Question 1:

By assuming that pressure is constant.

So, the leaking rate is
𝑄 = 𝜌𝑢̅𝐴 _____________ eq.1
𝑢̅ is the average velocity and its formula is given as:
2𝑔𝑐 𝑝𝑔
𝑢̅̅ = 𝐶𝑜 √ _____________eq.2
𝜌

As
𝐶𝑜 is the coefficient of discharge
𝑔𝑐 is the gravitational constant
𝑔𝑐 = 32.2𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡/𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑠 2
𝑃𝑔 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢̅𝑟𝑒 = 100 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑔 = 14400𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑓𝑡 2

For the worst case take the value of 𝐶𝑜 = 1

Put the value of 𝑢̅̅ in eq. 1
2𝑔𝑐 𝑝𝑔
𝑄 = 𝜌𝐴𝐶𝑜 √ 𝜌

2𝑔𝑐 𝑝𝑔
𝑄 = √𝜌 × √𝜌 𝐴𝐶𝑜 √ 𝜌

√2𝑔𝑐 𝑝𝑔
𝑄 = √𝜌 × √𝜌 𝐴𝐶𝑜
√𝜌

𝑄 = 𝐴𝐶𝑜 √2𝜌𝑔𝑐 𝑝𝑔 ___________________eq.3

Now for area

𝜋
𝐴 = 4 𝑑2
𝜋
𝐴 = (0.20)2
4

𝐴 = 0.03142𝑖𝑛2
𝐴 = 2.2 × 10−4 𝑓𝑡 2
Density of toluene
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜌 = 62.41 × 0.866
𝜌 = 54.05𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 3
Put all values in eq.3

𝑄 = 2.2 × 10−4 × √2 × 54.05 × 32.2 × 14400

𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝒍𝒃𝒎/𝒔
If the value of 𝐶𝑜 is changed then leakage rate will also change.

Question 2:
100 ft long horizontal pipeline transporting benzene.
43 ft from the high-pressure end.
The leaked diameter = 0.1 inch

100 ft

benzene

43 ft 40 psig
0.8794 = leak
specific gravity
50 psig

For the incompressible flows

∆𝑃 ̅2
∆𝑢 𝑔 ̅2
2𝑓𝐿𝑢 𝑤𝑠
+ 2𝛼𝑔 + 𝑔 ∆𝑍 + =− _________________eq.1
𝜌 𝑐 𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝑑 𝑚̇

We assume that flow is incompressible and horizontal surface. Also no shaft work is
involved.
̅2
𝜌×2𝑓𝐿𝑢
∆𝑃 = − _______________________eq.2
𝑔𝑐 𝑑

A pressure will drop uniformly down the pipe because there are no factors whose
values are changing.
At leakage point, pressure will be
43
𝑃𝑔 = 50 − 100 (10)

𝑃𝑔 = 45.7𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔

For leakage flow rate

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝐶𝑜 √2𝜌𝑔𝑐 𝑝𝑔 ____________________eq.3

By assuming the worst case, 𝐶𝑜 = 1

Now
𝜋
Area = 𝐴 = 4 𝑑 2

𝜋 0.1 2
𝐴 = 4 ( 12 )

𝐴 = 5.5 × 10−5 𝑓𝑡 2
Put the values in eq.3

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = (5.5 × 10−5 ) × 1 × √2 × 62.4 × 0.8794 × √32.2 × 45.7 × 144

𝑸𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝒍𝒃𝒎/𝒔
Question 3:
Pressure = 𝑃 = 250𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔
Volume = 𝑉 = 40𝑔𝑎𝑙
Quantity of water flashed =?
By using the steam table we can find the saturated pressure
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 250𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔 = 264.7𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑎
At this pressure
𝑇 = 400.97℉
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑓 = 376 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛

0.019𝑓𝑡 3
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛

At 14.69 Psia
𝑇 = 212℉
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑓 = 181 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑔 = 1151 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛

Then,
376 = 181 + 𝑥(1151.181)
195 = 970𝑥
𝑥 = 0.201
This is the amount of fraction flashed by mass.
At initial conditions,
0.1337𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛
= (40𝑔𝑎𝑙) ( ) × 0.01865𝑓𝑡 3
𝑔𝑎𝑙
 40𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 287𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛
Quantity of flashed is
(40)(0.2) = 8 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 or
(287)(0.2) = 57.4 𝑙𝑏𝑚
By equation
𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑓 )
𝑓𝑣 = __________________eq.1
∆ℎ𝑣

At 250 Psig
𝑇𝑜 = 400.97℉
(From Steam Table)
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 825.4 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐶𝑝 = 1 𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑛𝐹
(400.97)−(212)
𝑓𝑣 = 825.4

𝑓𝑣 = 0.229
Using equation
𝜏𝑝 (𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑏 )
𝑓𝑣 = 1 − exp[− ̅̅̅̅
] ___________________eq.2
∆𝐻 𝑣

By using steam table

𝜏𝑝 = 1.01

̅̅̅𝑣̅ = 970.3+826 = 898.15

∆𝐻 2

𝑇𝑜 = 400.97℉
𝑇𝑏 = 212℉
Put the values in eq.2
[−1.01(400.97−212)]
𝑓𝑣 = 1 − 𝑒 898.15

𝑓𝑣 = 1 − 0.80855778
𝑓𝑣 = 0.1914
Amount of water which is flashed
= 0.1914 × 40
= 7.657689 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
Question 4:
(a) Propane

By using formula
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 ∆ℎ 𝑐 𝑔
= 𝑣 √𝐶 ×𝑇
𝐴 𝑓𝑔 𝑝

Using values
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 3.33×105 1
= × √2.23×103 ×298
𝐴 0.048
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 103 𝑘𝑔
= 8.5 ×
𝐴 𝑚2 𝑠
(b) Ammonia
By using formula
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 ∆ℎ 𝑐 𝑔
= 𝑣 √𝐶 ×𝑇
𝐴 𝑓𝑔 𝑝

Using values
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 1.17×106 1
= × √4.49×103 ×298
𝐴 0.127
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 103 𝑘𝑔
=8×
𝐴 𝑚2 𝑠

(c) Methyl Chloride

By using formula
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 ∆ℎ 𝑐 𝑔
= 𝑣 √𝐶 ×𝑇
𝐴 𝑓𝑔 𝑝

Using values
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 3.75×105 1
= × √1.5×103 ×298
𝐴 0.077
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 103 𝑘𝑔
= 7.3 ×
𝐴 𝑚2 𝑠

(d) Sulphur Dioxide

By using formula
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 ∆ℎ 𝑐 𝑔
= 𝑣 √𝐶 ×𝑇
𝐴 𝑓𝑔 𝑝

Using values
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 3.56×105 1
= × √1.56×103 ×298
𝐴 0.09
̇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 103 𝑘𝑔
=6×
𝐴 𝑚2 𝑠