑓𝑑 Wish you all the Best
9.A Sector of a circle converted into Grouped 𝑓
− ( 𝑓 )2 X C
cone: 5. Standard deviation of the first n
CSA of a cone = Area of the sector natural numbers,
∅
𝜋𝑟𝑙= 360 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜎 = 𝑛2 − 1; A.GANESH M.Sc., B.Ed., PGDCA., DTP.,
Length of the Base circumference 12 VICE PRINCIPAL
sector = of the cone 6. Variance is the square of standard SHRI GURUBRAMMA VIDHYALAYA,
l= ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 ; h= 𝑙 2 − 𝑟 2 ;r= 𝑙2 − ℎ2 deviation. KARUR.5
12.Volume of water flows out through a 7. Standard deviation of a collection of CELL:9095937459
pipe = {Cross section area x Speed x data remains unchanged when each
Time } value is added or subtracted by a
constant.