Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED BY:
KINGJO BASTIAN
T1 MBA 2018
B – BATCH
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. LEKHA
INFLATION
Inflation is normally associated with high prices, which causes decline in purchasing power or
value of money. Inflation refers to the substantial and rapid increase in the general price-level.
Inflation is primarily a monetary phenomenon.
Price keeps on rising due to excess supply of money and lower production of exchangeable
goods. In the Keynesian sense, true inflation begins with the elasticity of supply of output in
response to increase in money supply has fallen to zero or when output is unresponsive to
changes in money supply.
According to Crowther, “Inflation is a state in which the value of money is falling. I.e.
prices are rising”.
Inflation affects economies in various positive and negative ways. The negative effect of an
inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money, uncertainty over future
inflation which may discourage investment and saving and if inflation were rapid enough,
shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the
future. Positive effects include reducing unemployment due to normal wage rigidity.
Economists generally believe that the high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an
excessive growth of the money supply. Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates
of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations
in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as
during scarcities. However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is
caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth. Inflation may also
lead to an invisible tax in which the value of currency is lowered in contrast with its actual
reserve, ultimately leading individuals to hold devalued legal tender.
Inflation is calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics using several economic indexes,
including the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Producer Price Indexes (PPI). The CPI
measures price changes from the perspective of the consumer and tracks price changes in various
goods and services. The PPI looks at price changes from the sellers' perspective by measuring
the prices that companies pay for the raw materials that are used to produce goods.
MEASURES TO CONTROL INFLATION
The main aim of every measure is to reduce the inflow of cash in the economy or reduce the
liquidity in the market.
Measures of inflation
The different measures used for controlling inflation are explained below:
1. Monetary Measures:
Monetary measures aim at reducing money incomes.
One of the important monetary measures is monetary policy. The central bank of the country
adopts a number of methods to control the quantity and quality of credit. For this purpose, it
raises the bank rates, sells securities in the open market, raises the reserve ratio, and adopts a
number of selective credit control measures, such as raising margin requirements and regulating
consumer credit. Monetary policy may not be effective in controlling inflation, if inflation is due
to cost-push factors. Monetary policy can only be helpful in controlling inflation due to demand-
pull factors.
2. Fiscal Measures:
Monetary policy alone is incapable of controlling inflation. It should, therefore, be supplemented
by fiscal measures. Fiscal measures are highly effective for controlling government expenditure,
personal consumption expenditure, and private and public investment.
Further, to bring more revenue into the tax-net, the government should penalize the tax evaders
by imposing heavy fines. Such measures are bound to be effective in controlling inflation. To
increase the supply of goods within the country, the government should reduce import duties and
increase export duties.
Like monetary measures, fiscal measures alone cannot help in controlling inflation. They should
be supplemented by monetary, non-monetary and non-fiscal measures.
Controlling investment is also considered necessary because, due to the multiplier effect, the
initial investment leads to large increase in income and expenditure and demand for both the
consumer and capital goods goes up speedily. Therefore, it is necessary that the resources of the
community should be employed for investment which does not have the effect of increasing
inflation. Hence:
a) The projects selected should be such as result in utilization of ideal capacity or in making
provision for procurement of scarce raw materials, spares etc.
b) These should have a short gestation period so that production of goods and services starts
within the shortest possible income of those being undertaken.
c) The projects should have low capital-output ratio so that the outflow flow is larger than
the increase in monetary demand for the product.
d) There should be greater emphasis on investment in real goods than in shares or securities
or in holding of larger inventories.
e) Differential interest rates should be charged i.e. lower rates being charged for loans for
real investments and higher rates for financial investment, and
3. Other Measures:
The other types of measures are those which aim at increasing aggregate supply and reducing
aggregate demand directly.
(ii) If there is need, raw materials for such products may be imported on preferential basis to
increase the production of essential commodities,
(iii) Efforts should also be made to increase productivity. For this purpose, industrial peace
should be maintained through agreements with trade unions, binding them not to resort to strikes
for some time,
(v) All possible help in the form of latest technology, raw materials, financial help, subsidies, etc.
should be provided to different consumer goods sectors to increase production.
But such a drastic measure can only be adopted for a short period as it is likely to antagonise
both workers and industrialists. Therefore, the best course is to link increase in wages to increase
in productivity. This will have a dual effect. It will control wages and at the same time increase
productivity, and hence raise production of goods in the economy.
(d) Rationing:
Rationing aims at distributing consumption of scarce goods so as to make them available to a
large number of consumers. It is applied to essential consumer goods such as wheat, rice, sugar,
kerosene oil, etc. It is meant to stabilise the prices of necessaries and assure distributive justice.
But it is very inconvenient for consumers because it leads to queues, artificial shortages,
corruption and black marketing. Keynes did not favour rationing for it “involves a great deal of
waste, both of resources and of employment.”