VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA” BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA-590018

A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“INTERNET APPLICATIONS IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
SAADIQUE AQEED MOHAMMED 4KM15AE020
Under the Guidance of
ADARSH KRISHNAMURTHY B.E, M.Tech (PhD)
Head of Department,
Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering

2018-2019
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
KARAVALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NEERUMARGA, MANGALURU, KARNATAKA-575029
 KARAVALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NEERUMARGA, MANGALORE – 575 029

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar entitled “INTERNET APPLICATIONS IN
AEROSPACE INDUSTRY” carried out by SAADIQUE AQEED
MOHAMMED bearing USN 4KM15AE020, a bonafide student of VIII
semester, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Karavali Institute of
Technology Neerumarga, Mangalore – 575029, in partial fulfilment for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2018-2019. It is certified that, he has
completed the seminar satisfactorily.

Asst. Prof. ADARSH KRISHNAMURTHY Prof. R.K BHAT

Head of the Department Principal
Aeronautical Engineering KIT, Mangalore
KIT, Mangalore
 DECLARATION

I, SAADIQUE AQEED MOHAMMED, hereby declare that the report presented in this
seminar entitled “INTERNET APPLICATIONS IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY” is an
authentic collection of information that has been carried out independently in my 8th
semester Aeronautical Engineering at Karavali Institute of Technology under the guidance
of Asst. Prof.ADARSH KRISHNAMURTHY, Head of the Department, Aeronautical
Engineering.

DATE: NAME: SAADIQUE AQEED MOHAMMED

PLACE: MANGALORE USN: 4KM15AE020
SIGNATURE:

I
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, SAADIQUE AQEED MOHAMMED bearing USN 4KM15AE020, wish to

express my sincere gratitude to my guide Assistant Prof.ADARSH KRISHNAMURTHY,
Head of the Department, Aeronautical Engineering for his valuable guidance and
suggestions, hence improving my knowledge.
I am indebted to our respected Principal Prof. R K BHAT, beloved chairman MR.
GANESH RAO sir and the management of Karavali Institute of Technology, Mangalore,
for having provided all the facilities that helped me in timely completion of this seminar
report.
Finally, I would like to thank all the teaching and non- teaching staff of Department
of Aeronautical Engineering for their valuable help and support.

II
 ABSTRACT

Internet of Things – Aerospace (IOTA): IoT in Aerospace sector? Is it really happening?

This is what industry experts think while talking about Internet of Things in Aerospace!
IOTA is the Ninth letter of Greek alphabet, which means 'extremely small amount'. Will it
impact the nine letter 'AEROSPACE' industry? In the Aerospace & Defense industry, split-
second decisions can mean a difference between success and failure as there is longer
product life cycle. The history of flight started with the pioneer era. The introduction of
mechanical controls (including hydraulics) then led to the second era. Later, with the
utilization of computers and automation in aircraft, we reached the third era. Now, we are
moving towards the fourth era of flight, which is characterized by “smart” and “connected”
aircraft that extensively exploit emerging information and communication technologies.
Aeronautical informatics is advancing rapidly through the synergy between information
and communication technologies and aeronautics. Multi-core avionic platforms, wireless
avionics networking, service-oriented architectures and IoT, data sciences and semantic
infrastructures are shaping systems to come. Increasing autonomy requirements are
challenging the community to investigate new ways to assure safety. Modern software
engineering methodologies and real-time software techniques are altering the established
development practice.

III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ........................................................................................... I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................II

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. III

CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION TO IoTA ........................................................................................... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................... 3
LITERATURE SURVEY ................................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................... 6
PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................................................................. 6

CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................... 7
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................. 7

4.1 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) DEFINITION ..................................................... 7

4.2 IoT CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................... 7

4.3 DEFINITION OF IoT CHARACTERISTICS....................................................... 8

CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................. 10
AIRCRAFT AVIONICS, SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT .......................................... 10

CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................. 11
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS ................................. 11

6.1 ADVANTAGES .................................................................................................. 11

6.2 DISADVANTAGES ............................................................................................ 12

6.3 APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................. 12

CHAPTER 7 ................................................................................................. 15
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 15

REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 16
IV
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 Internet of Things . ............................................................................................ 1
Figure 1. 2 Digital Transformation ..................................................................................... 2
Figure 4. 1 IoT Characteristic . ............................................................................................ 8
Figure 6. 1 Tracking tools on the assembly line ............................................................... 13

V
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 4. 1 List of IoT Characteristics .................................................................................. 8
Table 5. 1 List of Aircraft Avionics, Systems and Equipment .......................................... 10

VI
Internet applications in Aerospace Industry 2018-2019

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO IoTA

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Aerospace and Defense (A&D) industry is poised for growth despite economic downturns.
Increase in travel demand, development of new technologies, and security threat for nations
are fueling increase in aircraft production, defense budgets and the need for global supply
chain. Airbus global market forecast predicts that air traffic will grow at 4.5% annually and
more than 30,000 aircrafts will be required over the next 20 years [1]. Aircraft
manufacturers and operators are always in the lookout to improve the vehicle performance
by providing more connected and smarter devices to achieve the Fuel Efficiency, Zero
downtime and Route optimization.
The phrase Internet of Things (IoT) was first used in 1999 by Kevin Ashton. The concept
of IoT is to connect the real-world objects with speech, vision, hearing, smell and touch, so
inanimate things can perform jobs more accurately, responsively, collaboratively with
learnings. IoT transformation is possible only when set of technologies are created that are
broadly applicable to industry with relevant IoT characteristics maturity.
Prior studies suggest that IoT may transform various industries and services including
healthcare, construction, territories management, predictive maintenance and
manufacturing shop floors [2].

Figure 1. 1 Internet of Things [6].

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Digital transformation is the heart of business strategies nowadays and it begins with the
executive mandate. There is a strong sense of urgency among executives as the threat of
digitally enabled competitors and disruptive technologies remain high on the list of
concerns. Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming more and more important in many industry
sectors and domains. Though the IoT evolution happened more than a decade ago, its
impact on aerospace systems are limited due to IoT characteristics maturity, its adaptability
and ease of implementation in safety critical aerospace systems. Digital Technology
evolution is happening rapid fast. Within no time, this will impact every business. But it is
essentially a commitment by organizations to innovate which would add value to their
customers.

Figure 1. 2 Digital Transformation [1]

SAP research on digital transformation (Fig.1.2) shows that 33% of industry leaders will
be disrupted in this way by 2018 and 58% of companies’ think IoT is strategic [1].

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] AMELIA: An application of the Internet of Things for aviation safety.

Jeremiah Pate, Tosiron Adegbija
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona.
This paper presents AMELIA Aircraft Monitoring and Electronically Linked Instantaneous
Analytics as an application of the Internet of Things (IoT) for aviation safety a safety
critical use case from an edge computing perspective. AMELIA is a multi-layered edge
computing system that automatically detects aircraft emergencies, and only transmits
relevant data and information to enable quicker and more efficient response to emergencies.
We describe a prototype of AMELIA to illustrate, explore, and motivate the potentials of
the IoT for aviation safety, and lay a foundation for the design of diverse high-impact edge
computing systems on the IoT [15].

[2] Aviation analytics and the Internet of Things

Paul Comitz
University of Maryland, United States
Aaron Kersch
The Boeing Company, United States
This paper describes a series of short experiments collecting and analyzing ADS B data
using IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The collection is performed using a Raspberry Pi
single board computer, an RTL-SDR radio, custom software written for the project, and the
open source dump1090 software program. This Raspberry Pi/RTL-SDR/dump1090
combination is used to collect ADS-B data. The data is captured and archived using a
software program that reads the ADS-B data in real time as it is received by the RTLSDR
radio and subsequently output by the dump1090 program. The captured data is written to a
series of flat files. Subsequent analytics and analysis are performed using the R
programming language and the R Studio environment. The paper describes a subset of the
R code that that was used in the analysis. All of the custom software used in this project is
freely available at GitHub (see References section). An exhaustive analysis is not
performed as part of this work. The intent of the limited analysis in this work is to provide

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a proof of concept for the kinds of analyses that could be done, if aviation data, such as
ADS, was widely and freely available. The analysis that is performed is an initial top-level
analysis, designed to assess the feasibility of using this low-cost combination of hardware,
software, and analysis tools for use in advisory air traffic applications such as airspace
monitoring and traffic monitoring. Suggestions and recommendations for additional work
appear in the Observations and Continuing Work sections of this paper [16].

[3] Towards Security on Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in

Technology
Kazi Masum Sadique, Rahim Rahmani, Paul Johannesson
The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm refers to the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable objects to
exchange data with servers, centralized systems, and/or other connected devices based on
a variety of communication infrastructures. IoT data collected from different sensors, nodes
and collectors are transferred to the cloud over the internet. IoT devices are used by
consumers, healthcare, businesses as well as by the governments. It is being forecast that
31 billion IoT devices will be deployed all over the world by the year 2020. As the use of
IoT devices is increasing every moment several IoT vulnerabilities are introduced. The
results and analysis indicate that massive deployment of IoT with an integration of new
technologies are introducing new security challenges in IoT paradigm. In this paper, IoT
security challenges and open issues are discussed which provides a ground for future
research [17].

[4] The Antecedents of Successful IoT Service and System Design: Cases from the
Manufacturing Industry
Deniz Sayar and Ozlem Er
Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
The Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled manufacturing companies to create significant
business opportunities by extending their product-based portfolios with innovative systems
that integrate products, services, and customer data. While previous literature has addressed
the technical characteristics and commercial benefits of these systems, more research is
needed on what makes a successful IoT system design process that can be used as a
guideline by designers within the context of manufacturing. This paper aims to address this
gap using a comparative case study of two leading manufacturers from the aerospace and

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trucking industries. Based on empirical data, the commonalities and differences between
the two companies are articulated. Further analysis of the cases revealed six antecedents
for successful IoT service and system design: Communicating a well-articulated system
design strategy, redefining frontline employee roles and responsibilities, training and
recruiting service aware staff, providing guidance to customers on system use, aligning
customer focus across the business, and utilizing methods/techniques for systems thinking
and creativity. These antecedents are discussed in detail with evidence from two IoT system
design projects. Consequently, the findings show that successful IoT implementations
require more than solid product design; they also necessitate well-executed service and
system design [18].

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CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Aerospace industries are currently in search of minimum viable systems/products and are
investing heavily to develop IoT technologies which can yield long term value. IoT
technologies are evolving faster than predicted which can change the product landscape in
aerospace industry as well.
The recent temporary shutdown of Delta Air Lines clearly demonstrated the cost of having
aircraft grounded. “Aircraft on Ground” (AOG) time is a crucial factor for the airline
industry – every second is vital, as any time that a plane is not in the air, it is not making
money.

Airbus China estimated that a grounded A380 Airbus costs $1,250,000 every day; and when
you consider the implications of this for an entire fleet, the scale of the issue is significant.

However, new technologies are starting to come to the fore in the quest to solve this core
industry issue. While there is no single silver bullet yet, the meteoric rise of connectivity,
innovations around the Internet of Things (IoT), and the application of big data analysis
could hold the key. For instance, the technology used to monitor an aircraft’s performance
has developed rapidly in recent years. Sensors monitor a wide range of vital parameters
throughout the systems and sub systems of an aircraft, and can be used to notify ground
staff of primary system failings during a flight and provide important maintenance
information once the plane is grounded [2].

3.1 AEROSPACE IoT REQUIREMENTS

 Support deterministic real-time control
a) critical control loops
 Support required level of redundancy
a) Single fault tolerant for robotic missions
b) Double fault tolerant for human missions
 Support sensors for vehicle subsystem status monitoring
 Support interaction with crew and mission-control
 Support mission data acquisition, storage and communication
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 Support advanced and evolving functions-Autonomy, Perception, Self-repair.

CHAPTER 4

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

4.1 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) DEFINITION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
The IoT for Aerospace is a system of sensors and actuators interacting with data processing,
communications systems, ground-based processing and humans (Author).
A system with in-built computing devices which can communicate with other such devices
through secured network and take the decisions based on intelligence and can work on
centralized and decentralized model. Extending this definition to Internet of Things for
Aerospace (IOTA), It is defined as aircraft systems with in-built computing devices which
can communicate with other such devices through secured deterministic network and take
the decisions based on swarm intelligence and works on centralized and decentralized
model.

4.2 IoT CHARACTERISTICS

Table 3.1 shown below lists the IoT characteristics that are fundamental. Though 25
trending IOT characteristics were identified, all of them may not contribute to aerospace
systems.

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Figure 4. 1 IoT Characteristic [6].

Table 4. 1 List of IoT Characteristics

Fundamental IoT characteristics Mentioned/referred in published

articles
• Interconnectivity • Intelligence
• Things-related services • Sensing / Sensor
• Heterogeneity • Expressing
• Dynamic changes • Energy
• Enormous scale • Computing/ Processors
• Safety • Quality & Reliability
• Connectivity • Cost effectiveness
• Consumption
• Conversion
• Centralization
• Cognition
• Configuration
• Coordination
• Deterministic
• Mobility
• Security
Suggested by online survey
participants
• Miniaturization &
Composability
• Standards and Protocols

4.3 DEFINITION OF IoT CHARACTERISTICS

Definition of Potential IoT characteristics for aerospace systems development are listed
Safety: IoT can yield lot of benefits, however safety should be the prime concern. Design
for safety is the key aspect to be considered both by creators and recipients of the IoT. This
includes the safety/security of personal data and physical well-being. Security paradigm
will scale up when IoT safety would need securing the endpoints, the networks and the data
moving across the network.
Connectivity: Enables network compatibility and accessibility. Compatibility provides the
common ability to consume and produce data while accessibility is getting on a network.
Connectivity in the IoT can very soon get rid of the Wi-Fi module.
Intelligence: Product experience are made smarter with the help of software and hardware
algorithms and its computing power which provides the “intelligent spark”.
Expressing: Expressing provides a way to create products that interact intelligently with
people and real world, not just rendering beautiful user interface [11], [12], [13].
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Energy-Efficiency: Energy harvesting, power efficiency and charging infrastructure are

the necessary parts of a power intelligent ecosystem that we must design. Today, it is
woefully inadequate and lacks the focus in many product teams.
Computing/ Processors: Certain degree of computing power is needed for all the devices
connected in the network so that IoT devices can relay and transmit gathered data. Like any
other computing device, this will require a processor as well.
Quality & Reliability: Devices in the IoT may be operating in extreme weather conditions
and tough environments. As the IoT devices might be exposed to such an environment it is
important that they are made with the highest quality and reliability.
Cognition: This is not same as plain old data conversion, it is more of an analytical process
where we apply context to the data in hand. Cognition makes sure that we get the right
perception of the data.
Deterministic: Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) features are currently being developed
by The IEEE standards organization by including standard 802.1 and 802.3. To allow
Ethernet to be deployed in mission critical applications, it is necessary to add specific
features including time synchronization, scheduled traffic, ingress policing and seamless
redundancy. This is to ensure that specific data traffic can flow, on time and throughout the
entire network topology.
Security: This is concerned with safeguarding IoT connected devices and networks.
Security is a wide concept which covers everything from authenticity, authority, integrity
and confidentiality.
Standards & Protocols: A standards document has all rules and procedures developed by
a regulatory party and agreed upon to be followed by many parties. A protocol is a
particular set of rules that enables conversation between two computers to convey a specific
set of information. Such well known communication technologies are Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
ZigBee and 2G/3G/4G cellular [5].

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CHAPTER 5

AIRCRAFT AVIONICS, SYSTEMS AND

EQUIPMENT

There are many aircraft systems and sub systems behind every successful flight. To
establish the relationship between the IoT Characteristics and aircraft systems, the authors
have decided to use research areas listed in Table 3.2 [10].

Table 5. 1 List of Aircraft Avionics, Systems and Equipment

Avionics Electronic Library System

Cockpit Systems, Visualization Aircraft health and usage monitoring
& Display Systems system
Navigation/ Flight Management Smart maintenance systems
/ Auto-land Lighting systems
Warning System Aircraft Security
Electronics & Microelectronics Electrical Power Generation &
for on-board systems Distribution
Sensors integration Pneumatic systems
Flight Data/Flight Recording Hydraulic power generation &
Communications Systems distribution
Identification of Aircraft by Passenger and freight systems
ATM Environmental control System
(Air traffic Management) Water and waste systems
Avionics Integration Fuel systems
Optics - Optronic - Lasers - Landing gear and braking systems
Image processing and data
fusion
Fire protection systems

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CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND

APPLICATIONS

6.1 ADVANTAGES
 Evolution of the value chain
The Internet of Things is leading toward a more flexible and connected value chain, with
stronger emphasis on R&D, and service offerings. The ability to provide connections inside
the value chain is emerging as a new key role for the ecosystem.
 Value shift away from manufacturing
For the aerospace manufacturing industry value is shifting as a result of the flexibility and
efficiency gains offered by smart factory technologies. Developments in the smart factory
are leading to gains in production costs as defects are eliminated and automation reduces
the human-resource intensity of production tasks [7].
 New roles on data exchanges
The Industry trend relies to a significant extent on the increasing integration of IoT data
and IT systems between the actors of the value chain. This opens up a position for actors
focusing on data exchange and analysis platforms. The aeronautics industry relies already
on a complex network of suppliers focusing on specific technologies. But the development
of the IoT is requiring stronger integration of their IT infrastructure. Data exchange and
interoperability between manufacturing systems is one of the key challenges and a new
position in the value chain open for those providing it. The control they achieve on data
access can in turn enable them to provide key optimization services for the industry.
 Products as a Service business model
The development of connected products is enabling the transformation of the business
model into a service offering. Key parts of the airplane are no longer owned by the airlines
but rather rented as a Service. The first step in the movement toward servitization is often
to try to bundle additional services with existing products. Producers can thus count on
recurring revenues, while the consumer only pays for its actual usage of the product [8].

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6.2 DISADVANTAGES
 New skills and organization required
To support their transformation, the aerospace industry companies need to rapidly develop
the qualifications of their employees in software and data sciences.
 Investing to sustain productivity
The potential benefits of connected objects and industry are well understood by the industry
leaders. However, the capacity to invest in time in new technologies and adapt to changing
production needs remain critical.
 Loss of privacy and security
As all the industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and transport, and
many other devices all are connected to the Internet, a lot of information is available on it.
This information is prone to attack by hackers. It would be very disastrous if private and
confidential information is accessed by unauthorized intruders [7].
 Compatibility
As devices from different manufacturers will be interconnected, the issue of compatibility
in tagging and monitoring crops up. Although this disadvantage may drop off if all the
manufacturers agree to a common standard, even after that, technical issues will persist.
Today, we have Bluetooth-enabled devices and compatibility problems exist even in this
technology! Compatibility issues may result in people buying appliances from a certain
manufacturer, leading to its monopoly in the market.
 Complexity
The IoT is a diverse and complex network. Any failure or bugs in the software or hardware
will have serious consequences. Even power failure can cause a lot of inconvenience.
 Lesser Employment of Menial Staff
The unskilled workers and helpers may end up losing their jobs in the effect of automation
of daily activities. This can lead to unemployment issues in the society. This is a problem
with the advent of any technology and can be overcome with education [9].

6.3 APPLICATIONS
 The connected factory
The use of IoT technologies in aeronautics manufacturing provides increased labor
efficiency by providing contextual information to human workers. Increased connectivity
also enables tighter integration of the value chain.

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 Precision manufacturing
Developing an airplane is a complex process and involves several thousands of steps which
operators must follow, with many checks in place to ensure quality. Most of the assembly
process of an aircraft, as well as a significant part of manufacturing of the component is
done by human workers. The key toward “Smart Factory” in the Aeronautics
manufacturing is thus in supporting human workers with digital enhanced tools that
increase their productivity.
 IoT enhanced tools
By connecting the worker and their tools to an IoT platform, manufacturing accelerates as
critical information flows seamlessly across the assembly line [12].

Figure 6. 1 Tracking tools on the assembly line [12]

 Location tracking
Another major challenge of the smart factory is to deploy technologies able to keep track
of manufacturing equipment locations in real time with precision and across the factory
floor and value chain. The challenge is not only to identify where every tool is on the factory
floor but also to keep track of operator usage data and behavior. This enables increased
operator safety and production security.

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 New services transforming the industry

The integration of IoT into the aeronautics industry will provide considerable benefits as
new services enable optimization of airline operations and asset management. The new
services target the main point of the industry, from maintenance and fuel cost to
optimization of traffic [14].
 Preventive maintenance
The development of preventive maintenance services will help reduce aircraft downtime
and increase the safety of the industry. Aircraft on ground (AOG) time is a critical cost
factor for the airline industry. It can cause major disruption and damage an airline’s
reputation.
 Increased fuel efficiency
Applied to engine performance, data analytics and predictive maintenance can result in
important gains in fuel efficiency.
 Optimization services
Connected objects enable the development of entirely new lines of services dedicated to
using the data collected to optimize airline operations [14].

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to spawn new and more efficient services to solve
real-world problems. However, the IoT also introduces new challenges with respect to
bandwidth bottlenecks, cost, latency, especially in safety critical real-time systems. Edge
computing addresses some of these challenges by performing computations at the edge
nodes in order to reduce the overheads associated with data transmission.

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REFERENCES

[1] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320186118_Assessing_the_Potential
_of_IoT_in_Aerospace
[2] https://ec.europa.eu/growth/toolsdatabases/dem/monitor/sites/default/files/DT
M_Aeronautics%20-%20IoT%20Applications%20v1.pdf
[3] http://www.aerospace-mba.com/blog/making-sense-internet-things-aerospace-
sector/
[4] https://techspirited.com/pros-cons-of-internet-of-things-iot
[5] https://www.itproportal.com/features/how-iot-technologies-are-disrupting-the-
aerospace-and-defence-status-quo/
[6] https://www2.deloitte.com/nl/nl/pages/consumer-industrial-
products/articles/exploring-the-benefits-of-deploying-the-iot-in-aviation.html
[7] Global Market Forecast 2018-2037 – Airbus
[8] https://easn.net/ and https://easn.net/research-technology-areas/4/#60
[9] https://hbr.org/1988/05/the-house-of-quality
[10] Praveen Shrivastava “House of Quality: An Effective Approach to Achieve
Customer Satisfaction & Business Growth in Industries” International Journal
of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 5 Issue 9, September 2016. // pp-1365.
[11] http://blog.boschsi.com/categories/manufacturing/2015/02/first-
europeantestbed-for-the-industrial-internet-consortium/.
[12] https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronics
weekly.com%2Fnews%2Fethernet-goes-deterministic-for-iot-2016-
02%2F/.
[13] https://www.webchoiceonline.com.au/fundamental-characteristics-that-
makes-the-internet-of-things-what-it-is/.
[14] https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2016/01/12/the-7-cs-of-
the-internet-of-things/#3012831664d0.
[15] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8319163
[16] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7486327/authors#authors
[17] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918318180
[18] http://www.ijdesign.org/index.php/IJDesign/article/viewFile/3006/796

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