322 Tet Psychology Study Material PDF

www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.
com
KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379
TET-PAPER- II
et
Unit-1
i.N
fy;tp cstpay; - Educational Psychology
 fy;tp cstpaypd; je;ij - ng];lhy[p - Rtpl;rh;yhe;J - ehl;lth;.
 Object Centered Education (or) Things Centered Education - nghUs; ikaf; fy;tp
 ,th; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw - cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw (Observation Method)
 Father of Hypnotism – edtpyp = rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L
 Father of Modern (etPd) Psychology = rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L
la
 Father of Psycho – Analysis – (cs gFg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL) rpf;kz;L gpuha;L - tpad;dh ehl;ilr;
Nrh;e;jth;
 Psychology fpNuf;f nkhop
 Personality – Latin





Gastalt – n[h;kdp
Motivation – n[h;kdp
sa
Psychology – The Science of Soul – Md;khitg; gw;wpa mwptpay;
Psychology is the scientific investigation of behavior
William Mc Dougall – Hormic School of Psychology – `hh;kpf; gs;sp - Md;kPf gs;sp
da
 ,ay; G+f;fk; - mf Cf;fp (Self Motivation)
 William Mc Dougall → “Psychology is Positive Science” of conduct and behavior
 Psychology – Book – Gloeckel f16k; E}w;whz;L
 kdtpay; - cstpay; gw;wpa Kjy; E}y; - De Anima
 De Anima – Md;khtpd; ,ay;Gfs; - mhp];lhl;by; - fpNuf;f ehl;ilr; Nrh;ejth;
Pa
 Theory of Structuralism – tbtikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL - Titchner – nfd;ah

 Behaviour –Psychologist – cstpay; elj;ijg; gw;wp
 J.B. Watson –America – Father of Behaviour
 Skinner –America
 Theory Operant Conditioning (nray;gL Mf;f epiy epWj;jk;)
 ght;Nyh (u\;ah) Mf;f epiy epWj;jk;
w.
 nray;ghl;L Mf;fepiy epWj;jk; (or)(Instrumental Conditioning) (or) Experimental Conditioning –

fUtprhh; Mf;fepiy - Nrhjidrhh; Mf;fepiy
PSYCOLOGY – AUTHORS
 cstpaypd; je;ij - tpy;ypak; Tz;l;
ww
 etPd cstpaypd; je;ij - rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L

 fy;tp cstpaypd; je;ij -ng];lhy[p
 `hh;kpf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth; - tpy;ypak; kf;Lfy;
 ,ay;G+f;f nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth; .- kf;^fy;
 KOikf;fhl;rp Nfhl;ghL cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L -1912
kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 1
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2013/08/tet-study-materials-latest-schedules.html
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com

 csgFg;G Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath- gpuha;L
 jdpegh; cstpaiy cUthf;fpath; - Ml;yH
et
 gFg;G cstpaiy cUthf;fpath;fs; - A+q;
 kdpjNea cstpaiy cUthf;fpath;fs; - fhHy; Nuh[H];> kh];Nyh
 mikg;Gepiy Nfhl;ghL - Tz;l;> E.B. bl;rdH
i.N
 elj;ij nfhs;if Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - thl;rd;
 cstpay; ghpNrhjidfSf;F tpj;jpl;lth; - ntgH
 cs ,aw;gpay; E}iy ntspapl;lth; - ngl;r;dH
 cyfpd; Kjd;Kjypy; cstpay; Ma;tfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath; - Tz;l; (1879) ypg;rpf; efH
 Gs;spay; mbg;gilapy; jdpegh; NtWghLfis mstpl;lth; - fhy;ld;
 jdpegh; NtWghLfis mstpl;lth; - fhy;ld;> Nfl;ly;
la
 kUj;Jt cstpay; gw;wp $wpath; - nk];kH
 mwpthh;e;j cstpay; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - gpahN[
 Ez;zwpT Nrhjidfis cUthf;fpath; - My;gpul; gPNd
 fUtprhh; Mf;f epiyAWj;jk; gw;wp $wpath; - ];fpd;dH




sa
taJ te;NjhUf;fhd Ez;zwpT msTNfhis cUthf;fpath; - ntf;];yH
tpdh thpir Kiwia cUthf;fpath; - gpuhd;rp]; fhy;ld;
fhypf;fhf; FLk;gj;ij Muha;r;rp nra;jth; - fl;lhHL
mNahth gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l Nrhjid - xU fU ,ul;liaH
da
 r%f vjph;g;GfSld; $ba gy;NtW taJfSf;fhd tsh;r;rpapidf; Fwpf;Fk;
elj;ijfSk; nray;fSk; tsh;r;rprhh; nray;fs; vd;W $wpath; - n`tpf];l;
 vhpf;rdpd; tsh;r;rp epiyfs; - 8
 newprhuh mwpTiu gfh;jy; gw;wp $wpath; - fhHy; Nuh[H];
Pa
 ‘jw;fUj;J‛ vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; - nyf;fp

 $l;lhspg;gUtk; vd;gJ - gps;isg; gUtk;
 Fkug;gUtj;ij rpf;fyhd mikjpaw;w gUtk; vd;W $wpath; - ];lhd;yp `hy;
 njhopy; cstpay; tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpah; - ikaH];
 Md;khtpd; ,ay;Gfs; vd;w E}iy vOjpath; - mhp];lhby;
w.
 ‘i]f;fhy[p‛ vd;w ngaiu Kjd;Kjypy; jd; E}Yf;F mikj;jth; - FNshfy;

 ‘[Pf;];‛ FLk;gq;fis Muha;r;rp nra;jth; - lf;Nly;
 mdhij Foe;ijfis ey;y R+oypy; tsh;j;jNghJ mth;fsJ Ez;zwpT <T $baJ
vdf; $wpath; - ypg;ld;
ww
 ftdpj;jiy ngU%isapd; nrayhf fUjpath; - n`g;

 xU nghUis njspthf mwpa nra;ag;gLk; Kaw;rpNa ftdkhFk; vd;W $wpath; -
kf;^fy;
 ftd tPr;irg; gw;wp $wpath; - R.B. Nfl;ly;
 1809-y; ftdtPr;ir gspq;F fw;fs; %yk; Nrhjid nra;jth; - [hd;rd;
 [Pd; gpahN[ ve;j ehl;il Nrh;e;jth; - Rtpl;rHyhe;J

 rpe;jpj;jy; vd;gJ ekJ clypy; cs;s Ngr;Rf;fspy; mirT vd;W $wpath; - thl;rd;
 rpe;jpj;jy; vd;gJ nkhopAk; rpe;jpj;jYk; jdpahd ,uz;L NtWgl;l mbg;gilapypUe;J
et
vOfpwJ vd;W fUjpath; - itf;fhl;];fp
 rpe;jid vd;gJ ekf;Fs; vOk; Ngr;rhFk; vd;W $wpath; - thl;rd;
 Foe;ijfspd; njhlf;f epiyapy; mwpT tsh;r;rp njhlh;gpd;wp epfo;tjhFk; vd;w
i.N
fUj;ij $wpath; - gpahN[
 cyf nkhopfs; ahtw;Wf;Fk; nghJthf rpy gz;Gfs; cs;sd vd;W $wpath; -
Nrhk;];fp
 xt;nthU nkhopf;Fk; mbg;gilahf R+o;epiy mikg;G cz;L vd;W $wpath; -
Nrhk;];fp
 nkhopj;jpwd; tsh;r;rpapy; Kad;W jtwpf;fw;wy; eLtplk; ngWfpwJ vd;W$wpath; -
la
];fpd;dH
 Gjph; epiyia ‘fpis topepiy‛ vd;W $wpath; - [hd;âp
 r%f tsh;r;rp vd;gJ r%f njhlh;Gfspd; Kjph;r;rp vd;W $wpath; - n`Hyhf;
 kdpj kdntOr;rp ,ay;G+f;fq;fspypUe;J cUthfpd;wd vd;W $wpath; - kf;^fy;
khHf;nul; kPl; sa
 kdntOr;rp ntspghL vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpw;F rKjhak; NtWgLfpwJ vd;W$wpath; -
 rpdk;> mr;rk;> md;G ,it %d;Wk; mbg;gil kdntOr;rpahFk; vd;W $wpath; -

thl;rd;
da
 kdntOr;rp Ez;zwpT vd;Dk; fUj;ij jkJ Ma;Tfspd; %yk; gpugyg;gLj;jpath;fs;
- gPNd> thl;rd;
 kdntOr;rp vd;gJ Ez;zwptpy; mlq;fpait vd;W $wpath; - gPNd (nàpd;)
 Foe;ijfspd; xOf;f tsh;r;rpapy; 3 epiyfis Fwpg;gpl;lth; - Nfhy;gHf;
Pa
 ‘jw;fUj;J‛ vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ahuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - nyf;fp.

 newprhuh mwpTiu gfh;jy; %yk; ‘jw;fUj;J‛ gutyhdJ vd;W $wpath; - fhHy;
Nuh[H];
 tho;f;ifj; njhopy; xd;iw Njh;e;njLj;jypYk; jw;fUj;J Kf;fpa nry;thf;F
ngw;Ws;sJ vd;W $wpath; - nlhdhy;L
w.
 fw;wYf;F Xh; ce;Jjy; mtrpak; vd;W $wpath; - nkf;fdhy;

 ,ay;ghd elj;ijfSf;Fk; mit khw;wkiltjw;Fk; gpd;dzpahf Cf;fpfs;
mikfpd;wd vd;W $wpath; - Nfl;];
 ,izg;G Nfhl;ghl;il $wpath; - jhHz;ilf;
ww
 Mf;f epiyAWj;jk; gw;wp $wpath; - ght;Nyh

 nray;gL Mf;fepiyAWj;jk; gw;wp $wpath; - ];fpd;dH
 mwpTGy Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - Nfl;];
 Kad;W jtwpf;fw;wy; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - jhHz;ilf;
 vy;yh tifahd fw;wYk; xNu khjphpahdit my;y vd;W $wpath; - jhHz;ilf;
 fw;wy; vd;gJ mwpT rhh;e;j nray; vd;W $wpath;fs; - gpahN[> GUzH

 Kaiy ghh;j;J gag;gLk; Foe;ijia Fzkhf;Ftjpy; Mf;f epiyAWj;j fw;wy;
Kiwapid gad;gLj;jpath; - NkhpfhtH N[hd;];
et
 Foe;ijfSf;fhd Gyd; mDgtk; rhh;e;j jhNd fw;wy; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; -
khz;br;Nrhhp mk;ikahh;
 Kd;Ndhf;fp jilia Nrhjidapd; %yk; tpsf;fpath;fs;- MRngy;> mz;lh;Tl;
i.N
 gpd;Ndhf;F jil kwj;jy; epajpfis tpsf;fpath;fs; - Ky;yH> gpy;rf;fH
 csgFg;G Nfhl;ghl;bd; je;ij - rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L
 fw;gthpd; xU nraiy ghuhl;b ghpR je;jhy;> mth; mr;nraiy jpUk;g nra;thh; vd;W
$wpath; - ];fpd;dH
 `hh;thl;L gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ‘kdj;jpl;gq;fs;‛ vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lth; - fhHl;dH
 gd;Kf Ez;zwpT Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - fhHl;dH
la
 kdntOr;rp Ez;zwpT vd;gJ r%f Ez;zwptpd; cs;mq;fk; vd;W $wpath;fs; -
[hd;NkaH> gPl;lH rNyhNt
 Ez;zwpT <T vd;w xw;iw kjpg;gpidf; nfhz;L Ez;zwpit mstpl KbAk; vd;W
$wpath; - My;gpul;l gPNd
 FOfhuzp nfhs;ifia $wpath; - jH];ld; sa

 ,ul;il fhuzp Nfhl;ghl;il $wpath; - ];gpaHNkd;
 Ez;zwpT tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - H.E. Nful;

 1966-y; Ez;zwpT fl;likg;G vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il ntspapl;lth; - fpy;gHl;
da
 Ez;zwpit tsUk; kuj;jpw;F xg;gpl;lth;fs; - rphpy;gHl;> ntHzd;
 xUtd; ve;j mstpw;F fbdkhd nraiy nra;fpwhNdh> me;j mstpw;F Ez;zwpT
ngw;wpUg;ghd; vd;W $wpath; - rhk;bNghHL
 1944-k; Mz;L Ez;zwpT msTNfhiy ntspapl;lth; - ntf;];yH
Pa
 i]kd; Ez;zwpT msTNfhiy ntspapl;lth; - gPNd

 i]kd; Ez;zwpT msTNfhy; ve;j Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ - 1911
 Ez;zwpT <T tha;ghL kdtaJ 100
fhy taJ
 i]kd; Ez;zwpT msTNfhiy ,q;fpyhe;jpy; nkhopngah;j;J ntspapl;lth; -
w.
rphpy;gHl;
 kdj;jpwd; njhFjp Nrhjidia ntspapl;lth; -nlHkd;
 Ez;zwpT njhFjp Nrhjidia nra;jth; - Mb];
 Ez;zwpT Nrhjid 16 tajpy; KOikailtjhf $wpath;fs; - nkHypd;> nlh;kd;
ww
 kdr;NrhjidfSk; mstpLjYk; vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lth; - Nfl;ly;

 kdj;jpwd; njhFjp Nrhjidia nra;jth; - nlh;kd;
 Muk;gg;gs;sp khzth;fSf;F njhFjp Nrhjidia nra;jth;fs; - gpd;l;dH>
fhdpq;fhk;
 njhFjp Nrhjidia nra;jth;fs; - Fy;nkd;> Mz;lh;rd;
 Ngg;gh;> ngd;rpy; Nrhjid vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - nrhw;Nrhjid

 nraw;Nrhjidfspd; mLf;if cUthf;fpath; - buht;yH
 ghl;bah cUthf;fpa kpf gpugykhd Nrhjid - nraw;Nrhjid
et
 cUt mikg;G njhlh; Nrhjidfis cUthf;fpath; - Nutd;
 Ez;zwpT Nrhjidapd; je;ij - My;gpul; gPNd
 nghJf;fhuzp> rpwg;Gf;fhuzp vd;w nfhs;ifia $wpath; - ];gpaHNkd;
i.N
 kpd;dNrhl;lh Nrhjidia cUthf;fpath; - lhud;];
 xUtUila Ez;zwpT <it nghJj;jpwdpd; kjpg;gpid nfhz;L mstpl KbAk;
vd;W $wpath; - gPNd
 ,ul;ilf; fhuzp nfhs;if ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L - 1904.
 7 -16 taJ tiuapyhd Foe;ijfspd; Ez;zwpit mstpl;lth; - ntf;];yH
 mthTepiyia tiuaWj;jth; - nlk;Ngh
la
 milT+f;fk; gw;wp $wpath; - Nltpl; nkf;ypNyz;l;
 “Achieving Society” vd;w E}iy vOjpath; - Nltpl; nkf;ypNyz;l;
 milT Cf;fj;jpid tisak; tPRk; Nrhjid %yk; ep&gpj;jth; - ml;fpd;rd;
 milt+f;fk; gw;wp Kjd; Kjypy; fUj;ij ntspapl;lth; - ml;fpd;rd;


fpy;NghHl; sa
MSikahdJ xUtdJ jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gz;Gfspd; mikg;G vd;W $wpath; -
MSik tiuaiuapy; ahUila nfhs;ifia kpfTk; rpwe;jjhf vLj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ - My;NghHl;
da
 kdpjh;fis rpL%Q;rp> mO%Q;rp> rphpKfj;jhd; vd;W $wpath; - Nfyd;
 kdpjh;fis mfKfd;> GwKfd; vd;W $wpath; - A+q;
 jd;dyf;fhud;> Gul;rpahsd;> R+jhb Nghd;w MSikia ngw;wth;fs; vd;W $Wgth; -
Mf;];gHd;
Pa
 gFg;G cstpay; Nfhl;ghl;bid cUthf;fpath; - A+q;

 nghUswp ,ize;jwp Nrhjidia cUthf;fpath;;fs; - KHNu> khHfd;
 fl;Lg;ghlw;w ,ize;jwp Nrhjidia cUthf;fpath; - A+q;
 tpUg;g thpir Nrhjidia cUthf;fpath; - $lH
 njhopy;El;g fth;r;rpg; gl;baiy cUthf;fpath; - ];buhq;
w.
 ,irthd ehl;lNrhjidia cUthf;fpath; - rPNrhH

 kdeyk; vd;gJ xUtdJ MSikapy; epiwthd ,irthd nray;ghl;il Fwpf;Fk;
vd;W $wpath; - n`y;gPy;L
 topfhl;LjYf;F tiuaiu je;jth;fs; - MHjH J.N[hd;];> FNuh & FNuh
ww
 mwpTiu gfh;jYf;F tiuaiu nfhLj;j cstpay; mwpQh; - ikaH];> ];kpj; lhy;gHl;

 kiwKf mwpTiu gfh;jiy $wpath; - fhHy; Nuh[H];
 mwpTiu gfh;jypy; rkur Kiwia tiuaWj;jth; - F.C. jhHd;
 khzth;fs; tsh;r;rpf;F Njitahd gy;tif gzpfspd; njhFg;Ng fhl;Ljy; MFk;
vd;W $wpath; - N`ha;l;

 kdeyk; vd;gJ xUtdJ MSikapd; epiwthd ,irthd nray;ghl;il
Fwpg;gjhFk; vd;W $wpath; - n`l;gPy;L
et
 njhopy; Mh;t thpirg;gjpNtl;il cUthf;fpath; - $lH
 njhopy; Mh;t kdg;ghd;ik msTNfhis cUthf;fpath; - gpu];yp
 gbepiyj; Njit Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - kh];Nyh
i.N
 Kjd;ik fw;wy; tpjpfis cUthf;fpath; - jhHz;ilf;
 kwj;jy; Nrhjidia cUthf;fpath; - vgpq;fh];
 Fkug;gUtj;jpdUila gpur;ridia Muha;e;jth; - ];lhd;yp `hy;
 ghh;it jphpGfhl;rp gw;wp $wpath;fs; - Ky;yH> yaH
 kdg;ghd;ik msTNfhs; mstpLk; Kiwia cUthf;fpath;fs; - jH];ld;> ypf;fHl;
 xj;j$W Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - jhHz;ilf;
la
 Fwpf;Nfhs; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - Ngf;yp
 n[h;kdpapy; cs;s ypg;]pf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kjy; Ma;Tf;$lj;ij epWtpath; -
tpy;ypak;Tz;l;
 thh;j;ijfSf;F Kd;Ng nghUs; vd;w fUj;jpid cilath; - ng];lhy[p
sa
 tsh;r;rp MSikf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth;fs; - gpuha;L> Ml;yH> A+q;
 taJf;Nfw;w Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidia mikj;jth;fs; - gPNd> irkd;
 tbtikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath;. - bl;r;dh;
 tifg;ghL MSikf; nfhs;if $wpath;fs; - `pg;Nghf;iul;];> fpnul;r;kH> n\y;ld;.
da
 tifg;ghL mbg;gilf; $W MSikf; nfhs;if cUthf;fpath; - Ird;f;
 60 tajpdhpd; Ez;zwpit msf;Fk; Ez;zwpT msTNfhy; - ntf;];yH
 Fw;wk; GhpAk; ,ay;Gk; guk;giu gz;ghFk; vd;gij Muha;r;rp %yk; tpsf;fpath; .-
nkz;ly;
Pa
 Nkhpfth; N[hd;]; tpsf;fpa fw;wy; - Mf;fepiyAWj;jf; fw;wy;

 rhjid Cf;fpapd; fUj;jpid tpsf;fpath;fs; - lhHtpd;> nkf;ypnyz;l;> kh];Nyh
 kpd;dNrhlh vd;gJ -lhud;]; vd;gthpd; Mf;fjpwd; NrhjidahFk;.
 xUth; elj;ijg; gpwo;rpfs; vJTkpd;wp gpwNuhL ,ize;J thOk; jd;dpzf;fNk
kdeyk; vd;W $wpath;fs; - khHfd;> fpq;
w.
 cah; mwpthz;ikf; Foe;ijfspd; jpwikfis $wpath; - fhHy; Nuh[H];

 kdpjh;fspd; ,ay;Gfis tifg;gLj;jpath; - khHfd;
 kdeyk; gw;wp $wpath;fs; - A+q;> n`l;gPy;L> khHfd;- fpq;f;
 ghpNrhjid Kiwf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhff; $wg;gLk; Ma;T - nkz;ly; Ma;T
ww
 nrhw;Nrhjid cUthf;fpath; - ntf;];yH

 rpf;fy; jPhT
; Kiw gw;wp $wpath; - M];NghHd;
 ikj;jlr; Nrhjid $wpath; - NuhrhHf;
 Kjd; Kjypy; Mh;tj;jpd; epiy vDk; jj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; - nkf;ypnyz;l;
 KOikf;fhl;rp Nfhl;ghL vg;NghJ cjakhapw;W - 1917
 KOikfhl;rp Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - nf];lhy;L Nfhl;ghl;bdH

 Cf;Ftpj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - kh];Nyh
 khdpl cstpay; gw;wp $wpath; - kh];Nyh> fhHy;Nuh[H];
et
 kdg;ghd;ik mstpLk; Kiwia cUthf;fpath;fs; - jH];ld;> ypf;fHl;
 kwjp tisT ghpNrhjidia mspj;jth; - vgpq;fh];
 kwj;jYf;fhd Nrhjidia elj;jpath; - vgpq;fh];.
i.N
 kwj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - ghHl;yl;.
 kUj;Jt cstpay; Kiwfis cUthf;fpath- nk];kH
 kugpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lth; - fhy;ld;> fl;lhHL
 nghJik gLj;Jjy; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - [l;
 Guhn[f;g; Kiwia Mjhpj;jth; - [hd;âp.
 gd;Kf Ez;zwpT Nfhl;ghL je;jth; - n`hyHL> fhHld;
la
 Ez;zwpT vd;w nrhy;;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath; - rprNuh.
 gbepiy Njit Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - kh];Nyh.
 gbepiy fw;wy; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - fhf;Nd.
 gFg;G cstpaiy Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - fhHy; A+q;.




sa
jpl;lkpl;L fw;wy; Kiwia cUthf;fpath; - ];fpd;dH.
elj;ijapay; thjpfs; - thl;rd;> Nlhy;Nkd;> ];fpd;dH> n`g;.
‘lhrp];lh];Nfhg;‛gpid tbtikj;jth; -R.B. Nfl;ly;.
rhjid Cf;f nfhs;ifia $wpath; - nkf;ypnyz;l;
da
 FkugUtk; xU rpf;fyhd gUtk; vdf; $wpath; - ];lhd;yp `hy;
 Foe;ijfspd; mwpT tsh;r;rp gw;wp Ma;e;jth; - gpahN[
 ‘fdTfs; Ma;T‛ vDk; E}iy ntspapl;lth; - gpuha;L
 cstpay; ghpNrhjidf;F tpj;jpl;lth; - E.H. ntgH
Pa
 ce;jf; Fiwg;Gf; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - n`y;

 cs ,aw;gpay; gw;wp $wpath; - ngl;rdH
 ‘cs ,aw;gpay;‛ E}ypid vOjpath; - G.T. ngl;rdH.
 cstpay; vd;gJ kdJ gw;wpaJ vd;wth; - fhd;l;.
 cstpay; vd;gJ kd mwptpay; my;y vd;wth; - thl;rd;.
w.
 cstpay; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; edtw;w epiyNa vd;wth; - rpf;kz;l;> gpuha;L.

 Mf;f epiyg;gl;lkwptpidfs; gw;wpa Nrhjid nra;jth; - ght;Nyh.
 rpW Foe;ijfspd; elj;ij gw;wpa Muha;r;rp nra;jth; - thl;rd;.
 ‘kdtpay; E}y;‛ xd;wpy; %is> euk;G njhFjp gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis Kjd; Kjypy;
ww
,izj;jth; - mnyf;rhz;lH ngapd;.

 jirf;fiyg;G gw;wp Nrhjidia nra;jth;fs; - khN]h> fpnugypd;
 Foe;ijfsJ tpisahl;L gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;jth;fs; - \pHyp> thd; My;];ild;.
 tpdhthpir Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; kdtpay; Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gLj;jpath; - fhy;ld;
 nray;njhlh; Muha;r;rpfis Kjypy; typAWj;jpath; - ];bgd; M.Nfhhp.
 ‘Mf;fepiyg;gly;‛ vDk; fUj;J Kjd; Kjypy; ahuhy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ - ght;Nyh

 Fotpg;gUtj;jpYk; Kd; gps;isg; gUtj;jpYk; kdntOr;rpfspy; Xh; ,UKf
Nghf;Fepiy Njhd;WfpwJ vd;W $wpath; - gpuha;L
et
 ‘Theory of cognitive dissonance‛ vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - ng];bq;fH
 gpwg;G Kjy; KjpHr;rp tiu r%f nghUj;jg;ghl;bw;fhd elj;ij jsq;fis
cUthf;fpatH- ^y;
 Maj;jf; nfhs;ifia Kjd; Kjypy; vLj;Jf; $wpatH - nky; gpuhd;R
i.N
 Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik Foe;ijfs; tpisahl;bd; mbg;gil vd;wtH - kf;Lfy;
 Maj;jf; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd Gduhf;f nfhs;ifia ( Recapitulatory Theory ) vLj;Jf;
$wpa mnkhpf;f kdtpay; mwpQH - ];lhd;yp`hy;
 ‘tpisahl;L Kiw‛ vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpatH - fhy;Lnty;Ff;
 fy;tpay; tpisahl;L vd;gJ ‘Foe;ijikaf; fy;tpapd; NeHgadhFk;‛ vd;wtH - [hd;
Mlk;];
la
 kdntOr;rpfs; %d;W ghpkhzq;fspy; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;W $wpatH -
\hy;];ngHf;
 xU ehapd; %isf;Fk; jz;Ltlj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHig ePff ; p Nrhjid nra;jtH -
n\hpq;ld;
sa
 xU G+idapd; jhdpaq;F euk;G kz;ly;jpd; ]pk;gjl;bf; gphpit ntlb Nrhjid
nra;jtH- Nfdd;
 ,sk; Foe;ijfspd; kdntOr;rp ghFglhj fpsHr;rpahf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; $wpatH -
gphpl;[];
 vk;khztidAk; Nkhrkhdtd; vd;W MrphpaH Gwf;fzpf;ff; $lhJ vd
da
typAWj;jpatH - gpu];fhl;
 tpyq;Ffsplk; fhzg;gLk; ,ay;G+f;fq;fSf;Fk;> mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifAs;s
,ay;G+f;fq;fs; kdpjdplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd - tpy;ypak; N[k;];.
 jw;fhy nra;jp Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ftdpj;jiy tpsf;f Kw;gl;ltH -
gpuhl;ngd;l;
Pa
 Ez;zwpTld; ,izg;G vd;gJ xU njspthd Gyd; fhl;rpahFk; vdf; $wpatH -

iyg;dpl;rpd;
 Gjpajw;Fk;> gioajw;Fk; ,ilntspia FWf;fp> ,uz;ilAk; ,izar; nra;tJ
ftdNkahFk; vd;wtH - `hHd;
 ‘fhiy czT tpdh thpir‛ vd;w E}iy vOjpatH - fhy;ld;
w.
 Conceptual learning and Development vd;w fUj;ijf; $wpatH - fpsT]; NkaH

 nghJikf; fUj;Jf;fis fw;gpj;jYf;fhd rpy cj;jpfis $wpatH - Bnrf;Nfh
 fUj;Jg;glk; fw;gpj;jypy; ‘tp‛ tbtg;glk; vd;w xU Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH -
nfhtpd;
 n[dpth efuj;jpy; Foe;ijfisg; gw;wp Muha;r;rp fofj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH -
ww
gpahN[
 nrhw;fspd; nghUs;fis %d;W ghpkhzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gplyhk; vdf;
fUjpatH - M];Fl;
 nkhopj;jpwd; tsH;r;rpapy; Kad;W jtwpf;fw;wy;> eLtplk; ngWfpwnjd;Wk; $wpatH -
];fpd;dH
 gpur;ridf;F jPHT vOjypy; Ie;J fl;lq;fis Fwpg;gpl;ltH - FHl; gp\H

 ‘gof;fq;fis ngwhj gof;fj;ijNa rpWtH rpWkpaH Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;‛
vd;W $wpa fy;tp ty;YeH - &Nrh
et
 jPa my;yJ jtwhd gof;fq;fis mfw;w iel;ld;nyg; vd;gtH xU GJ Kiwia
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH
 ‘ghuil]; yh];l;‛ vd;w ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Kjy; Gj;jfj;ij vOjpatH - kpy;ld;
 khzhf;fHfsplk; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfis> elj;ij gpur;ridfs;> MSik
i.N
gpur;ridfs; vd ,U tifg;gLj;jpatH - Y}ld; MfH]d;
 fw;gpj;jy; ,yf;Ffis tifg;gLj;jpatH - G@k;
 fl;ilf; Nfhyr; Nrhjid vd;gJ ahUilaJ - Nfh
 fy;tp njhopy; El;gk; fy;tp tuyhw;wpy; ehd;fhtJ njhopw;Gul;rpahFk; vdf; $wpatH
- vhpf; M];gp
,e;jpaf; fy;tp rpe;jidahsh;fs;
jh$h; - (1861 - 1941)
la
 jh$h; 1861-k; Mz;L Nk khjk; fy;fj;jhtpy; gpwe;jhh;.
 1901-y; fy;fj;jhtpy; Ngy;G+hpy; rhe;jp epNfjd; Mrpukk; njhlq;fpdhh;.
 fPjhQ;ryp vd;w ftpij njhFg;ig vOjpath;




sa
fPjhQryp ftpij njhFg;gpw;fhf 1913-k; Mz;by; jh$Uf;F Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1914-y; D. Lit., vd;w nfsutg; gl;lk; ngw;whh;.
1915-y; [hypad; thyhghf gLnfhiyiaf; fz;bj;J iel;Tl; (Knight wood) gl;lj;ij jpUg;gp
mspj;jhh;.
1901-y; Njhd;wpa rhe;jpepNfjd; ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dh; 1921 -y; tp];tghujp
da
gy;fiyf;fofkhf kyh;e;jJ
 rhe;jp epNefjd; vd;gjd; nghUs; mikjp jtOk; ,lk;
 thdj;jpy; gl;lk; Rje;jpukhfg; gwg;gJ Nghy Foe;ijfSf;F KOikahd Rje;jpuk; mtrpak;
vdf; $Wthh;
 ‚mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; ,we;j nghUs;fis itj;jpUg;gJ Nghy; Foe;ijfis tFg;giwapy;
Pa
cl;fhu itj;J G+f;fspd; Nky; Gay;tPRtJNghy ghlq;fisf; Foe;ijfspd; Nky; jpzpg;gJ

jtph;f;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;‛ vd;ghh; jh$h;
 vhpe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; tpsf;Nf kw;nwhU tpsf;fpid Vw;w ,aYk;‛ vd jh$h; $Wthh;.
 jh$h; xU ,aw;if nfhs;ifthjp (Naturalist) kw;Wk; ajhh;jj ; thjp (Realist) Mthh;.
 ‚FUNjth;‛ vd;W fhe;jpahy; milf;fg;gl;lth;
 ,aw;if flTspd; ifnaOj;J (Nature is manuscript of God) ,aw;ifia ghJfhg;gjpd; topNa
w.
flTis mila Kbak; vd jh$h; fUJfpwhh;.

 jh$h; xU etPd ,e;jpaj; Jwtp Mthh;
 jw;nghOJ tp];tghujp gd;dhl;Lg; gy;fiyf; fofk; kj;jpa murpd; Neub guhkhpg;gpy;
,aq;FfpwJ.
 ‚FUNjth;‛ vd;W fhe;jpahy; miof;fg;gl;lth;
ww
 jh$h; ‚fPo;jj; pirapd; &Nrh‛ vd;wiof;fgLfpwhh;
 rhe;jp epNfjd; vd;gJ mikjpahd ciwtplk; (Abode of peace) vd;gjhFk;.

 rhe;jp epNfjd; gs;sp> gy;fiyf; fofk;> fpuhk rPuikg;G gapw;rp> epiyak; Mfpa %d;Wk; tp];t
ghujpapd; Kg;ngUk; mq;fq;fs; MFk;.
et
 fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
i.N
1. cly; tsh;r;rp
2. mwpT tsh;r;rp
3. xOf;f - Md;kf P tsh;r;rp
4. r%f tsh;r;rp gd;dhl;L rpe;jidAk;
5. jh$h; cyf rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jpdhh;
6. Motto of Vishwa Bharathi University - “Simple Living and High Thinking”
7. fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; r%fk; Kjph;r;rp miltjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhh;.
la
jh$hpd; fy;tpr; rpj;jhe;jk; : -
 Rje;jpuk;
 Mf;Fikj;jpwd; ntspg;ghL (Creative - Self expression)
 gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f Ra ntspaPL
 ,ize;j gz;ghL (Integrated Culture)
 ,aw;ifAlDk; kdpjDldk; ey;YwT
 cyf rNfhjuj;Jtk; (Internationalism)
sa
da
jh$hpd; fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWgit:
 rpRgtd; - Kinder Garden School
 ghj;gtd; - Primary School
 rpf;\hgtd; - Middle School
 tpj;ahgtd; - Higher Secondary School
Pa
 tpidagtd; - Teacher Training Institute

 fyhgtd; - ifj;njhopy; Ez;fiy
 rq;fPj; gtd; - ,irg; gs;sp
 ,utPe;jpu gtd; - jh$h; gw;wpa Ma;T
‚A lamp can enlight another lamp if it is continuously burn”
w.
 ,tuJ fy;tp Kiwapy; jz;lid ,y;iy> ,Ug;gpdk; jtW nra;gtUf;F Democracy Kiwapy;
jz;lid.
 Rje;jpuk; mspj;jhy;jhd; Ra ntspg;ghL Njhd;Wk; Self - Creation
 tp];tghujp Motto - Where the world become the.
 jh$hpd; rhe;jp epNfjd; cyfj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;l ghpR vd;W $wpath; - fhe;jp
ww
 Sri Niketan - Nehf;fk; - for the welfare and upliftment of poor

 ,aw;if Xh; Gj;jfk; (Nature is a Book) vd;W $wpath; - jh$h;
 gs;spapy; khzth;fs; ,Ug;gJ mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; cs;s ,we;j nghUl;fSf;Fr; rkk; vd;W
$wpath; - jh$h;
rhe;jp epNfjd; - 1 - 12 Std
 tp];tghujp gy;fiyf; fofk; - University

= epNfjd; - fpuhk rPuikg;G
Truth
et
 jh$h; rpe;jid
Beauty
 Creative self expression (gilg;ghw;wYld; jd;id ntspg;gLj;Jjy;)
 Mrphpaiu Friend / Philosopher vd;W $wpath; - jh$h;
i.N
 Foe;ijaplk; ,uf;fkpy;yhj Mrphpah;> Mrphpah; njhopYf;F jFjpaw;wth; vd;W $wpath; -
jh$h;
 kdpjDf;f nra;Ak; Nrit> ,iwtDf;F Mw;Wk; Nrit vd;W $wpath; - jh$h;
 cly;> cs;sk;> rpe;jid %d;iwak; xUq;fpidg;gJjhd; fy;tp vd;W $wpath; - jh$h;
 tp];tghujp gy;fiyf;fofj;ij eph;tfpg;gJ - kj;jpa muR
lhf;lh;. khz;br;Nrhhp
la
(njhLjy; fy;tp -Sense Experience)
 ,j;jhyp ehl;L ngz; fy;tpahsh;. ,th; xU kUj;Jth; Mthh;
 &Nrh> ng];lhy[p ,th;fshy; <h;f;fg;gl;lth;
 1940 - 52 tiu ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif Ghpe;jhh;.
 Foe;ijfs; fy;tpapy; gpdjq;fpapUg;gjw;F fhuzk; Gyr;Nrhh;Nt
praimary teacher mspj;jhh;. sa

 1940-y; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;J 12 Mz;Lfs; gs;sp Mrphpah;fSf;F Inservice training for pre
 ,tUila fy;tp Kiw mwptpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

 ,f;fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrphpah; ,af;Feh; (Directors) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;
da
 khz;br;Nrhhp mk;ikahh; ke;j Gj;jpAs;s Foe;ijfis Muha;e;J ghyh;fy;tp (Pre-School) %yk;
Gyg;gapw;rpAk; (Sensory Training) jir ,af;fg; gapw;rpAk; (Muscular Co-ordination Training)>
jUtjhy; ,f;FiwapypUe;J tpLjiy ngwKbAk; vd;whh;
 Children School - jw;Nghija ngah; - Case di Bamini
 fw;gpj;jy; fUtp - Didatic apparetos
Pa
for mentally retarded - 2%

 gpio jPhf ; ;Fk; fUtp
for normal children - both
for self learning - and correction of errors
 Foe;ijfspd; kdr;Nrhh;tpw;Ff; fhuzk; Gyr; Nrhh;Nt
 No reward &Punishment
w.
 Isolation (jdpikg;gLj;Jjy;)
 Play Way Method - GNuhngy;
 Play way Method 1st discovered by - fhh;Lnty; Ff;
 Writing before reading
 Foe;ijfs; Gj;jfj;jpid gapy;tijtpl nghUl;fis njhl;L czh;e;J gapy;tJ rpwe;jJ
ww
 Sense organ are gateway knowledge - Senseorgan

 Gyd; cWg;Gfs; mwptpd; Eiothapy;fs;
 kd tsh;r;rpf; Fd;Wjy; (Mental defiency) mbg;gilapy; fy;tp rhh;e;j gpur;ridfis
Muha;e;jth; ,th;.
 ,th; 1907-y; Foe;ijfs; ,y;yk; (Children’s House) vd;w Kjy; gs;spia Jtf;fpdhh;.
 ,th; njhLjy; fy;tpia (Education by touch) mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;

 khz;br;Nrhhpf; fy;tp Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,it Didactic apparatus
(blhf;bf; fUtpfs;) vdg;gl;ld.
et
 ,e;j illhbf; fUtp (Didactic apparatus) Ra fw;wYf;fhdit. jtWfis jhNk
jpU;jjpf;nfhs;Sk; tifapyhdit. ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
Books:
 1. Discovery of child hood
i.N
 2. Children House
 3. Education of New world
 4. The child place and Education
 5. The secret of Education
 6. Child Training
 7. Reconstruction of Education
 8. The Montessori Method
la
 9. The advanced Montessory Method
fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; (Principles of Education:)
1. jdpegh; tsh;r;rp (Individuality)
2. Gyg; gapw;rp (Sensory training)
3. Ra fw;wy; (Self Education)
sa
4. Education for life and intellectual AIM - khz;br;Nrhhp
5. Home is the best educational institution - khz;br;Nrhhp
A.S. ePy;
da
 A.S. ePy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpwe;jth;
 Kw;Nghf;Fg; gs;spia (Summer Hill School) ,q;fpyhe;jpy; iy];ld; vd;Dkplj;jpy; epWtpdhh;.
 1922 -y; Kw;Nghf;Fg; gs;spia epWtp jiyikahrphpauhf gzpahw;wpdhh;
 ,g;gs;sp gpur;ridf;Fhpa Foe;ijfSf;fhf (Problematic Children) epWtg;gl;lJ.
 ,g;gs;spapy; FbauR Kiwia (fw;wypy; KO Rje;jpuk;) gpd;gw;wpaJ.
Pa
 ,J xU Rahl;rp FbauR gs;spf;fhf Foe;ijfs; my;y> Foe;ijfSf;fhf gs;sp

elj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;W $wpath; - A.S ePy;
 Mrphpahf;s Kjy;thf;s> %j;j Fbkf;fs; Mdhy; khzth;fs; cz;ikahd Fbkf;fs;.
 rl;ljpl;lk;> eph;thfk;> ePjpj;Jiw khzth;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wdh;.
 gpujkh;> ke;jphfs; khath;fSf;Fs;NsNa Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpdwdh;
w.
 jtW nra;Ak; khzth;fSf;F xl;nlLg;gpd; %yk; rdpf;fpoik jPhg ; ;G toq;fg;gLk;.

 Mrphpah; khzth;fspd; Xl;nlLg;gpy; rkgq;F jz;lidf;F gjpy; Cf;Ftpj;jiy jUjy;>
tsikg;gLj;Jjy;
 A.S. ePy; vd;w Mq;fpyf; fy;tpahsh;. 1922-y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cyfpy; Kjy; Nfhilkiyg; gs;spia
epWtpdhh;.
 khzth;fspd; tFg;giw Rje;jpuj;ij Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpj; Njhd;wpa gs;spNa Nfhil
ww
kiyg;gs;sp (Summer Hill School) vdg;gLk;.

 ,g;gs;spapd; Nehf;fk; ‚fw;wypy; Foe;ijf;F KO Rje;jpuk; jUjy;‛ vd;gjhFk;.
 ,g;gs;sp xU jd;dhl;rpg;gs;sp> mdij;Jr; nray;fSk; [dehaf Kiwapy; ,q;F
,aq;Ffpd;wd.
A.S. ePypd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; eilKiwfSk;:

 njhopy; rhh;e;j tho;f;if - gad;kpf;f ghlq;fis fw;wy;
 tPl;L xg;gilg;Gfs;> Njh;Tfs;> fl;lha ghlq;fs;> kjpg;ngz; gl;bay; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ,lkpy;iy.
et
 VNjh xU ghlj;jpy; KJfiy gl;lkhd M.A., ngWtijtpl fhl;GWk; ,Urf;fu thfdj;ij
gOJghh;f;Fk; ,ae;jpu nghwpahsh; MtNj Nky; vd;whh;.
 tFg;giw Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 fzpjj;ij fw;w xUtdhy; ve;j nraiyAk; nra;a KbahJ vd;gJ ,tUila fUj;J (A.S ePy;)
i.N
 fzpjj;ij fw;w xUtdhy; ve;j nraiyAk; nra;aKbAk; vd;gJ GSl;Nlhtpd; fUj;J.
Book :
1. Summer Hill (Nfhil kiyg;gs;sp)
2. A radial approach in child learning
3. ,th; Mrphpaiu %j;j Fbkf;fs; vd mioj;jhh;
[hd; âp (1859 -1952) (gadsT nfhs;ifapd je;ij)


la
gpwg;G - 1859> ,th; mnkhpf;f ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;.
 ,tUila topfhl;b lhh;tpd;> tpy;ypak; N[k;];.
 ,th; Kw;Nghf;F fy;tpf;F tpj;jpl;lth;
 ,tuJ nfhs;if gadsit nfhs;if (Pragmatism)




Pragmatism vd;gJ rpf;fiyj; jPhf
fisjy;.
Pragmatism discovered by rhh;y]; Gah;]; sa
; ;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik my;yJ ghpNrhjid Kiw %yk; Fiwfis
Pragmatism eilKiwg;gLj;jpath; - tpy;ypak; N[k;];

gadsTf; nfhs;if - lhh;tpdpd; ghpzhkf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jJ.
da
 ,th; 1896-y; Nrhjidg;gs;spia (Experimental School) rpfhNfhtpy; njhlq;fpdhh;
 ,tuJ fiyj;jpl;lk; mDgt hPjahd (Experimental curriculum) fiyj;jpl;lk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fy;tp vd;gJ mDgtq;fis tbtikj;jyhFk;.
 School is a small miniature.
Pa
 ehd; fw;Nwd; vd;gijtpl mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Nwd; vd;gNj rpwe;j fy;tp.

 kdpjd; r%f khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g jd;id khw;wpf;nfhs;tNj fy;tp.
 fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; Foe;ijia vjph;fhy tho;tpw;F jahh; nra;tJ my;y; epfo;fhy tho;tpw;F
jahh; nra;jy;.
 ,tuJ fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs; Democracy and Education vd;Dk; E}ypy; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
w.
 ‚gaDs;s tho;Tf;F (Pragmatic life) khztiuj; jahh; nra;tNj fy;tp‛ vd;gNj âp toq;fpa
GJikahd fy;tp fUj;jhFk;.
 [hd; âp -d; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw nray; jpl;l Kiw (Project method) MFk;.
gz;Gfs;:
 Foe;ij ika mZFKiw> nray;top fw;wy;> fz;lwpa fw;wy;> Rje;jpuk;.
ww
 [hd;âp fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g Foe;ijapd; kdtsh;r;rpia %d;W epiyfshf gphpj;Js;shh;.

 4 - 8 taJ tiu tpisahl;Lg; gUtk;.
 8 - 12 taJ tiu jhdhf ftdpf;Fk; gUtk;.
 12-f;F Nky; ftdpj;jiy gpujpgypf;Fk; gUtk;.
 fpy;Ngl;hpf; vd;gth; [hd; âpd; khzth;
 Project Method - fz;lwpe;jth; - fpy;Ngl;hpf;

 Project Method - Kiwia gpugykhf;fpath; [hd; âp.
 Project Method - Kiw vd;gJ Learning by doing
et
 kdpjDila mwpT epiyadjy;y> khwf;$baJ
 kdpjDk; rKjhaKk; xU mikg;gpd; ,U gFjpfs;
 [hd;âp Mrphpaiu cfe;j #oiy cUthf;Fgth; (Facilitator) topfhl;b (Guide) vd mioj;jhh;.
Books:
i.N
1. The School and the Society (gs;spAk; rKjhaKk;)
2. The School and the Child (gs;spAk; Foe;ijAk;)
3. The School of tomorrow (ehisa gs;sp)
4. Democracy and education (kf;fshl;rpAk; fy;tpAk;)
5. Freedom and culture and Interest and Effort in education (Rje;jpuKk; ehfhPfKk;)
6. Education today (,d;iwa fy;tp)
7. Child and Curriculum(Foe;ijAk; fiyj;jpl;lKk;)
la
8. Logic of Theory of Inquiry
Nkiy ehl;Lf; fy;tp rpe;jidahsh;fs;:

&Nrh:
 ,th; Foe;ij ikaf; fy;tpapd; je;ij Mthh;.

 Ideal Man vd;w fUj;ij Kjypy; $wpath;.
sa
 1712-k; Mz;L n[dpthtpy; gpwe;J gpuhd;rpy; tho;e;jth;.
 ,tUila fy;tp Foe;ijika fy;tp (Child centered education) MFk;.
 ,th; ,aw;ifthjp> r%f tpNuhjp vd miof;fg;gl;lth;.

da
 Negative Education 6 - 12 taJ tiu
 Positive Education vd;gJ without Book
 Preventive Education – njhlf;ff;fy;tp
 &Nrhtpd; jj;Jtk; ,aw;if Nfhl;ghL vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j fy;tpia Foe;ijfSf;F mspf;fNtz;Lk; vd $wpdhh;.
Pa
 ,th; etPd fy;tpf;F mbj;jskpl;lth;

 ,th; Xh; murpay;> fy;tp rpe;jidahsh;
 ,tuJ murpay; rpe;jidfs; Social Contact vd;dk; E}ypy; tpthpj;Js;shh;.
 ,tuJ fy;tp rpe;jidfis vkPy; (Emile) vd;Dk; E}ypy; tpthpj;Js;shh;.
 vkPy; vd;Dk; E}ypy; ‘vkPy; vd;Dk; fw;gid Foe;ijf;F vj;jifa fy;tp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
w.
vd;Wk;. Nrhgp (Sophie) vd;Dk; fw;gidg; ngz; Foe;ijf;F vj;jifa fy;tp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; tpthpj;Js;shh;.
 ‘,aw;ifapd; gilg;gpy; midj;Jk; ed;whfNt cs;sJ MapDk; kdpjd; ifg;gl;lJk; vy;yhk;
rPuopf;fg;gLfpwJ’ vd;whh; &Nrh.
 ‚kdpjd; gpwf;Fk;NghJ Rje;jpukhfNt gpwf;fpd;whd; gpd;dh; vg;NghJk; mbikj;jdj;jpNyNa
ww
tho;e;J kbfpwhd;’ vd;whh; &Nrh.

 ‘Foe;ijia jdpahf tsutpLq;fs; mtd; ,aw;if #oypy; tsUl;Lk;’ vd;whh; &Nrh.
 ‘rKfk; vd;gJ xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisNt. nraw;if jdkhdJ ,aw;f;iff;F xt;thj Vw;ghL‛
vd;W $wpdhh; &Nrh.
&Nrh fw;gpj;j fy;tp Kiwfs;:

 Ra mDgtk;> cw;WNehf;fy;> nra;J fw;wy;

 ‘vkpyp’ fy;tpKiwia Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath;.
 ‘vkpyp’ vd;gJ fw;gidf; Foe;ijahFk;.
et
 ‚Nrhgp‛ vd;gJ fw;gid ngz;Foe;ij
 vkpypapy; 5 ghfq;fs; cs;sd.
 vkpyp Gj;jfk; 1762 -y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 1 - 4 ghfk; fw;gid Foe;ijg; gw;wpaJ.
i.N
 5 tJ ghfk; fw;gid ngz;Foe;ijiag; gw;wpaJ
 Kjy; ghfk; Foe;ijg; gUk; 1-5 Years
 ,uz;lhtJ ghfk; Foe;ijg; gUtk; 6-12 Years
 %d;whtJ ghfk; Kd;Fkug; gUtk; 13-15 Years
 ehd;fhtJ ghfk; 16 20 Years
 ,aw;if nfhs;iffspd; $Wfs;: ,aw;if epiy> ,aw;if kdpjd;> ,aw;if ehfhPfk;
 vd;Dila kUe;Jg;ngl;b
la
 ngz;fy;tp gw;wp Kjypy; $wpath; &Nrh.
&Nrhtpd; rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs;
 ,aw;ifapd; gilg;gpy; midj;Jk; ed;whfNt cs;sJ. Mdhy; kdpjd; ifg;gl;lJk;
rPhF
; iye;J tpLfpwJ.
sa
 kdpjd; ,aw;ifahf gpwf;fpwhd; Mdhy; r%fk; vd;w rq;fpypahy; fl;lg;gLfpwhd;
 vd;Dila Jd;gq;fspy; Kjy; Jd;gk; ehd; gpwe;jJjhd;
 xU ngz; fy;tp mwpT ngw;why; FLk;gNk fy;tp mwpT ngWk; (&Nrh - fhe;jp)
 Foe;ijia ,aw;ifaplk; tpl;LtpLq;fs; mJ Foe;ij Mrphpauhf khwp fw;gpf;Fk; - &Nrh
da
 Foe;ij vdk; gj;jfj;jpd; xt;nthU gf;fj;ijAk; Mrphpah; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
 fy;tp kdE}Yf;F tpj;jpl;lth; &Nrh
&Nrh vOjpa E}y;fs;:
 The progress arts and science - 1750
 kf;fspilNa rkj;Jtj;jpd; Njhw;wk; - 1753
Pa
 r%f xg;ge;jk; - 1762

 vkpyp - 1762 Nk 21
 vkpyp vhpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1762 - [Pd; 11
 Letter from the mountain

 Foe;ij xU nja;tPfg;gpwtp
w.
 &Nrh Mrphpia Pace setter (or) Stage setter (or) Observer vd mioj;jhh;.
GNuhngy;:
 ,th; 1782-y; n[h;kdpy; gpwe;jhh;.
 ,th; fUj;jpay;thjp (Idealism) Mthh;.
ww
 ,th; Father of Kinder garder vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

 ‘Rakhf nra;J fw;wy;’ Kiwapy; gs;spia epWtpdh; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il njhlq;fpdhh;.
 Pre-primary Education - 3-7 Years
 Kinder garden jj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd;Dk; nrhy;iy gad;gLj;jpath; - My;fhNyhb
 gpwg;G - 1782
 ,wg;G - 1852

 1852 – Come let us life for our children – fy;yiw thrfk;
 1837 -y; n[h;kdpapy; Bladen Burry vd;Dkplj;jpy; Kinder garden gs;spia Jtf;fpdhh;.
et
 Kinder garden gs;spapy; Only lady teachers.
 Mrphpah; - Gardener – Njhl;lf;fhuh;
 Foe;ijfis Plant –Tld; xg;gpl;lhh;.
 ‘tpisahl;L topf;fw;wiy‛ (Play way method of learning) gpugyg;gLj;jpath; GNuhngy; Mthh;.
i.N
 fy;tp vd;gJ cs;sj;jpdpd;Wk; ,aw;ifahf vOk; tsh;r;rp MFk;.
 GNuhngy; - Rakhf nra;J fw;wy; jj;Jtj;ij typAwj;jpdhh;. Self learning by doing
 GNuhngy; - kdpjd;> ,aw;if> flTs; ,it %d;iwAk; ,izg;gJjhd; fy;tp vdf; $wpdhh;.
 Foe;ijf;fy;tpf;F kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je; j Kjy; fy;tpahsh; - GNuhngy;
 ‘Ra nray;fspd; top jd;diawpjNy fy;tp‛ vdf;$wpath; GNuhngy;
 Gift vd;gJ tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;> Occupation vd;gJ tpisahl;L nghUl;fs; nfhz;L
Foe;ijfs; nra;Ak; nray;fs;.
la
 GNuhngy;ypd; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw progressive system
 nghpath;fSf;F gzp Kf;fpak; vd;gJNghy Foe;ijfSf;F tpisahl;L Kf;fpak;.
 khzth;fis ,aw;ifAld; mikjpahd el;GwT nfhs;s nra;tNj fy;tp
 Gift, Occupation – perception (Gyd; fhl;rp)


1.
2.
Gyd; fhl;rp & njhF Gy gapw;rp
1st Gift
Soft bal
Sphere
sa
da
3. Cubes
4. Cyliner
 GNuhngy; KOik fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapy; (absolute Idealism) ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;.
 ,th; typAWj;jpa 2 fUj;Jf;fs;
1. Ntw;Wkiapy; xw;Wik (Unity of Diversity)
Pa
2. tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghL (Theory of Developments)

 fpz;lh; fhh;ldpd; %d;W Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 1. Rakhd nray; (Self activity)
 2. gilg;ghw;wy; (Creativity)
 3. r%f gq;Nfw;G (Social participation)
 “Jack and Jill” vd;w ghliy vOjpath; GNuhngy;.
w.
 GNuhngy; vOjpa fy;tpgw;wpa E}y;fs;

1. The Education of Man
2. Pedagogies of Kindergarden
3. Mother plays and Nursery Rhymes
4. Education of Development
ww
fhe;jp[p - Mjhuf; fy;tp (1869 - 1948)

 1869 mf;Nlhgh; 2-y; Nghh;ge;jh; vd;Dkplj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
 ,tuJ Nfhl;ghLfs; - cz;ik> m`pk;ir> md;G
 thh;jh (F[uhj;) vd;Dkplj;jpy; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; gs;spiaj; Jtf;fp elj;jpdhh;.
 Mjhuf;fy;tp> thh;jh jpl;lk; (1937) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

 r%f rPhj; pUj;jthjp
 fUj;jpay; nfhs;if (Pragmatism) gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
et
 Mjhuf; fy;tp Kiw (m) thh;jh fy;tp Kiwia Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
 1937-y; fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruit Mz;l khepyq;fspy; Mjhuf;fy;tp GFj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Mjhuf;fy;tp vd;gJ ifj;njhopy; top fy;tp (Craft – Centered Education)
 ,e;jpa ehl;bw;Fr; rw;Wk; nghUe;jhj ‘nkf;fhNy fy;tp jpl;lj;ij’ tpthfuj;J nra;fpNwd; vd;W
i.N
$wpdhh; fhe;jpabfs;.
rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;:
 6 Kjy; 14 taJtiu ,ytrf; fy;tp
 midj;Jg; ghlq;fSk; ifj;njhopYld; ,izf;fg;gly;
 jha;nkhopNa gapw;W nkhopahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
 ,th; xU ,yl;rpathjp (Idealist) Mthh;.
la
 1937 -y; thh;jh fy;tp jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fhe;jpapd; gilg;Gfs;:
 rj;jpa Nrhjid
 My Childhood
 Indian Home Rule
 Non-Violence in peace Xwar
 In early life
sa
 fhe;jp 1948 30-y; ,we;jhh;. mthpd; epidthf me;ehs; jpahfpfs; jpdkhf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
da
 Education should be aimed at the glass root level of any nation – by Gandhiji
 mbg;gilf; fy;tpapd jpl;lq;fs;:

 1) ifj;njhopYld; fy;tp
 2) $l;LwTf; nfhs;ifia tsh;jj ; y;
Pa
 3) fy;tpf;F ikakhf xU cw;gj;jpj; njhopy;

 4) Rarhh;ghd njhopy;
 5) jha;nkhop thapyhf fy;tp
 6) m`pk;ir
 7) Mjhug;gs;spia rpwe;j $l;LwT r%fkhf cUthf;Fjy;
 8) 14 taJ tiu midtUf;Fk; ,ytr fl;lha fy;tp
w.
Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; (1863 - 1902)

 1863 y; fy;fj;jhtpy; gpwe;jhh;
 ,thpd; ,aw;ngah; eNue;jpuehj;
 ,thpd; Md;kf P FU =uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rh; Mthh;
 ,thpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; ‚ViofSf;Fk;> jho;jj ; g;gl;lth;fSf;Fk; nra;ak; gzpNa flTSf;Fr;
ww
nra;Ak; kpfg;nghpa gzpahFk;‛ vd;gjhfk;.

 ,th; 1893-k; Mz;L mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s ‘rpfhNfh’ efhpy; cyf rka khehl;by; gq;Fngw;W
mq;F ,Ue;jth;fis Nehf;fp ‚,t;Tyf rNfhju rNfhjhpfNs‛ (Brothers and sisters of this
universe) vd;W njhlq;fpdhh;.
 ,uhk fpU\;z klk; 1897-k; Mz;L tpNtfhde;juhy; fy;fj;jh mUfpy; NgY}hpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 ,k;klj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ‚kdpj ,dj;jpw;Fr; Nrit nra;tNj MFk;.

tpNtfhde;jhpd; fUj;Jf;fs;:
 xt;nthU kdpjdplKk; nja;tPfj; jd;ikAk; G+uzj;Jtk; vdg;gLk; KOikAk; cs;sJ.
 kdpjid kdpjdhf tsur; nra;jy;
et
 Foe;ijapd; tsh;r;rp Rje;jpuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;jhd; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpNtfhde;jhpd; jj;Jtq;fs;:
 ‚fPo;jj
; ukhd ,r;irfis cl;nlhopAq;fs;; cw;fSila nja;tPfj; jd;ikia czUq;fs;;
i.N
Vio vspath;fSf;F cjTtjd; topNa flTs; njhz;bw;F cq;fis mh;g;gzpj;Jf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;; tpOkpd;! vOkpd;! ,yl;rpaj;ij va;Jk; tiu mauhJ cioAq;fs;‛
 A True teacher comes down to the level of the student - Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;
 ,th; ‚midj;Jg; gapw;rpfSk; fy;tpr; nraypd; KbTk; kdpjid cUthf;FtNj‛ vdf;
$wpAs;ssh; (The end of all education all training should be man - making)
 tpNtfhde;jh; FUFy fy;tp Kiwf;F MjuT mspj;jhh;.
la
=mutpe;jh;
 1872 Mf];l; 15y; fy;fj;jhtpy; gpwe;jhh;.
 1943-y; ghz;br;Nrhp - Mrpukg;gs;sp epWtpdhh;.
 1952 [dthp 6 -y; gd;dhl;L gy;fiy fofkhf khWjy;

sa
,q;F xt;nthU khztDk; jdf;F tpUg;gkhd ghlq;fis gbf;fTk; jdf;Fwpa Ntfj;jpy;
Kd;NdwTk; ‚Rje;jpukhf Kd;NdWk; Kiw‛ (Free progress System) gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 mutpe;jhpd; gd;dhl;L gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gl;lq;fSk; fhd;wpjo;fsk; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
da
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rpwg;G ,ay;Gfs;:
 fy;tpf;fhfNt fy;tp vd;w Nfhl;ghL eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 gl;lq;fSk; rhd;wpjo;fSk; toq;FtJ ,y;iy
 Mq;fpyKk; gpnuQ;Rk; Nghjd nkhopfs;
fy;tpf; jj;Jtk;:
Pa
 ftdf;Ftpg;G> Muha;e;jwpjy; Mfpatw;wi ngw fy;tp gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dth; =

mutpe;jh;
 fy;tpapd; cz;ikahd mbg;gil kd Muha;r;rpNa vd;W nrhd;dth; = mutpe;jh;.
Nfhl;ghLfs;:
w.
 mutpe;jh; jPtputhjpahf ,Ue;J Md;kf

P thjpahf khwpath;.
 ‚vijAk; ahUf;Fk; fw;gpf;f KbahJ; mtuth; jhNd tpUk;gpf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;; Mrphpah;
khzth;fspd; fw;wYf;F cjTgtNu‛ vd;W nrhd;dth; = mutpe;jh;
 FUFy fy;tpapy; ek;gpf;if cilath; = mutpe;jh;
ww
 1910-y; ghz;br;Nrhpf;f tUif je;jhh;.

 1943-y; ghz;br;Nrhp - MNuhtpy; Mrpukg; gs;sp njhlq;fpdhh;.
 Md;kh jdf;Fs; ,Ue;Nj Kad;W tsu cjTtJ ‚fy;tp‛ vd;W nrhd;dth; = mutpe;jh;.
 fy;tpapd; cz;ikahd mbg;gil ‚kd Muha;r;rpNa‛ vd;W nrhd;dth; = mutpe;jh;.
gj;jphpf;if
1. fh;kNahfp

2. te;Nj khjuk;
 fh;kNahfp Njhw;Wtpj;jjd; Nehf;fk; - fy;tp fUj;Jf;fis gug;Gtjw;fhf
et
 Curriculum without limit vd;W nrhd;dth; = mutpe;jh;
 vjph;fhyj;jij G+h;jj ; p nra;tjhf fy;tp mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dth; = mutpe;jh;
J. K. fpU\;z%h;j;jp - (1896 - 1986)
(fw;wy; #oy;fspy; Rje;jpuk;)
 J.K. vd;Wk fpU\;zh[p vd;Wk md;ghf miof;fg;gl;lth;.
i.N
 ,e;jpa jj;Jt mwpQh;
 J.K. 1896-k; Mz;L Me;jpu khepyk; kjdg; gs;spapy; gpwe;jth;
 ,th; jdJ 14-k; tajpy; nrd;id milahwpy; cs;s ,e;J jah]gpfy; nrhirl;b (gpuk;k Qhd
rig) ghuk;ghpaj;ij rhh;e;jth;
 jkJ 16-tJ tajpy; ‚FUtpd; fhybapy;‛ vd;w E}iy vOjp ntspapl;lhh;.
 ,thpd; fy;tp fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gs;spfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L nray;gLfpd;wd> ,it
la
gs;sp (The school) vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
 md;dpngrd;;l; mk;ikahh; ,tiu tsh;jj ; hh;.
 J.K. tpd; fy;tp fUj;Jf;fs; gs;spf;F fbjq;fs; (Letter to school) vd;w E}ypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
J. K. apd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;:
 Rje;jpuKk; fw;wYk; (Freedom and learning)

 fw;wypy; Nghl;bapd;ik
 Rje;jpuKk; nghWg;Gzh;Tk;
sa
 kdij mjd;Nghf;fpy; mDkjpj;J mikjpg;gLj;Jk; topKiwNa fy;tp
da
 jdpkdpj tpopg;Gzh;Tk;> tpLjiyAk;
 fy;tpAk; ftdKk;
J.K. apd; E}y;fs;:

 FUtpd; fhybapy;
Pa
 The noisy child and the silent wind

 Letter to school
 The order of the star of the east
 khw;wk; cd;dplkpUe;Nj! cdf;Fs;spUe;Nj! Vnddpy; ePjhd; khw;wj;jpd; tpj;J! vd;W $wpath;
J.K.
 Freedom from the known
w.
 Freedom from the knowledge
J.K. mwpe;j nkhopfs;

1. English
2. Spanish
ww
3. French
4. Italy
 tFg;giwapy; mjpfhu gaKWj;jy; ,y;yhj KO Rje;jpuk; (Total Freedom) jug;gl;l Ntz;Lk;.
 fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jypy; Nghl;b ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
 ‚$l;LwT kdg;ghd;ikNahL (Co-operation) fw;why; fy;tp rpwf;Fk;.
 Attention. Discipline (xOf;fk;) gw;wp Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;lth; J.K.

 J.K. tpd; fy;tp rpe;jid ‚xUKf rpe;jid‛
 nraYk; gapw;rpAk; mwpjpwd; tsh;r;rpf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. vdNt nray; ikaf; fy;tp
et
Vw;ghL (Activity based curriculum) ,d;wpaikahjJ.
 jkpofj;jpy; gpahN[tpd; nray;topf; fw;wy;
 (ALM - Method) fz;lwpe;J fw;wy;> gad;topf; fw;wy;
ng];lyhrp (Pestalozzi)
i.N
 1746-y; Rtpl;rhyhe;J ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;.
 ,th; cw;WNehf;fy; (Observation) mDgtq;fisg; ngWjy; (Experence) Mfpatw;iw
gad;gLj;jpNa Foe;ijfs; fy;tp mwpT ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhh;.
 ,tuJ fw;gpj;jy; Kiw cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw (Method of observation) vdg;glfpwJ.
 ,tuJ mbg;gilf; fy;tp Nfhl;ghlhdJ ‚nrhw;fSf;F Kd; nghUl;fs;‛ (Things before words)
MFk;.
 fy;tp vd;gJ kdpjdJ vy;yh jpwd;fsk;> td;ikfSk;> ,ay;ghfTk; gbg;gbahfTk; ,ire;Jk;
la
tsh;r;rp ngWjy; MFk;.
,th; vOjpa E}y;fs;:
 A journal of a father
 Leonard and gertrudo
Note
 jpl;lkpl;L fw;gpj;jy; (Programmed learning)
sa
 fw;gpj;jy; ,ae;jpuk; (Teaching Machines) cUthf;fpath; rpl;dp gpnu];]p (Sydney Pressy)
 Neh;f;Nfhl;L tif (Linear type) - B.F. Skinner
 fpistopj; jpl;lk; (Branched Programme) - fpnuilh;
da
ngh;l;uz;L u]y; (Bertrand Russel) - (1872 - 1970)
fy;tpAk; rKjha Nkk;ghLk; (Education and Social order)
 u]y; 1872-k; Mz;L Nk 18-y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; xU Kw;Nghf;F fy;tp rpe;jidahsh;.
 njhFg;gha;T Kiwia (Inductive Method) mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
Pa
 ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf Nehgy; ghpr ngw;wth;

 ,th; ghpl;rhh;e;j nray;Kiwia (Experiemental) typAWj;jpdhh;.
 fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk;
1. Cf;fk;
2. Jzpr;ry;
3. Ez;Zzh;T
w.
4. mwpthz;ik
 ,thpd; fy;tp GJik ‚fy;tpia Nkk;gl;l rKjha tsh;r;rpf;fg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;‛
vd;gjhFk;.
 ,tuJ fy;tpf; nfhs;iffis ‚Education for a Better Social Order” vd;dk; E}ypy; tpthpj;Js;shh;.
 urypd; Nkk;gl;l rKjhaj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
ww
1. mikjpia Nerpf;Fk; rKjhak; (Peaceful Society)

2. kfpo;r;rp nghq;Fk; rKjhak; (Joyful society)
3. eyd;kpf;f rKjhak; (Welfare Society)
gpahN[ (Piage) (1896 - 1980)(Experiements and discovery learning)
 Rtpl;rh;yhe;J ehl;by; gpwe;j cstpay; mwpQh;

 xUtdJ Foe;ij gUtk;> Fkug;gUtk; Mfpa ,U gUtq;fspy; vt;thW rpe;jid tsh;r;rp
milfpwJ vd;gij fz;Lgpbj;J fw;wiy> (Discovery Learning) Cf;Ftpf;f gpahN[-apd;
et
Foe;ijfspd; rpe;jid tsh;r;rp gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
Njrpa fy;tp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW mikg;Gfs;
(National Level Agencies / Statutory Bodies of Education)
fy;tp epiyaq;fspd; nray;ghl;il njhlh;e;J fz;fhzpf;fTk;> khwptUk; r%fg; nghUshjhu
mwptpay; tsh;r;rp NjitfSf;F Vw;g fy;tpapy; khw;wq;fis nra;jplTk;> fy;tpj; juj;ij
i.N
Nkk;gLj;jp Ngzpf; fhf;fTk; ika khepy muRfs; gy;NtW mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp cs;sd.
kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw (Ministry of Human Resource Development - MHRD)
ika murpd; fy;tp Rfhjhuk;> ,isQh; eyk;> khwptUk; r%f eyk; Mfpatw;iw xUq;fpizj;J
kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiwahf jpU. uh[Pt; fhe;jp mth;fshy; 1986-k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,j;JiwahdJ ika muirr; rhh;e;jjhfk;.
kdjts Nkk;ghl;Lj;JiwahdJ kj;jpa mikr;ruitapd; Nfgpdl; mikr;rhpd;fPo; nray;gLfpwJ.
gzpfs;:
 kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw ika murpd; fy;tpj;Jiw> ika murpd; fPo; ,aq;Ff; fy;tp
la
epiyaq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
 fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhd rh;t rpf;\h mgpahd (SSA) Nghd;w fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fp
mtw;iw epiwNtw;wpl khepy muRfSf;F epjp cjtp toq;FfpwJ.


tpjpfisAk; rl;lq;fisak; cUthf;Fjy;.
sa
,j;JiwahdJ gy;fiyf; fof khdpa FOtpw;F epjp xJf;Fjy;> fy;tp Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd
,j;Jiwapd;fPo; gpd;gw;wp tUk; epWtdq;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.

da
cstpay; vd;gJ kdpj elj;ijia Kiwahf Ma;T nra;Ak; mwptpayhFk;.
fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ khzhf;fhpd; fw;wy; vd;Dk; elj;ijia jpl;lkpl;lgb
nrk;ikgLj;jp mth;fspd; MSikia Nkd;ikAwr; nra;jNy MFk;. (Science of

Pa
modifying the Learner’s behavior)
 fy;tp kdtpaYf;F tpj;jpl;lth; - &Nrh
 “Psyche” vd;gJ “Soul” (Md;kh) MFk;. “Logos” vd;gJ “to study” MFk;.
w.
 “Psyche kw;Wk; logos vd;gd fpNuf;f (greek) nkhopr; nrhw;fshFk;.
 Psychology vd;w thh;j;ijia cUthf;fpath; (wined by) - Nfhf;fy; (Gockel)
Three Focal areas of Educational Psychology (fy;tp cstpaypd; %d;W

ww
Kf;fpa gug;Gfs;)
1. Learner (LTTYO)

jdpahh; Ntw;Wik cz;L kPj;jpwd; kpf;fth;fs;> ruhrhp> nkJthff; fw;Nghh; Mfpa
Kg;gphptpdUk; gad;ngWk; tifapy; Mrphpahpd; fw;gpj;jy; mika Ntz;Lk;.
et
2. Learning Process (fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)
Xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; fw;gpg;gNj rpwg;ghdjhFk; khztuJ Gyd; fhl;rp
i.N
(Perception). rpe;jid (thinking) Ma;e;jwpjy; (Reasoning), Ez;zwpT (intelligence),
epidtpUj;jy; (remembering) vd;git ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
3. The Learning situation: (fw;wy; R+o;epiyfs;) (or) tFg;giw R+oy;
la
tFg;giwapy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Gwtrjpfs; (Physical factors), r%fr; R+oy;fs;. MrphpaJ
kdg;ghd;ik (attitude), elj;ij (behavior) tFg;giw ,iltpidfs; (tone of the class)
Mfpait ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
sa
Significance of Educational Psychology to the Teacher (MrphpaUf;F fy;tp
cstpay; mwpT Njitg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;)

da
1. To understand development characteristic of children (,ay;Gfis njhpe;J nfhs;Sjy;)
Foe;ijfs; Fotpg;gUk;> gps;isg;gUtk;> Fkug;gUtk;> Mfpaitfis flf;Fk; NghJ
me;je;j gUtj;jpw;fhd ,ay;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

Pa
2. Nature of classroom learning (tFg;giw fw;wy;)
3. Individual Difference (jdpahh; Ntw;Wikia) mwpe;J fw;gpj;jy;

w.
4. fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfs;> fw;wy; topKiwfs; - njhpe;J nfhs;Sjy; (Learning principles and
Techniques)
5. khzth;fspd; gpur;ridfis mwpe;J jPh;Tfhz topfhl;ly; (Problem of children)

ww
6. kdeyj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy; (Knowledge of Mental Health)
7. Curriculum Construction (ghlg; nghUis Njh;e;njLj;jy;)
8. Measurement of Learning Outcome (khzth;fspd; fy;tp milit kjpg;gpLjy;.
9. FO elj;ijtpay; (Group dynamics) %yk; khzth;fspd; elj;ijia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.


10. Guidance (topfhl;Ljy;)
11. Motivation (Cf;Ftpj;jy;)
et
Concept of Growth and Maturity (tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Kjph;r;rp)
i.N
Growth (tsh;r;rp)
xU caphpapd; cUt msTk;> vilAk; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ tsh;r;rpailtjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Maturity (Kjph;rr
; p)
la
Caphpay; kugpdhy; ngwg;gl;l gz;GfSk;> ,ay;GfSk; Kjph;e;J kyUtNj
Kjph;rr
; pahFk;. tsh;r;rpapd; ngUk; vy;iyf;F ngah; Kjph;rr
; p MFk;.
Principles of Growth and Development
Growth (tsh;r;rp) & Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;) sa

da
tsh;r;rp (Growth):
1. tsh;rr
; p njhlh;e;J epfo;tJ nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. Kjph;rr
; pf;Fg; gpd; epd;WtpLk;. (not
continous)
Pa
2. tsh;rr
; p tpfpjk; xNu rPuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy (Rate of Groth is not uniform)
3. jdpahs; NtWghL cz;L (Individual Difference)
4. tsh;rr
; p xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpiria nfhz;ljy;y (not directional)
w.
5. tsh;rr
; p xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;G nfhz;lJ (Inter related and interdependent)
6. tsh;rr
; p vd;gJ jiy Kjy; fhy; Nehf;fpAk;> ikag; gFjpapypUe;J tpspk;G gFjpia
Nehf;fpAk; mikAk;. (from head to trunk, centre to extremities)

ww
Development (Kd;Ndw;wk;)
1. Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlh;r;rpahdJ (Continuous)
2. Kd;Ndw;w tpfpjk; rPuhf ,y;iy ( not uniform)

3. jdpahs; Ntw;Wik cz;L (individual difference)
4. njhluhf cs;sJ. (sequential pattern) thpirfpukk; cilaJ (directional)
et
5. Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ nghJikj; Jyq;fspy; Muk;gpj;J Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;Gj; Jyq;fypy;
KbtilfpwJ. (general to specific response)
i.N
6. Kd;Ndw;wk; xUq;fpizg;G nfhz;lJ (Integration)
7. Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlh;G nfhz;lJ (Inter-relation)
8. Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Cfpf;f KbAk; (Predictable)
la
9. tsh;rr
; pAk;> Kd;Ndw;wKk; kuG> Ro;epiy (heredity & environment) ,itfspd; $l;Lj;
jhf;fj;jhy; tpistJ MFk;.
11. Kd;Ndw;wk; gd;Kfk; nfhz;lJ (Many aspect) sa

10. Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ Neh;Nfhlhf mikahky; RUs; tbtk; nfhz;lJ (Spiral but not linear)
tsh;r;rp> Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpaitfspd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs;

da
1. cly; tsh;rr
; p (Physical Development)
2. kdtsh;r;rp (or) mwpT tsh;rr

; p (Mental or intellecatual Development)
3. kdntOr;rp tsh;rr
; p (Emotional Development)
Pa
4. r%f tsh;rr
; p (Social Development)
5. xOf;f tsh;r;rp (Moral Development)

w.
tsh;r;rprhh; nray;fs;: (Developmental Tasks)
r%f vjph;ghh;g;GfSld; $ba> gy;NtW taJfSf;fhd tsh;r;rpaidf; Fwpf;Fk;
elj;ijfSk; nray;fSk; “tsh;rr

; prhh; nray;fs;” vd N`tpf];l; th;zpf;fpwhh;.
ww
v.fh. Foe;ijg;gUtk; Kbtjw;Fs; Foe;ijahdJ jha;nkhopapy; gbf;f> Ngr>
vOjf; fw;gJ vy;yh rKjhaj;jhYk; ngw;Nwhh;fs; vjph;g;ghh;f;fpd;wdh;.
tsh;rr
; prhh; nray;fspd; jd;ikia eph;zapg;gjpy; vOk; mbg;gilfs;
1. Kjph;rr
; pailjypd; tpisthf (v.fh. rpW Foe;ijfs; elf;f fw;wy;)

2. gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;F (v.fh. gbf;f> vOj> fw;wy;)
3. jdpg;gl;Nlhhpd; kjpg;Gfs;> mth;fs; (v.fh. tho;f;ifj; njhopiyj; Njh;e;njLj;jy;)
et
Kd;Ndw;w <T (Developmental Quatient) D.Q
(Kd;Ndw;w taJ)
i.N
D.Q = Deelopment age
X 100
Chronical Age
la
kuGk;> R+o;epiyAk; (Heredity and Environment)
kuG vd;gJ xUtdplk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s gpwg;ghy; Njhd;wpa jdpj;j jd;ikfspd;
xl;Lnkhj;j epiyjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
sa
Gpwg;gpd; NghJ xU Foe;ij jdJ
ngw;Nwhh;fsplkpe;J ngWfpdw clw;$W gz;Gfs; midj;Jk; kuG epiyf;F
cl;gl;ljhFk;.
da
R+o;epiy vd;gJ mtd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;Fk; tiu mtidr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk;
gy;NtW tpjkhd Jhz;ly;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
[Pd;fs; (Gene) kuGf; $Wfis flj;Jfpd;wd. [Pd;fis FNuhkNrhk;fs; Rke;J

Pa
nry;fpd;wd. (Chromosomes cary genes. Genes are carries of heredity)
fUKl;ilapy; (Zygote) 23 N[hb (or) 46 FNuhkNrhk;fs; cs;sd. ,J
FNuhkNrhk;fs; Fiwg;G (meiosis) vd;w Kiwapy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j 46 FNuhkNrhk;fspy;

w.
Mz; capuZ 23k; ngz; czpuZ 23k; mlq;Fk;.
23 N[hb FNuhkNrhk;fpsy;. Mz; & ngz; Mfpa ,Ughyh;fSf;Fk; 22 N[hb

ww
xd;whfTk;> 23tJ N[hb tpj;jarkhf ,Uf;Fk; Mz; xy ngz; xx
rpid Kl;il (Ovum) tpe;jZitg; (sperm) Nghd;W 8500 klq;F nghpaJ.
et
,UfU ,ul;ilah;fs; (Fraternal Twins)
,U fU Kl;ilfs; Njhd;wp ,ul;ilf;Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpd;wd. ,itfs;
i.N
,uz;Lk; MzhfNth> ,uz;Lk; ngz;zhfNth (m) xd;W Mz; kw;nwhd;W ngz;zhfNth
,Uf;Fk;.
xUfU ,ul;ilah;fs; (Identical Twins (or) Cotwins)
xU fUKl;il Njhd;wp ,ul;ilf; Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpd;wd. ,t;tif
la
,ul;ilah;fs; xNu ,dj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs;. ,th;fspd; kuG Kw;wpYkhf xNu khjphpahf
,Uf;Fk;.
kdpj tsh;rr
; p
(Human Development)
= kuGf;fhuzpfs;
sa X R+o;epiyf;$Wfs;
= (Heredify) X (Exnvironment)
da
kf;fpth; kw;Wk; Ng[; (Maclever & Page)
vd;gth;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU epiyAk;> epfo;rr

; pAk;> kuG>
Pa
R+o;epiy Mfpa ,uz;bd; nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapNyNa mikfpwJ.
kugpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;j;jpa Ma;Tfs; (Experiment performed by hereditarians)
1 F.N. Freeman Reports based on the calculation of coefficient of correlation of

w.
intelligence test score
(kjpEl;g Nrhjidfspd; kjpg;gPLfspd; gpiz Kiwf;Fzfk; (m) xl;LwTf; nfO)
Coefficient of correlation of the intelligence test scores of

ww
Identical twins (xNu fU ,ul;ilah;) : 0.90
Fraternal Twins (,U fU ,ul;ilah;) : 0.60
Siblings (brothers or sisters) (cld;gpwe;jth;fs;) : 0.50

Cousines (cld;gwth FLk;g cWg;gpdh;) : 0.25
Highest value for coefficient of correlation of intelligenve test scores (kjpEl;g
et
Nrhjidfspd; kjpg;gPLfspd; gpizKiw Fzfj;jpd; kpf cah;e;j kjpg;G ngwg;gLtJ)
Identical Twins (xU fU ,ul;ilah;)
i.N
2)Study of Family Histories (FLk;gq;fis gw;wpa Nrhjid)
V) Kallikak Family (fhypf;fhf; FLk;gk;) H.H. Goddard (fl;lhh;L) vd;gth; (fhypf;fhf;)
la
FLk;gj;ij Muha;e;jhh;. fhypf;fhf;fpw;F kd tsh;rr
; p Fd;wpa Feeble minded xU
kidtpAk;> rhjhuzkhd ngz; kw;nwhU kidtpAk;khf nkhj;jk; ,uz;LNgh; ,Ue;jdh;.
,jpy; kdtsh;rr
sa
; p Fd;wpa kidtpapd; topj;Njhd;wy;fspy; 10% Ngh; rhjhuzkhfTk;
kw;wth;fs; Fw;wthspfs; (Criminals) kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpath;fs; etc ,Ue;jdh;.
rhjhuz kidtpapd; topj; Njhd;wy;fspy; 49% Ngh; rhjhuz Mz;fshfTk;>

Mdhy;
da
ngz;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdh;.
b) Juke Family Study ([Pf; FLk;gk;)

Pa
Dugdale (lf;Nly;) vd;gth; [Pf; vd;w kPd;gpbg;gth; FLk;gj;ij Muha;e;jhh;. [Pf;
kw;Wk; ,thpd; kidtp ,uz;L NgUNk ngUq;Fw;wthspfshf (ceruupt) ,Ue;jdh;.
,th;fspd; topj; Njhd;wy;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhh; Fw;wthspfshfNt ,Ue;jdh;.

w.
3) fhy;ld; gpuhd;]p]; (Galton Frnacis) 977 Nkijfspd; cwtpdh;fis Muha;e;jhh;. ,jpy;
537 Ngh; Gfo; kpf;fth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. Mdhy; 977 rhurhp egh;fis Njh;e;njLj;J
mth;fspd; cwtpdh;fis Muha;e;j NghJ 4 Ngh; kl;LNk Gfo;kpf;fth;fs;. mjhtJ

ww
Nkijfs; NkijfsplkpUe;J Njhd;WtJ Nghy; njhpfpwJ.
4)gh;l; & N`hthh;L (Burt & Howard) vd;gth;fspd; Ez;zwpT Ma;Tk; ,uj;j cwT msT
(Blood relationship) gw;wp $WfpwJ. (gphpNkd; mwpf;if Nghd;wJ)Experiments performed by
Environmentalists (R+o;epiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;j;Jk; Ma;Tfs;)

1) Newman, Freeman and Holzinger MfpNahh; 19 N[hb xUfU ,ul;ilah;fis (19 pairs of
identical twins) gw;wp Muha;e;jdh;. xNu ,lj;jpy; tsh;f;fg;gl;l N[hbfspy; (reared
et
together), I.Q. tpj;jpahrk; 5.9 ntt;NtW R+o;epiyfspy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lth;fspd; (read apart)
I.Q. tpj;jpahrk; 8.2. ,jd; %yk; jdpahs; NtWghl;il (Individual Difference)
i.N
eph;zpag;gjp;y; R+o;epiy (Environment) ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fwJ.
2) Skodak’s Analysis (];Nfhlhf;fpd; gFg;gha;T) ,th; Foster children (MjuT fhl;Lk;
Foe;ijfs;) gw;wp Muha;e;jhh;. ,e;j Ma;tpy; ,f;Foe;ijfspd; Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; Fz;
la
eyd;fsd; tsh;rr
; papy; Environment (R+o;epiy) ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
3) ]phpy;gh;l; Kjyhd Nkiy ehl;L mwpQh;fSk; nly;fpia rhh;e;j cja rq;fUk; elj;jpa
sa
Ma;Tfs; ,sq;Fw;wthspfSf;Fk; (Juvenile delinquents) mth;fs; tsh;e;j
R+o;epiyfSf;Fk; cs;s Nehpilj; njhlh;ig ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
4) IOWA gy;fiyf; fof Nrhjid R+o;epiyia Kf;fpag;gLj;JfpwJ.

da
I.Important Development Stages (kdpj tsh;r;rpapd; rpy Kf;fpa epiyfs;)
gpwg;Gf;F Ke;ija epiy (Pre-natal stage) – 0 to 2yrs.
1. Foe;ijg;gUtk; (Children) – Foe;ijg;gUtk; (Early child hood) – 3 to 6 yrs gpd;

Pa
Foe;ijg;gUtk; (Later childhood) – 7 to 11 yrs
2. Fkug;gUtk; (Adolescence) – Kd; Fkug;gUtk; (Pre-adolescess) – (11 yrs to 13 yrs gpd;

w.
Fkug;gUtk; - 14yrs to 18/20yrs
3. Adulthood (Kjph;gUtk;) – 20to 40yrs
4. Middle Age (jsh;T gUtk;) - 40 to 60yrs

ww
5. KJikg;gUtk; (old – age) – 60 tajpypUe;J
II. /g;uha;bd; (Freud) d; 5 epiyfs;
(Oral (tha;)> Anal(fopTWg;G)> phallic (ghYWg;G)> Latent à;f; Genital stages)

III. vhpf;rdpd; 8 tsh;r;rp epiyfs; (Erikson)
et
 r%fg;gpur;ridfisr; rhh;e;jJ.
IV. Nfhy;gh;f;> (Kohlberge) xOf;f tsh;r;rp epiyfis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
i.N
V. `h;yhf; 10 tsh;r;rp epiyfis Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
ftdpj;jy;; (Attention)
ekJ edTg; gug;gpy; cs;s gy;NtW Jhz;ly;fspy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l rkaj;jpy;
ekJ NjitAld; ,ize;j xd;wpidj; Njh;e;njLj;J Gyd;fhl;rpf;F Ml;gLj;JtijNa
la
ftdpj;jy; vd;fpNwhk;. ftdk; Gyd;fhl;rpf;F mbg;gilahFk;.
Nfhl;ghLfs;:
2. n`g;gpd; Nfhl;ghL
3. gpuhl;ngd; Nfhl;ghL
sa
1. Njh;T nra;jy; Nfhl;ghL (Selection theory of attention)
da
fhuzpfs;(Factors)
Pa
1) mff;fhuzpfs; (Subjective or internal factors) jdp xUtdplk; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;.
v.fh. Mh;tk; (Interest) Njit (Need)> kdepiy (Mood)> cly;epiy (Physiological
condition)> & Maj;jepiy (Mental set)

w.
2) Gwf;fhuzpfs; (Obective or External Factors) v.fh. cUtmsT (Size)> mlh;j;jp (m) nrwpT
(intensity)> khw;wk; (Change)> NtWghL (Contrast)> GJik (Novelty)> ,af;fk; (m) mirT
(Movement), jpUk;gj;jpUk;gj; Njhd;wy; (Repetiotion)> KOikg;ngw;w cUtk; (Systematic

ww
form)
et
ftdkpd;ik (Inattention)
ftdkpd;ik ve;jnthU Jhz;liyAk; ftdpf;fhj epiyapidf; Fwpg;gpLk;.
i.N
v.fh Mh;tkpd;ik> kdepiy rhpapd;ik> Nghd;wit ftdkpd;ikf;F fhuzq;fshf
mikfpd;wd.
ftdf;FiyT (Distraction)
ehk; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s fhhpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J (Jhz;lypUe;J ekJ ftdk; tpyfp
la
NtnwhU Jhz;lypd;ghy; nry;fpd;w tpidapid ftdf; FiyT (m) ftdr; rpijT
vd;fpNwhk;.
sa
v.fh. (1) tFg;giwf;F ntspNa vOk; rj;jk;
(2) ntF njhiytpypUe;J Nfl;Fk; ,irnahyp
ftdkhw;wk; (Shifting of Attention)

da
ehk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUspd; (m) epfo;rr
; papy; ftdk;; nrYj;jpf; nfhz;Nl
,Uf;Fk;NghJ> ekJ ftdk; ,ilapy; me;j epfo;rr

; papypUe;J tpyfp kw;nwhU nghUspd;
kPJ nrd;W kPz;Lk; gioa epiyf;Nf jpUk;Gtjpidf; Fwpg;gpLk;.

Pa
Note: njhlh;e;J xU nghUspd; kPJ 10 tpdhbfSf;F Nky; ehk; ftdk; nrYj;j
KbahJ.
ftdg;gphpT (Division of Attention)

w.
“xNu Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L nray;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpid Fwpf;Fk;” -
cl;nthh;j; (Woodworth) v.fh. mLj;jthplk; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl fk;gspr; rl;il gpd;Djy;

ww
TAMIL, ENGLISH , HISTORY & SCIENCE ALL PRACTICES

QUESTIONS AVAILABLE
CONDUCET – 9600736379.

322 Tet Psychology Study Material PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

322 Tet Psychology Study Material PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 Theory of Structuralism – tbtikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL - Titchner – nfd;ah

 nray;ghl;L Mf;fepiy epWj;jk; (or)(Instrumental Conditioning) (or) Experimental Conditioning –

 etPd cstpaypd; je;ij - rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 1

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 ‘jw;fUj;J‛ vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; - nyf;fp

 ‘i]f;fhy[p‛ vd;w ngaiu Kjd;Kjypy; jd; E}Yf;F mikj;jth; - FNshfy;

 ftdpj;jiy ngU%isapd; nrayhf fUjpath; - n`g;

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 2

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 rpdk;> mr;rk;> md;G ,it %d;Wk; mbg;gil kdntOr;rpahFk; vd;W $wpath; -

 ‘jw;fUj;J‛ vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ahuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - nyf;fp.

 fw;wYf;F Xh; ce;Jjy; mtrpak; vd;W $wpath; - nkf;fdhy;

 Mf;f epiyAWj;jk; gw;wp $wpath; - ght;Nyh

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 3

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 FOfhuzp nfhs;ifia $wpath; - jH];ld; sa

 Ez;zwpT tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - H.E. Nful;

 i]kd; Ez;zwpT msTNfhiy ntspapl;lth; - gPNd

 kdr;NrhjidfSk; mstpLjYk; vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lth; - Nfl;ly;

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 4

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

MSik tiuaiuapy; ahUila nfhs;ifia kpfTk; rpwe;jjhf vLj;Jf;

 gFg;G cstpay; Nfhl;ghl;bid cUthf;fpath; - A+q;

 ,irthd ehl;lNrhjidia cUthf;fpath; - rPNrhH

 mwpTiu gfh;jYf;F tiuaiu nfhLj;j cstpay; mwpQh; - ikaH];> ];kpj; lhy;gHl;

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 5

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 Nkhpfth; N[hd;]; tpsf;fpa fw;wy; - Mf;fepiyAWj;jf; fw;wy;

 cah; mwpthz;ikf; Foe;ijfspd; jpwikfis $wpath; - fhHy; Nuh[H];

 nrhw;Nrhjid cUthf;fpath; - ntf;];yH

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 6

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 ce;jf; Fiwg;Gf; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - n`y;

 cstpay; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; edtw;w epiyNa vd;wth; - rpf;kz;l;> gpuha;L.

,izj;jth; - mnyf;rhz;lH ngapd;.

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 7

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 Ez;zwpTld; ,izg;G vd;gJ xU njspthd Gyd; fhl;rpahFk; vdf; $wpatH -

 Conceptual learning and Development vd;w fUj;ijf; $wpatH - fpsT]; NkaH

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 8

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

cl;fhu itj;J G+f;fspd; Nky; Gay;tPRtJNghy ghlq;fisf; Foe;ijfspd; Nky; jpzpg;gJ

flTis mila Kbak; vd jh$h; fUJfpwhh;.

 jh$h; ‚fPo;jj; pirapd; &Nrh‛ vd;wiof;fgLfpwhh;

 rhe;jp epNfjd; vd;gJ mikjpahd ciwtplk; (Abode of peace) vd;gjhFk;.

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 9

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 tpidagtd; - Teacher Training Institute

 Sri Niketan - Nehf;fk; - for the welfare and upliftment of poor

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 10

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

praimary teacher mspj;jhh;. sa

 ,tUila fy;tp Kiw mwptpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

for mentally retarded - 2%

 Sense organ are gateway knowledge - Senseorgan

kaviyakumarcoachingcenter@gmail.com 9600736379 Page 11

KAVIYA COACHING CENTER –STUDY MATERIALS -9600736379

 ,J xU Rahl;rp FbauR gs;spf;fhf Foe;ijfs; my;y> Foe;ijfSf;fhf gs;sp

 jtW nra;Ak; khzth;fSf;F xl;nlLg;gpd; %yk; rdpf;fpoik jPhg ; ;G toq;fg;gLk;.

kiyg;gs;sp (Summer Hill School) vdg;gLk;.